不同施肥处理对梁平柚产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响

通过连续3 a (2014—2017年)的田间试验,以10 a生梁平柚为研究对象,研究不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、50%化肥+50%有机肥(CF+OF)和单施有机肥(OF)下梁平柚产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,在不同施肥处理中,CF+OF、OF和CF的单果重均无显著性差异(P0.05),但CF+OF的柚子单株果实数最高,柚子产量分别高出OF、CF和CK 8.2%、31.2%和11.82%;CF+OF处理中,柚子果实中的果汁含量、总糖、游离氨基酸和维生素C比CK分别提高20.40%、18.95%、64.34%和27.06%,而柚子果皮厚度、种子数和总酸度显著降低,品质改善;施肥显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮,在不同施肥处理中,微生物生物量碳氮比介于7.39～13.89,且差异显著(P0.05)。CF+OF处理中,柚子成熟期土壤可培养细菌、真菌、放线菌数量显著高于或相似于单施化肥,说明化肥和有机肥配施能促进微生物生长繁殖,协调土壤养分供应,改善柚子营养。虽然不同施肥处理对土壤pH无显著影响(P0.05),但是与CK相比,OF和CF+OF处理有机质和速效钾含量增加,CF处理无显著差异(P0.05);CF、OF和CF+OF处理有效磷含量分别比CK增加6.53%、22.74%和34.72%,且差异显著(P0.05);CF+OF碱解氮含量最高,CF和OF次之,CK最低。此外,有机无机配施还可提高土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,有益于土壤有机质循环、氮磷养分转化、活性氧消除。总之,在不同施肥处理中,有机无机配施显著提高柚子产量,品质得到明显改善,且土壤养分供应协调,土壤微生物数量增加,土壤酶活性增强,有益于土壤养分转化和保持健康。因此,在梁平柚施肥中,提倡有机无机配施很有必要。     

南方丘陵地区生物黑炭和有机肥配施化肥的应用研究

研究生物黑炭和有机肥配施化肥对旱地作物种植和养分损失的影响,旨在进一步探索高温多雨的南方丘陵地区旱地作物合理施肥和高产高效种植以及资源优化利用的有效途径。采用田间小区试验,设置了5个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、化肥+生物黑炭(CF+B)、有机无机肥配施(OF+CF)和有机无机肥配施且添加生物黑炭(OF+CF+B),探讨了生物黑炭和有机肥施用对春玉米产量、地表氮磷径流损失、作物氮磷肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:生物黑炭或有机肥的施用可显著增产8.2%~11.1%,但有机肥和生物黑炭结合施用增产效果最佳,增产率可高达13.7%。相比CF处理,CF+B处理可显著降低15.9%的氮素径流损失和24.2%磷素径流损失,显著提高26.3%和11.8%的地上部氮磷累积量;OF+CF处理可显著降低17.5%的氮素径流损失和25.0%磷素径流损失,提高36.5%(P0.05)和8.2%(P0.05)地上部氮磷累积量;OF+CF+B处理可显著降低33.3%的氮素径流损失和35.2%磷素径流损失,显著提高52.1%和29.0%地上部氮磷累积量,且氮磷肥料利用率最高,分别达49.1%和26.4%。OF+CF+B处理施肥方式一方面可促进春玉米旺盛生长,增加地表植被覆盖度和增强土壤的抗蚀性,显著降低了地表的径流体积;另一方面可以全面降低土壤氮磷养分溶解态和颗粒态的径流损失,培肥了地力。因此,从产量经济效益和环境效益方面综合来看,认为添加生物黑炭和有机肥部分替代化肥结合化肥施入土壤是最合理的施肥方式,值得在该区域进行推广和应用。     

Soil organic phosphorus fractions in response to long-term fertilization with composted manures under rice–wheat cropping system

Present investigation evaluates the effect of organic fertilization (OF), integrated nutrient management (INM) practice, and recommended dose of chemical fertilization (CF) on changes in soil organic phosphorus (P) and its fractions under rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The 4-year experiment (2009–2013), under split-plot design, showed that OF did not increase the total P or total organic P content of soil under either of the test crops. However, OF maintained the higher level of labile organic P and moderately labile organic P in soil under wheat the moderately stable organic P and highly stable organic P was highest in paddy soil under CF practices (11.34 and 7.77 μg g^?1, respectively) followed by wheat. The P concentration in organically grown rice or wheat grain was increased significantly compared with their CF counterparts. The productivity economics for rice and wheat crops showed INM fertilization to be more economical than OF.     

