基于Penman-Monteth模型的杨树

研究半干旱地区林木的实际蒸腾量，对研究防护林密度调整、提高林木水分利用率及林分稳定有着重要的理论意义。忽略大气热层结问题，考虑气压订正，利用冠层整体气孔阻力rsT代替冠层阻力rst，将蒸散面净辐射限定于冠层截留净辐射Rnl，在林木气孔阻力等实测数据的基础上，应用修正后的Penman-Monteith模型和常规气象数据进行生长季林木蒸腾量的连续的模拟计算。结果表明，提出的参数处理方法符合蒸腾的变化规律，与典型实测结果对比，模拟的相对误差平均在5％以内，具有较好的实用价值。     

ET0计算公式的设定条件和重要影

对ET0计算公式设定条件和重要影响因子的实验率定研究：揭示了Penman-Motheith(PM)等公式定义中叶面冠层阻力、反射率及Angstrom公式中的a、b值不是定值，而是一个随作物生长变值，并建议将变化的叶面冠层阻力、反射率及季节a、b值代入计算公式，可得到更加切合实际的ET0值；鉴于参考作物有两种：牧草和紫花苜蓿，不同的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算公式对应着不同的参考作物，求得两种参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的转换系数Kr可进行不同参考作物间的转换计算；揭露了参考作物（苜蓿）冠层光合有效辐射（PAR）及冠层顶部光合有效辐射（PARCAN）在一定程度上影响ET0值，气孔导度和物质积累等生理、生化作用也与ET0的变化过程十分相关；并对ET0标准ASCE-PM、PM、MP公式中主要气象输入因子对ET0、ETa、ETr值的潜在支配作用进行了研究。有助于ET0学科中重要问题的引领研究及精确估计。     

温室小气候测量试验设计及其夏季蒸腾研究

温室内小气候环境参数的有效观测关系到温室小气候模拟模型的精度，而温室内作物的蒸腾既影响到潜热和显热交换，又是确定温室作物肥水灌溉的主要依据。本研究设计了一套用于温室小气候和作物蒸腾测量的试验装置，并在夏季南方现代化温室内进行了观测。结果分析表明，试验装置可以用于温室小气候的测量，且波恩比法适于对夏季高温、高湿条件下南方现代化温室中作物蒸腾的模拟，夏季温室内蒸腾速率随净辐射和空气饱和冠层水汽压差的增加而线性增大，蒸腾速率对冠层以上不同高度水汽压差的变化不敏感。     

夏玉米生育期叶面蒸腾与棵间蒸发比例试验研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪测定夏玉米生育期的总腾发量,用小型蒸发器测定棵间蒸发量,用茎流计测定叶面蒸腾量。通过3种设备实测数据的对比分析,得到夏玉米生育期的总耗水量为436.3 mm,其中叶面蒸腾316.4 mm,棵间蒸发119.9 mm,棵间蒸发占总腾发量的比例达到27.5%。茎流计所测得的蒸腾量与大蒸渗仪和小蒸发器联合测得的蒸腾量相关性良好,从而验证了用茎流计法测定叶面蒸腾方法的可行性。根据茎流计实测数据分析了叶面蒸腾的日变化过程,发现夏玉米叶面蒸腾与净辐射密切相关,呈周期性变化。     

农田蒸发蒸腾模拟计算的理论与方法介绍

<正> 对农田蒸发蒸腾的研究,有助于探讨农田节水的调控机理;制定合理的灌排技术,以满足植物生理生态需水的要求;促进“五水”转化关系的研究和水资源的评价工作;为节水农业的发展提供基础性资料,现将有关理论与方法介绍如下。 一、作物蒸腾模拟计算 的理论和方法 1953年Penman首次提出了计算单个叶片气孔蒸腾的模式,1959年Couvey把气孔阻力的概念应用到整个植被表面,在此基础上Monteith(1965)提出了计算整个冠层     

干热河谷区橙子树蒸腾耗水环境响应与生理调节研究

为探究西南干热河谷地区典型经济林木橙子树的蒸腾耗水机制,利用热扩散式探针TDP、冠层分析仪、土壤水分传感器TDR、全自动气象站等设备获取橙子树蒸腾量、叶面积指数、土壤含水率和气象因子（气温、辐射、饱和水汽压差、降雨量等）的长期数据。对橙子树蒸腾规律的环境控制和生理调节特征进行系统研究,结果表明：相比于干季和雨季,干热季橙子树表现出较为保守的水分利用机制,日蒸腾量、冠层导度和退耦系数都显著低于其他两个季节。干季和雨季,橙子树蒸腾活动受太阳辐射和饱和水汽压差的交替控制,而干热季蒸腾活动主要受饱和水汽压差的驱动。冠层导度与气象因子日内动态变化特征之间存在时滞效应,且这种效应在不同天气不同季节具有差异。受叶面积指数影响,饱和水汽压差与冠层导度在整个年份呈负对数相关关系,其他环境因子与冠层导度在叶面积指数小于4m2/m2时呈负对数相关关系,大于等于4m2/m2时呈二次函数相关关系。不同环境条件下虽然冠层导度对饱和水汽压差的敏感性不同,但蒸腾耗水在大多数环境条件下基本遵循等水势调节策略,但个别环境条件下存在环境胁迫应对失衡风险。研究结果可为干热河谷区橙子园环境胁迫诊断提供直接依据,有利于灌溉制度的科学优化和节水调控技术体系的高效制定。     

