凡纳滨对虾RAS与WSSV-VP26的相互作用

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)是对虾养殖中主要的病原之一,病原与宿主作用是介导病毒感染的重要过程。RAS蛋白是Ras基因分泌的保守蛋白,为小G蛋白家族的一员,普遍存在于从酵母菌到哺乳动物的真核细胞中,具有偶联受体和效应系统传递跨膜信号的功能,在细胞增殖和分化中起双重调节的作用,但关于RAS与WSSV的作用尚不明确。本研究将凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) Ras基因克隆至pBAD/gⅢA表达载体上,以E. coli Top10为宿主菌,在L-阿拉伯糖的诱导下获得RAS重组蛋白。以Co~(2+)亲和层析方法,获得纯化的RAS蛋白,质谱分析显示,该蛋白为凡纳滨对虾RAS。采用Far-western和ELISA检测方法分析RAS与WSSV结构蛋白VP26、VP28N和VP37的相互作用。Far-western结果显示,RAS与VP26有明显的结合作用,ELISA实验结果显示,RAS与VP26蛋白的相互作用随RAS量的增加而增强。本研究表明,RAS参与WSSV侵染过程,为进一步研究WSSV侵染机制提供了理论基础。     

酵母双杂交系统用于WSSV粘附蛋白VP37相关蛋白基因的研究

为研究WSSV的粘附蛋白VP37相关蛋白的基因，应用酵母双杂交系统Ⅲ筛选中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)鳃细胞全长cDNA文库。构建VP37基因的重组载体PGBKT7-VP37，把它转化酵母Y187后与含文库质粒的酵母AH109配合，在营养缺陷培养基上进行双杂交筛选。经过PCR鉴定确定了1个阳性克隆。测定该段cDNA序列并进行生物信息学分析，结果显示，此cDNA片段编码的蛋白与蛋白酶的同源性较高，该蛋白在WSSV识别并结合宿主的过程中所起的作用还有待于进一步研究。成功筛选了VP37相关蛋白的cDNA片段，为研究WSSV入侵以及感染致病的机制等方面提供了新线索。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP28和VP26的毕赤酵母组成型分泌表达

近年来,重组 VP28和 VP26蛋白作为蛋白亚单位疫苗,在增强对虾抗白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染的过程中具有重要作用。本研究根据GenBank中WSSV的基因序列设计引物,以WSSV粗提液为模板进行普通PCR扩增,得到VP28和VP26基因,再用引物悬挂法将EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ酶切位点分别添加到 VP28和 VP26基因的5￠端和3￠端。目的基因经双酶切后插入到表达载体pGAPZαA,转化TOP10大肠杆菌,经博莱霉素(Zeocin)抗性筛选阳性重组酵母表达载体。AvrⅡ酶切线性化之后,电击转化 X-33毕赤酵母感受态细胞,经 Zeocin 抗性筛选得到阳性重组酵母。SDS-PAGE电泳分析重组酵母表达上清液的目的蛋白,没有检测到VP28和VP26重组蛋白。随后,采用蛋白质银染法,结果显示,与空载pGAPZαA组相比,VP28和VP26表达上清液组有明显的条带,证明VP28和VP26在毕赤酵母中成功表达,蛋白分子量大小约为32 kDa。     

中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) Tetraspanin-3与WSSV的体外相互作用

Tetraspanin-3是四跨膜蛋白超家族的一员,在信号转导和免疫等过程中起到重要作用。本研究将中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) Tetraspanin-3 (FcT3)的大胞外环区(Large extracellular loop, LEL)基因片段克隆,与原核表达载体pBAD/gⅢA连接,获得重组表达载体pBAD/gⅢA-T3L,转化入大肠杆菌TOP 10中,用L-阿拉伯糖(L-Arab)诱导并经钴离子亲和层析纯化得到重组蛋白。质谱分析显示,纯化的重组蛋白为FcT3。用地高辛将FcT3L标记并与WSSV作用,Far-western分析显示,FcT3L与VP26结合。ELISA实验结果显示,FcT3L与VP26蛋白的相互作用随VP26量的增加而增强。推测FcT3通过与VP26作用介导病毒核衣壳的入胞过程。     

中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)Tetraspanin-3与WSSV的体外相互作用

Tetraspanin-3是四跨膜蛋白超家族的一员,在信号转导和免疫等过程中起到重要作用。本研究将中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)Tetraspanin-3(FcT_3)的大胞外环区(Large extracellular loop,LEL)基因片段克隆,与原核表达载体p BAD/gⅢA连接,获得重组表达载体p BAD/gⅢA-T3L,转化入大肠杆菌TOP 10中,用L-阿拉伯糖(L-Arab)诱导并经钴离子亲和层析纯化得到重组蛋白。质谱分析显示,纯化的重组蛋白为FcT_3。用地高辛将FcT_3L标记并与WSSV作用,Far-western分析显示,FcT_3L与VP26结合。ELISA实验结果显示,FcT_3L与VP26蛋白的相互作用随VP26量的增加而增强。推测FcT_3通过与VP26作用介导病毒核衣壳的入胞过程。     