Plant growth stages and fertilization regimes drive soil fungal community compositions in a wheat-rice rotation system

Fungal communities may have different response to fertilization under different conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal the effects of fertilizations on fungal communities considering temporal heterogeneity at different crop stages. To address this, soil samples were collected across eight typical plant growth stages of a wheat-rice rotation system under four fertilization regimes: no nitrogen fertilizer (NNF), chemical fertilizer (CF), organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer (OIMF), and organic fertilizer (OF). Soil temperature and moisture that co-vary with plant growth stages were the strongest predictors of fungal community compositions; meanwhile, fertilization regimes also played important roles. Shannon index and the relative abundance of Ascomycota were consistently increased when compared OF treatment with CF and OIMF treatments, while CF treatment had a higher relative abundance of Zygomycota when compared with NNF and OF treatments. For the functional guilds, application of urea-nitrogen fertilizers (CF and OIMF treatments) significantly decreased the relative abundance of saprotrophs and symbiotrophs, while soil treated with OF had less relative abundance of pathotrophs when compared to inorganic fertilizers. Our study provided a detailed picture of how fungal community composition responded to fertilization regimes across different plant growth stages.     

不同培肥模式对茶园土壤微生物活性和群落结构的影响

以闽东地区红黄壤茶园定位实验地为对象,通过测定6种不同施肥处理土壤微生物学特性,研究不同培肥对土壤微生物特性和生物化学过程的影响,阐明各指标间的相互关系.结果表明,除了单施无机肥处理外,半量化肥+半量有机肥、全量有机肥、全量化肥+豆科绿肥以及半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥等的培肥方式均不同程度提高了土壤有机质,可培养微生物数量,微生物量碳、氮含量及土壤酶活性,尤以半量无机肥+半量有机肥+豆科牧草的培肥模式增幅更为明显,而单施无机肥不利于微生物的生长、酶活性的提高和维持生态系统的稳定性.微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)标记主成分分析显示,各种不同施肥方式使微生物群落结构发生改变.相关分析表明,微生物量与可培养微生物数量、微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量之间的相关性明显高于微生物量与各种酶活性之间的相关性,说明微生物数量大小对微生物群落结构的影响大于对酶活性功能的影响.研究也表明土壤各微生物指标能从不同方面反映土壤肥力水平,所以采用各种不同的方法能更客观地评价闽东地区茶园红黄壤质量的优劣.     

Long‐term effects of leguminous cover crops on microbial indices and their relationships in soils of a coconut plantation of a humid tropical region

In this study, leguminous crops like Atylosia scarabaeoides, Centrosema pubescens, Calopogonium mucunoides, and Pueraria phaseoloides. grown as soil cover individually in the interspaces of a 19‐yr‐old coconut plantation in S. Andaman (India) were assessed for their influence on various microbial indices (microbial biomass C, biomass N, basal respiration, ergosterol, levels of ATP, AMP, ADP) in soils (0–50 cm) collected from these plots after 10 years. The effects of these cover crops on . CO₂ (metabolic quotient), adenylate energy charge (AEC), and the ratios of various soil microbial properties viz., biomass C : soil organic C, biomass C : N, biomass N : total N, ergosterol : biomass C, and ATP : biomass C were also examined. Cover cropping markedly enhanced the levels of organic matter and microbial activity in soils after the 10‐yr‐period. Microbial biomass C and N, basal respiration, . CO₂, ergosterol and levels of ATP, AMP, ADP in the cover‐cropped plots significantly exceeded the corresponding values in the control plot. While the biomass C : N ratio tended to decrease, the ratios of biomass N : total N, ergosterol : biomass C, and ATP : biomass C increased significantly due to cover cropping. Greater ergosterol : biomass C ratio in the cover‐cropped plots indicated a decomposition pathway dominated by fungi, and high . CO₂ levels in these plots indicated a decrease in substrate use efficiency probably due to the dominance of fungi. The AEC levels ranged from 0.80 to 0.83 in the cover‐cropped plots, thereby reflecting greater microbial proliferation and activity. The ratios of various microbial and chemical properties could be assigned to three different factors by principal components analysis. The first factor (PC1) with strong loadings of ATP : biomass C ratio, AEC, and . CO₂ reflected the specific metabolic activity of soil microbes. The ratios of ergosterol : biomass C, soil organic C : total N, and biomass N : total N formed the second factor (PC2) indicating a decomposition pathway dominated by fungi. The biomass C : N and biomass C : soil organic C ratios formed the third principal component (PC3), reflecting soil organic matter availability in relation to nutrient availability. Overall, the study suggested that Pueraria phaseoloides. or Atylosia scarabaeoides were better suited as cover crops for the humid tropics due to their positive contribution to soil organic C, N, and microbial activity.     