应用Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对夏玉米农田蒸散的估计

根据夏玉米生长季内逐时波文比系统观测资料和主要生育期的作物资料,以波文比-能量平衡法(BREB法)得到的蒸散量为实测值,对比研究了Shuttleworth-Wallace模型(以下简称S-W模型)、Penman-Monteith模型(以下简称P-M模型)对蒸散估计的差异。S-W模型因考虑了土壤蒸发,估算的逐时逐日蒸散值均比P-M模型有更好的精度。在作物生长前期,LAI(<2.0)较低,应用S-W模型在稀疏冠层下估算的蒸散量高于P-M方程,更接近于实测值,与实测值的相关系数更高,RMSE值低。随着LAI的增大,冬小麦冠层密闭,S-W模型和P-M方程估算的蒸散与实测值均相接近,二模型均有良好表现。对S-W模型的各阻力参数进行敏感性分析,分析结果表明,应用S-W模型时,模型对阻力参数冠层气孔阻力最为敏感,土壤表面阻力次之,作物冠层高度与参考高度间空气动力学阻力敏感程度居中,对地表与冠层高度间空气动力学阻力、冠层内边界阻力不敏感。在应用已有经验关系式时,特别需要注意对冠层气孔阻力、土壤表面阻力这二阻力参数中经验系数的合理确定。     

温室滴灌条件下甜瓜气孔阻力变化规律研究

通过田间试验，研究滴灌条件下日光温室内甜瓜叶片气孔阻力时空变化规律，并建立基于温室环境要素（光照和饱和水汽压差）的气孔阻力模型，并对通过控制冠层气孔行为来实现温室环境优化调控的方法进行了讨论。研究表明：单叶片叶尖偏下和叶基偏上部位部分气孔阻力具有一定的代表性；在垂直方向上，顶4叶与气孔平均值相接近，具有一定的代表性；甜瓜气孔阻力日近似呈“W”形。     

冬小麦冠层阻力日变化的估算

根据田间试验观测资料,利用3种作物冠层阻力估算方法推算了冬小麦在拔节、抽穗、灌浆3个生育时期在典型晴天、土壤水分充分供应状况下冠层阻力的日变化。3种作物冠层阻力估算方法为利用波文比能量平衡法使用Penman-Monteith公式反推(rc-BREB)、利用冠层温度和蒸散量推算(rc-Tc)、利用不同部位单叶气孔阻力和有效叶面积指数合成法推算(rc-LAI)。结果表明,3种作物冠层阻力估算方法均推得的冠层阻力日变化趋势相同,但冠层阻力值大小存在差异。冬小麦冠层阻力在08:00～15:00时变化平稳,15:00以后开始升高,日落前后升高最为剧烈。采用冠层温度推算的冠层阻力rc-Tc比rc-BREB偏低,rc-LAI在灌浆后期和15:00后比rc-BREB偏高,且没有rc-BREB变化平稳。     

水分胁迫条件下羊草群落生育期双作物系数计算方法的验证

基于浑善达克沙地2005-2006两个不同水文年对羊草、拂子茅、冰草构成的羊草群落生育期中气象因子及生理因子野外观测试验数据,用联合国粮农组织FAO-56分册中介绍的方法计算了羊草群落生育期基本作物系数和土壤蒸发系数,并对基本作物系数进行了地区气象因素和牧草单叶气孔阻力校正。用校正后的作物系数模拟计算的蒸腾、蒸发量与实际观测值间进行了拟合相关图、拟合优度参数法的有效性检验。结果表明:计算的蒸发、蒸腾量与实测结果基本接近。考虑水分胁迫时,有条件的地区应该对作物系数进行地区气象因素和单叶气孔阻力校正。     

Experimental Investigation and Modelling of Heat and Mass Transfer between a Tomato Crop and the Greenhouse Environment