凡纳滨对虾LvRab5B蛋白与IHHNV病毒蛋白的互作

为了探究LvRab5B蛋白在凡纳滨对虾抗病毒感染中的作用,实验分别构建了LvRab5B蛋白在昆虫和酵母细胞中的融合表达载体,将不同的载体导入不同的细胞中,利用免疫荧光和酵母双杂交的方法研究了Lv Rab5B蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达以及Lv Rab5B蛋白与病毒IHHNV之间的互作关系;通过qRT-PCR方法研究了该蛋白在健康对虾不同组织中的表达情况以及凡纳滨对虾分别感染IHHNV和WSSV后不同时间点的相对表达量。结果显示,Lv Rab5B基因融合蛋白能够在昆虫细胞中表达;Lv Rab5B蛋白与IHHNV病毒衣壳蛋白CP无相互作用,而与非结构蛋白NS1相互作用明显,与非结构蛋白NS2作用较弱。qRT-PCR结果显示,LvRab5B基因在凡纳滨对虾心脏、鳃腺、肠道、胃、肝胰脏和肌肉中都表达,在肠道中表达量最高,肝胰脏次之;Lv Rab5B蛋白在凡纳滨对虾机体感染病毒前后的表达情况不同,感染初期表达降低,随后迅速上升,末期下降。研究表明,LvRab5B基因参与凡纳滨对虾抵抗IHHNV和WSSV病毒的先天免疫过程,为进一步研究Lv Rab5B蛋白在对虾机体中的免疫功能及作用机制奠定了基础。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP19的单克隆抗体制备及其定位

为了更好地研究对虾自斑综合征病毒(WSSV)蛋白VP19在WSSV感染过程巾的作用,利用VP 19的单克隆抗体直接对VP19进行了定位.从患白斑综合征的中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)鳃丝中提取WSSV,将提纯的WSSV经十二烷基磺酸钠-聚内烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离,然后洗脱提纯其病毒蛋白VP19并免疫Balb/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞和骨髓瘤细胞融合,用间接免疫荧光技术(IFAT)和Western-Blot技术筛选出1株阳性杂交瘤细胞,将检测出的阳性杂交瘤细胞经有限稀释法克隆,研制出抗VP19的单抗,再利用免疫胶体金技术对病毒蛋白VP19进行定位,结果显示,胶体金粒子位于WSSV病毒的囊膜上,说明病毒篮白VP19位于WSSV囊膜上.[中国水产科学,2009,16(1):69-74]     

罗氏沼虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP28基因的克隆及分析

根据已公布的罗氏沼虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)囊膜蛋白VP28基因序列设计一对特异性引物,从疑似患白斑病毒病的罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)中提取总DNA,并以此为模板,经PCR扩增、克隆并测序后将该片段通过GenBank比对,证实为WSSV的VP28基因;与20个已公布的WSSV VP28进行同源性比较,结果显示:从中国对虾、斑节对虾、南美白对虾、日本对虾、波纹龙虾提取的病毒株聚为一类,印度对虾WSSV VP28为另一类,罗氏沼虾WSSV VP28又单独为一类。根据测序结果推测VP28蛋白的二级结构在氨基酸的7～29区间可能为跨膜螺旋区,且该区域高度保守。     

白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP19及VP28的研究进展

自二十世纪90年代,白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)就因其暴发范围广、致死率高得到了广泛的关注。研究主要集中在确定该病毒蛋白的结构及功能,以及利用其囊膜蛋白制备亚单位疫苗、研发DNA疫苗等来提高对虾抵抗白斑综合征病毒的能力,尽管免疫防治目前在实验室阶段已取得了显著的保护效果,但因其给药方式局限以及成本较高等因素一直没有应用于实际生产中。VP19和VP28是白斑综合征病毒主要的囊膜蛋白,在WSSV感染对虾的过程中起着非常重要的作用。本文从WSSV的基因组学、VP19和VP28的蛋白质结构及其在免疫防治中的应用等方面概述了VP19和VP28的研究进展,包括蛋白亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、RNA疫苗以及相关抗体的研究。在总结了不同类型疫苗的保护效果后发现,VP19和VP28的双价疫苗的保护率较高,为今后制定有效的WSSV控制方法提供了参考。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒囊膜蛋白VP28研究进展

对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)是在水产养殖中引起对虾等甲壳类动物发生严重病害的病原体。VP28是WSSV中最重要的囊膜蛋白之一,在WSSV感染对虾的初期起着至关重要的作用。文章从基因和蛋白质结构、VP28在病毒入侵中的作用及免疫应用等方面概述了VP28的研究进展,可为WSSV的防治研究提供参考。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.