有机肥与控释复合肥配施对茶叶产量、品质和土壤化学性质的影响

合理施肥对于提高茶叶产量和品质具有重要作用。通过3年田间试验,对比研究了6种施肥模式（常规化肥、控释复合肥、常规化肥 + 有机肥、控释复合肥 + 有机肥、70%常规化肥 + 有机肥、70%控释复合肥 + 有机肥）对茶叶产量、品质和土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,一次性施用茶树专用控释复合肥能够达到常规化肥1年4次施用的增产效果,并显著提高了夏茶茶叶品质。与单施常规化肥相比,增施有机肥处理的茶叶产量提高10.6% ~ 14.0%,达显著水平（P < 0 .05),净收益增加8.0% ~ 18.3%,并显著提高了茶叶水浸出物和游离氨基酸总量,降低茶多酚含量和酚氨比。与常规化肥增施有机肥相比,控释复合肥增施有机肥茶叶产量提高了3.0%（P < 0.05),净收益增加7.6% ~ 8.5%,夏茶水浸出物含量提高1.34% ~ 1.39%,茶多酚含量降低了2.7% ~ 4.7%,达显著水平（P < 0.05)。70%常规化肥 + 有机肥或70%控释复合肥 + 有机肥处理的茶叶产量及品质与全量施肥增施有机肥处理相比均无显著性差异。在培肥土壤方面,增施有机肥处理显著提高了茶园0 ~ 20?cm土层土壤pH、有机质、全氮和速效氮含量。因此,从施肥方便性、茶叶产量、经济效益、茶叶品质和培肥土壤方面综合考虑,与施用常规化肥相比,控释复合肥减少用量30%并增施有机肥是最优推荐施肥措施。     

不同培肥措施对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤氮素矿化的影响

为揭示不同培肥措施对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤氮素矿化特征,采用间歇淋洗好气培养法,研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥配施有机肥(MCF)和化肥配施生物有机肥(MCFB)5种培肥措施对复垦4年和8年土壤矿质态氮和可溶性有机氮变化及氮素矿化特征的影响。结果表明:间歇淋洗好气培养过程中,复垦8年土壤累积NO_3~-—N产生量较4年增加2.63%~26.83%,NH_4~+—N累积产生量增加12.50%~32.14%,可溶性有机氮(SON)累积产生量在CF和M处理下减少31.59%~62.50%,其他处理增加3.44%~34.69%。同一复垦年限下NO_3~-—N、NH_4~+—N和SON累积产生量均以MCFB最高。从矿化参数来看,5种培肥措施土壤矿化势(N_0)均表现为复垦8年高于复垦4年土壤,增加幅度为MCFB(26.9%)CK(15.9%)CF(15.0%)M(12.7%)MCF(4.8%);CK和CF处理下潜在可矿化有机氮(N_0/N)随复垦年限增加而减少,减少率分别为9.4%和13.8%,其余3种培肥措施N_0/N呈增加趋势,增加率表现为MCF(13.2%)MCFB(7.5%)M(2.8%);MCF处理下矿化率(N_t/N)随复垦年限增加而增加,增加率为13.2%,其余4种培肥措施的矿化率(N_t/N)均表现为复垦8年低于复垦4年土壤,减少幅度为CF(12.1%)CK(9.4%)MCFB(7.5%)M(2.7%)。不同处理间N_0、N_0/N和N_t/N值则均以8年复垦土壤的MCFB处理最高。综合来看,经过连续8年复垦,化肥配施生物有机肥较其他培肥措施更大程度上提高了各项矿化参数值,但随着复垦年限的增加,以化肥配施有机肥处理的N_0、N_0/N的增加幅度最大,以化肥配施生物有机肥处理的N_t/N减少率最低,长期单施化肥有降低潜在可矿化有机氮量(N_0/N)的趋势。     