Experimental investigation and modelling of heat and mass transfer between a tomato crop and the greenhouse environment is elaborated. The transfer of sensible and latent heat between the canopy and the ambient air is assumed to take place via an exchange area equal to the total leaf area across two resistances, the internal and the external, which are properly defined. The external resistance is determined as a function of the Nu number. A method is proposed to parameterize the internal resistance as a function of the canopy temperature, the canopy full spectrum net radiation and the crop-air vapour pressure deficit. A model is proposed for the calculation of the crop temperature and crop transpiration rate as a function of time and the environmental variables. The calculated canopy temperature compared well with the measured one, which was found to be lower than that of the greenhouse air. Calculated canopy transpiration rates are presented as a function of time and the environmental variables. The canopy transpiration flux was found to be higher than that of the full spectrum crop net radiation on a 24 h basis. The comparison of calculated crop transpiration on a daytime basis with those obtained by two other models was satisfactory only at moderate solar radiation intensities. During days with high radiation intensities the present model compared well with one model only.     

冬小麦叶片水势、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率与环境因素的关系

本文依据田间试验资料,分析了冬小麦叶片水势、气孔阻力和蒸腾速率在不同土壤基质势条件下的日变化规律,探讨了其与土壤基质势和天气条件(光照强度、净辐射、饱和差、气温)之间的关系,建立了叶片水势、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率与环境因素间的定量关系式。     

Evaluating the Crop Water Stress Index and its correlation with latent heat and CO2 fluxes over winter wheat and maize in the North China plain

Plant water status is a key factor impacting crop growth and agricultural water management. Crop water stress may alter canopy temperature, the energy balance, transpiration, photosynthesis, canopy water use efficiency, and crop yield. The objective of this study was to calculate the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) from canopy temperature and energy balance measurements and evaluate the utility of CWSI to quantify water stress by comparing CWSI to latent heat and carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux measurements over canopies of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted at the Yucheng Integrated Agricultural Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 2003 to 2005. Latent heat and CO₂ fluxes (by eddy covariance), canopy and air temperature, relative humidity, net radiation, wind speed, and soil heat flux were averaged at half-hour intervals. Leaf area index and crop height were measured every 7 days. CWSI was calculated from measured canopy-air temperature differences using the Jackson method. Under high net radiation conditions (greater than 500 W m⁻²), calculated values of minimum canopy-air temperature differences were similar to previously published empirically determined non-water-stressed baselines. Valid measures of CWSI were only obtained when canopy closure minimized the influence of viewed soil on infrared canopy temperature measurements (leaf area index was greater than 2.5 m² m⁻²). Wheat and maize latent heat flux and canopy CO₂ flux generally decreased linearly with increases in CWSI when net radiation levels were greater than 300 W m⁻². The responses of latent heat flux and CO₂ flux to CWSI did not demonstrate a consistent relationship in wheat that would recommend it as a reliable water stress quantification tool. The responses of latent heat flux and CO₂ flux to CWSI were more consistent in maize, suggesting that CWSI could be useful in identifying and quantifying water stress conditions when net radiation was greater than 300 W m⁻². The results suggest that CWSI calculated by the Jackson method under varying solar radiation and wind speed conditions may be used for irrigation scheduling and agricultural water management of maize in irrigated agricultural regions, such as the North China Plain.     

基于地面观测和Sentinel-2数据的玉米实际蒸散发估算

基于遥感技术估算作物蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)对农业用水效率评价和精量灌溉决策具有重要意义。结合Sentinel-2数据和农田连续地面观测资料,利用混合双源蒸散发模型(Hybrid dual-source scheme and trapezoid framework-based evapotranspiration model,HTEM)对宁夏回族自治区中卫市2019年两个试验田玉米主要生育期(5—8月)的蒸散发量进行估算,并用水量平衡法对遥感估算结果进行验证和评价。结果表明:Sentinel-2数据具有高时空分辨率,能够与研究区复杂的种植地块相匹配,减少了混合像元的数量;遥感反演参数与地面观测数据拟合度较高,研究区2019年遥感反演的玉米田净辐射量均方根误差为36.256 W/m²。利用HTEM模型估算可得,主要生育期内研究区两个玉米试验田的日均实际蒸散发量分别为4.269 mm/d和4.339 mm/d,实际蒸散发总量分别为525.114 mm和533.690 mm,其中植被蒸腾量分别为363.483 mm和358.196 mm,生育初期主要以土壤蒸发形式消耗水分,随着作物的生长,在生育中后期主要以植被蒸腾的形式消耗水分。ET遥感反演结果与水量平衡结果之间差别不显著,两个观测点绝对误差分别为13.533 mm和7.774 mm。因此,结合地面连续观测系统和Sentinel-2数据估算研究区玉米生育阶段蒸散发量具有较高的精度,可为作物耗水规律研究及区域农业水管理提供技术支撑。     

Evaluation of the sap flow determined with a heat balance method to measure the transpiration of a sugarcane canopy

