产犊月份与奶牛隐型乳房炎的发病及产奶量的关系研究

[目的]为了探索产犊月份与奶牛隐型乳房炎的发病情况和产奶量之间的关系.[方法]采集江苏盐城某集约化奶牛场2 564头泌乳牛的DHI记录,利用隐型乳房炎测试液检测隐型乳房炎发病情况,并利用Spss软件进行统计分析.[结果]显示:产犊月份在6月份时,305 d产奶量最低；在8月份时,则最高.几乎每个产犊月份与其余月份之间的305 d产奶量均呈现显著性差异(P＜0.05).产犊月份在6、7月时,隐型乳房炎的发病率最高,产犊月份在4、5月时,隐型乳房炎的发病率最低.产犊月份与隐型乳房炎的发病程度和305 d产奶量均为显著性相关.[结论]最优产犊月份在9、10月份,这期间产犊容易取得较高的产奶量、较低的隐型乳房炎发病率和较轻的发病程度.     

产犊月份对荷斯坦奶车305天产奶量的影响

通过收集新疆呼图壁种牛场牧一场的257头606个胎次的资料,分析了产犊月份对荷斯坦奶牛305d产奶量的影响,结果表明:305d产奶量与产犊月份不相关.差异不显著(P>0.05).     

产犊季节及胎次对甘肃会宁地区荷斯坦牛产奶量的影响

【目的】为了掌握产犊季节和胎次对奶牛产奶的影响。【方法】以会宁地区一奶牛场的荷斯坦牛为研究对象,选择2011~2013年不同产犊季节及不同胎次产奶量记录完整的健康母牛共200头,主要探讨产犊季节及胎次对产奶量的影响。将所有产奶数据校正到305d产奶量,用Excel进行统计分析,分别做出不同产犊季节和不同胎次305d产奶量的整体分布曲线。对4个季节和5个胎次的产奶量分别采用单因素方差分析和SSR法多重比较,确定不同季节和各胎次的影响效果。【结果】表明,不同产犊季节和不同胎次对荷斯坦牛的305d产奶量的影响均极显著。秋季(9~11月份)产犊的母牛305d产奶量最高,显著或极显著高于其他季节,属高产奶量季节;夏季(6~8月份)产犊的母牛305d产奶量最低,显著或极显著低于其他季节,属低产奶量季节。第2胎产犊的母牛305d产奶量较佳,随着胎次的增加,特别是第3胎及以后产犊的母牛305d产奶量逐渐下降。【结论】产犊季节及胎次对甘肃会宁地区荷斯坦牛产奶量的影响,在保证全年牛奶供求基本平衡的前提下,适当调整在高产季节产犊和加强对高胎次奶牛的饲养管理,对提高奶牛群体产奶量具有重要意义。     

产犊季节及胎次对甘肃会宁地区荷斯坦牛产奶量的影响

以会宁地区某奶牛场的荷斯坦牛为研究对象,选择2011~2013年不同产犊季节及不同胎次的健康母牛共200头,主要探讨产犊季节及胎次对产奶量的影响。将所有产奶数据校正到305d产奶量,用Excel进行统计分析,分别做出不同产犊季节和不同胎次305d产奶量的整体分布曲线。对4个季节和5个胎次的产奶量分别采用单因素方差分析和SSR法多重比较,确定不同季节和各胎次的影响效果。结果表明,不同产犊季节和不同胎次对荷斯坦牛305d产奶量的影响均极显著。秋季(9~11月份)产犊的母牛305d产奶量最高,显著或极显著高于其他季节,属高产奶量季节;夏季(6~8月份)产犊的母牛305d产奶量最低,显著或极显著低于其他季节,属低产奶量季节。第2胎的305d产奶量最高,随着胎次的增加,特别是第3胎及以后产犊的母牛305d产奶量逐渐下降。本研究结果表明,在保证全年牛奶供求基本平衡的前提下,适当调整在高产季节产犊和加强对高胎次奶牛的饲养管理,对提高奶牛群体产奶量具有重要意义。     

影响新疆褐牛产奶量的相关因素分析

对1997年至2003年之间,乌鲁木齐种牛场462头新疆褐牛成年母牛的产犊间隔、产犊月份、胎次、犊牛初生重、犊牛性别等基础资料进行统计分析,研究上述因素与产奶量之间的关系.结果表明:产犊间隔、产犊月份、胎次对产奶量有极显著的影响;犊牛性别对产奶量无显著影响(P＞0.05).     