减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝生长、产量品质及肥料利用率的影响

针对我国荔枝园化肥施用量过高而存在的土壤质量下降、酸碱失衡和产量下降等问题，综合考虑荔枝施肥养分投入与带走量，研究减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝生长、产量品质及肥料利用率的影响，旨在为荔枝提质增效提供施肥指导。以妃子笑荔枝为研究对象，设置单施化肥（CF）、减施化肥30%分别配施普通商品有机肥5kg/株（OF5）和10kg/株（OF10）、减施化肥30%配施生物有机肥5 kg/株（BIO5）和10kg/株（BIO10）5个处理，比较不同施肥处理对荔枝生长、养分供应、产量品质、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响。结果表明：（1）化肥减施30%的情况下，配施有机肥未明显减缓荔枝梢期生长。与CF相比，OF5显著促进新梢生长，BIO5显著提高梢期叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）；有机肥处理的百叶重及梢粗较化肥处理显著降低。（2）总体来看，在梢期与果实成熟期，各处理间叶片养分含量无显著差异，在二蓬梢期及末次梢期，OF10与BIO5叶片氮含量显著高于CF处理；各处理叶片氮含量均处于适宜范围，各养分含量与变化趋势均符合荔枝生长规律。（3）与CF相比，BIO5、OF10、BIO10处理均显著提高荔枝单株产量，其增幅分别为44.77%、35.81%、18.23%；有机肥处理均有提高荔枝单果重、纵径与横径的趋势；有机肥处理下荔枝果实内在品质高于CF处理，可溶性固形物含量平均增加1.76%-3.22%，可溶性糖含量平均增加11.96%-21.84%，可滴定酸含量平均降低15.38%-35.35%；产量品质综合评价BIO5>BIO10>CF>OF10>OF5。（4）各有机肥处理氮素偏生产力均显著高于化肥处理，BIO5与OF10氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力与农学利用率均显著高于其它处理。OF10、BIO5、BIO10均能显著提高荔枝收益。综合考虑荔枝生长、果实产量及品质、肥料利用效率以及经济效益，该园区在减少30%化肥养分投入下株施5kg生物有机肥处理表现最佳，其次是株施10kg普通商品有机肥。     

有机物料施用对旱地红壤作物产量和有机质活性组分的影响

为了探讨不同有机物料施用对作物产量和土壤有机质活性组分的影响,以达到农田增产和土壤培肥的目的,本研究依托2015年在江西省红壤研究所布置的田间施肥试验,设置不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(CF)、减量化肥(RF)、减量化肥配施秸秆(RFR)、减量化肥配施生物黑炭(RFB)、减量化肥配施猪粪(RFP)、减量化肥配施蚓粪(RFV)7种不同施肥处理,研究减量化肥40%条件下配施不同有机物料对作物产量及耕层土壤有机质活性组分的影响。结果表明:在红薯-油菜轮作制度下,减肥配施有机物料处理的作物产量较常量化肥处理都有不同程度的增加,其中RFP、RFV处理油菜籽产量显著高于CF处理(P0.05);减肥配施有机物料处理的土壤微生物生物量有机质(MBOM)、水溶性有机质(DOM)、颗粒性有机质(POM)、易氧化有机质(LOM)含量均高于CF处理,其中油菜季POM含量较红薯季有明显的提升;相关性分析表明,经过两季的施肥处理,SOM和有机质活性组分与作物产量均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),MBOM、POM、LOM与SOM呈极显著正相关性(P0.01)。可见,不同有机物料替代部分化肥,可以一定程度提高作物产量,更重要的是可以促进土壤有机质活性组分的提高,对于土壤培肥至关重要。     

长期施肥对黑土、棕壤微生物量的影响

以公主岭黑土长期定位试验和中科院沈阳生态试验站棕壤长期试验为平台,对不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的变化及其与土壤有机碳、全氮的关系进行研究。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理黑土和棕壤微生物量碳、氮含量不同,大小依次为有机肥配施化肥>有机肥>化肥>不施肥,其中有机肥配施化肥处理可以显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮。微生物量碳、氮含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量之间具有极显著的正相关关系。同时,有机肥配施化肥处理能够显著增加土壤微生物商。     

Long‐term fertilization and manuring effects on physically separated soil organic‐matter pools under continuous wheat cropping at a rainfed semiarid site in China