Sap flow measurements based on the heat balance method offers the opportunity to evaluate directly and quite easily the mass flow rate of water in plants. However, extrapolation of measurements of water use by individual stems to that for a canopy is tricky. In the present study, 14 sugarcane stems, out of a canopy of nearly 200 000, were equipped with Dynamax sap flow gauge. We extrapolated these individual measurements to determine the transpiration of the canopy and compare this transpiration to the crop evapotranspiration calculated on the basis of the Penman–Monteith method. The method used for the extrapolation assumes that the transpiration of a sugarcane plant is proportional to its leaf area. Transpiration of the canopy determined by this method was overestimated by more 35% as compared to the reference evapotranspiration results. Different sources of possible errors were examined and lead to suppose that it is very difficult to determine the transpiration of a heterogeneous canopy in growth by using the sap flow measurement technique.     

晚稻蒸腾速率及其影响因素试验研究

根据国家“863”节水农业重大专项“江西示范区晚稻控制灌溉”试验资料,分析了水稻蒸腾速率日变化、全生育期变化的规律以及不同生育阶段蒸腾速率与环境因子、气孔导度和土壤水分状况的相互关系。研究结果表明,田间土壤含水率的降低推延了蒸腾速率日最大值的出现;常灌处理水稻蒸腾速率一般高于控灌处理,但控灌午后的蒸腾速率等于或高于常灌;空气温度、叶面温度、饱和水汽压差和气孔导度是影响水稻的蒸腾速率的关键因素,并在水稻不同生育阶段表现不同的影响程度;气孔导度与晚稻蒸腾速率具有一定相关性;蒸腾速率受土壤含水率变化的影响,且在恢复供水后,蒸腾速率出现一定的反弹现象并表现出不同程度的滞后性。     

Measurement and modelling of transpiration of a rain-fed citrus orchard under subhumid tropical conditions

Granier type sap flow gauges were used to estimate canopy transpiration from a 7-year-old sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) orchard in Ghana, West Africa. The aim of the study was to use sap flow based transpiration estimates in modelling the stomatal control of water transport under rain-fed and subhumid tropical conditions. Canopy conductance (g_c) of the sweet orange was calculated by inverting the Penman–Monteith equation. Both multiple linear regression and a Jarvis-type model, based on a set of environmental control functions, have been used to simulate half-hourly citrus canopy conductance. Both methods could adequately predict bulk stomatal conductance of the orchard and were suitable for use in the Penman–Monteith equation to estimate transpiration rates. In both models, the vapour pressure deficit was the dominant regulator of canopy transpiration as it explained about 80% of the variations in canopy conductance. A simple envelop function of canopy conductance as a function of the solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit was equally suitable for g_c prediction. However, the Jarvis formulation provided the best estimation of conductance compared to other models. Validation with separate data sets confirmed the good performance of these models to investigate the response of citrus to changing environmental conditions.     

Accuracy of canopy temperature energy balance for determining daily evapotranspiration

The application of a single-layer canopy temperature energy balance (CTEB) model for determining integrated daily ET rates was tested, with possible applications towards determining irrigation requirements (“how much to irrigate”) as a complement to crop water stress index (CWSI) measurements (“when to irrigate”), an irrigation scheduling tool which uses much of the same data. Evapotranspiration (ET) rates estimated using the CTEB model were compared to Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) measurements made over substantial portions of the growing seasons of corn and potato crops. Canopy temperature, net radiation and soil heat flux data were collected and analyzed at 20-minute intervals, and ET for each interval was summed to obtain daily and multi-day estimations. Only full canopy conditions were examined. Two methods for atmospheric stability correction were applied to the aerodynamic resistance required by the CTEB model; an iterative procedure proposed by Campbell, and a second procedure proposed by Monteith which uses an adjustment coefficient. To reduce instrumentation requirements for combined CTEB/CWSI data collection, estimates of ET were also determined using net radiation and soil heat flux values estimated from solar radiation measurements. Results showed that uncorrected CTEB ET estimates agreed reasonably well with BREB measurements over corn and potato canopies (RMSE = 0.5 to 0.7 mm day⁻ for observed average ET ranging from 4.8 to 5.5 mm day⁻, with a trend toward seasonal overprediction with corn. Stability corrections usually lowered the daily RMSE 0.1 to 0.2 mm day⁻, with seasonal ET more in agreement with BREB ET. The Monteith-based adjustment gave slightly better results. CTEB ET model with estimated net radiation and soil heat flux terms produced similar average and total ET, but somewhat larger daily errors (RMSE=0.5 to 0.9 mm day⁻). Seasonal total ET by the uncorrected CTEB model generally overestimated within 10% (ranging from 1% to 10%) of the observed BREB total ET, an acceptable error for most irrigation practices. Stability corrections generally caused seasonal ET to be underestimated within 1% to 9%.