产犊月份对荷斯坦奶牛305天产奶量的影响

通过收集新疆呼图壁种牛场牧一场的257头606个胎次的资料，分析了产犊月份对荷斯坦奶牛305d产奶量的影响，结果表明：305d产奶量与产犊月份不相关，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

非遗传因素对新疆褐牛产奶量的影响

为了探讨非遗传因素对新疆褐牛305d产奶量的影响,收集了新疆乌鲁木齐种牛场1985～2008年751头新疆褐牛的17962条月测定记录。采用最小二乘法分析了年度、季节、胎次、产犊间隔、初产月龄等5个非遗传因素对新疆褐牛产奶量的影响。结果:年度、胎次、产犊间隔对产奶量的影响极显著(P<0.01);季节和初产月龄对产奶量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。提示:稳定的饲养管理有利于提高奶牛的产奶量;合理的调整产犊季节对提高产奶量是有利的;适当增加2～5胎经产母牛的比例有利于提高群体产奶量;新疆褐牛产犊间隔在360～390d时产奶量最高;初产月龄应控制在24～27月龄。     

非遗传因素对西门塔尔母牛繁殖性状的影响

实验旨在探讨非遗传因素对西门塔尔母牛繁殖性状的影响规律。利用新疆呼图壁种牛场1987-2015年间共1 515头西门塔尔牛生产性能记录,分析不同胎次、产犊年份、产犊季节、初产月龄对西门塔尔母牛空怀期、产犊间隔和妊娠期的影响,并进行了最小二乘分析。结果表明:不同胎次对西门塔尔母牛空怀期、妊娠期影响不显著(P0.05),对母牛产犊间隔影响极显著(P0.01);不同产犊年份对母牛空怀期、产犊间隔、妊娠期影响极显著(P0.01);不同产犊季节对西门塔尔母牛空怀期、产犊间隔、妊娠期影响极显著(P0.01);不同初产月龄对西门塔尔母牛空怀期、产犊间隔、妊娠期影响显著(P0.05)。     

产犊季节对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的影响

对宁夏平吉堡奶牛场荷斯坦奶牛4个不同的产犊季节的305d产奶量影响进行了分析。结果表明．在宁夏地区荷斯坦奶牛的产犊季节对奶牛305d产奶量有显著的影响。4月份产犊奶牛的305d产奶量最高,显著高于1、7和10月份产犊奶牛的产奶量,1月份和10月份产犊奶牛产奶量明显高于7月份产犊奶牛产奶量,但1月份年口10月份间没有差异,7月份产犊奶牛305d产奶量最低。     

新疆褐牛305 d产奶量、产犊间隔和初产日龄的遗传参数估计

为加快新疆褐牛群体产奶性能和繁殖性能的遗传进展,本研究通过对新疆褐牛母牛305 d产奶量、产犊间隔和初产日龄性状进行遗传参数估计及遗传趋势分析。以乌鲁木齐地区1994—2017年出生的812头新疆褐牛的生产性能记录和繁殖记录为研究对象,运用DMU软件DMUAI模块采用AI-REML结合EM算法配合单性状动物模型对305 d产奶量、产犊间隔和初产日龄进行方差组分估计和遗传趋势分析。结果表明:新疆褐牛母牛305 d产奶量、产犊间隔和初产日龄的遗传力分别为0.31、0.05和0.17,其中305 d产奶量和初产日龄属于中高遗传力性状(h~20.1),产犊间隔属于低遗传力性状(h~20.1);产犊间隔和初产日龄遗传趋势变化不明显,但总体呈下降趋势。该结果为新疆褐牛遗传选育以及未来繁殖性状联合遗传评估和制定选择指数提供参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.