An essential prerequisite for a sustainable soil use is to maintain a satisfactory soil organic‐matter (OM) level. This might be achieved by sound fertilization management, though impacts of fertilization on OM have been rarely investigated with the aid of physical fractionation techniques in semiarid regions. This study aimed at examining changes in organic C (OC) and N concentrations of physically separated soil OM pools after 26 y of fertilization at a site of the semiarid Loess Plateau in China. To separate sensitive OM pools, total macro‐OM (> 0.05 mm) was obtained from bulk soil by wet‐sieving and then separated into light macro‐OM (< 1.8 g cm^–3) and heavy macro‐OM (> 1.8 g cm^–3) subfractions; bulk soil was also differentiated into light OM (< 1.8 g cm^–3) and mineral‐associated OM (> 1.8 g cm^–3). Farmyard manure increased concentrations of total macro‐OC and N by 19% and 25%, and those of light fraction OC and N by 36% and 46%, compared to no manuring; both light OC and N concentrations but only total macro‐OC concentration responded positively to mineral fertilizations compared to no mineral fertilization. This demonstrated that the light‐fraction OM was more sensitive to organic or inorganic fertilization than the total macro‐OM. Mineral‐associated OC and N concentrations also increased by manuring or mineral fertilizations, indicating an increase of stable OM relative to no fertilization treatment, however, their shares on bulk soil OC and N decreased. Mineral fertilizations improved soil OM quality by decreasing C : N ratio in the light OM fraction whereas manuring led to a decline of the C : N ratio in the total macro‐OM fraction, with respect to nil treatment. Further fractionation of the total macro‐OM according to density clarified that across treatments about 3/4 of total macro‐OM was associated with minerals. Thus, by simultaneously applying particle‐size and density separation procedures, we clearly demonstrated that the macro‐OM differed from the light OM fraction not only in its chemical composition but also in associations with minerals. The proportion of the 0.5–0.25 mm water‐stable aggregates of soil was higher under organic or inorganic fertilizations than under no manure or no mineral fertilization, and increases in OC and N concentrations of water‐stable aggregates as affected by fertilization were greater for 1–0.5 and 0.5–0.25 mm classes than for the other classes. Results indicate that OM stocks in different soil pools can be increased and the loose aggregation of these strongly eroded loess soils can be improved by organic or inorganic fertilization.     

不同有机替代减肥方式对玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响

研究不同有机替代减肥方式对玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响,为玉米生产中减肥增效提供经济可行的施肥方案和理论依据。通过大田试验,设置不施肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、腐植酸有机肥+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(HF)、肥料增效剂+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(BN)、商品有机肥+氮肥减量10%+磷钾肥(OF)5个处理。结果表明:较CF处理,HF、BN和OF处理促进了玉米的生长,增加不同生育期的玉米株高和茎粗;有效改善玉米穗部性状和产量构成,玉米产量分别增加了11.12%,6.47%,14.43%,净收益分别增加了217.24,564.99,-506.46元/hm~2;提高玉米生育期内的土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量;提高了肥料利用率、养分偏生产力和养分农学利用效率,其中氮肥分别显著提高了8.15%,9.34%,14.08%(P0.05),钾肥分别显著提高15.92%,21.13%,29.36%(P0.05)。因此,HF和BN处理可以促进玉米生长,增产增效,提高肥料利用率和土壤肥力,为有玉米生产中减肥增效提供了经济可行的施肥方案和理论依据。     

两种施肥处理下不同有机质含量农田黑土微生物群落结构PLFA分析

土壤有机质含量和施肥是影响黑土微生物群落结构的重要因素,但是受气候影响,很难单独明确有机质含量或施肥对土壤微生物群落的影响.本研究利用黑土生产力长期定位试验,将有机质含量不同的5个黑土(SOM1.7、SOM3、SOM5、SOM6、SOM11)置于相同气候条件下,通过分析磷脂脂肪酸,系统地研究了施肥与有机质含量对农田黑土...     

Carbon Fluxes from Different Pools in a Mined Area under Reclamation in Minas Gerais State,Brazil

Despite the benefits of grass cultivation and organic fertilization in mining areas undergoing reclamation, these practices may be associated to CO₂ emissions and soil organic matter (SOM) losses by priming effect. In the present study, we evaluated the changes on SOM pools and C–CO₂ emissions in a bauxite‐mined area under reclamation fertilized with poultry litter (PL) (0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha⁻¹) and cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha . Increases of about 3·5 times in the soil labile C were observed 1 year after experiment establishment. High C–CO₂ fluxes and a significant positive priming effect were observed in the presence of B. brizantha , increasing native C mineralization by nearly 4·9 times. Nevertheless, no net soil C loss was detected, probably because of the C inputs derived from B. brizantha , which offset these losses. In fact, the grass increased total organic C by 45% when fertilized with 40 Mg PL ha⁻¹. The data obtained suggest that the cultivation of B. brizantha fertilized with PL can be a promising option for rapid recovery in SOM in areas under reclamation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同施肥处理对长期不施肥区稻田土壤微生物生态特性的影响

采用室内恒温培养方法,研究了不同施肥处理对水稻长期肥料试验中不施肥区（CK）和全肥区（NPK）土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,施肥处理（单施化肥、施猪粪和施秸杆）可以显著提高土壤的微生物量碳以及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶的活性,施用有机肥的效果明显大于单施化肥; 有机肥在无肥区（CK）的施用效果与在全肥区（NPK）的效果接近。PLFA分析表明,施肥使无肥区（CK）土壤微生物群落结构发生了显著的变化,施用有机肥显著增加了土壤微生物群落结构的多样性。与不施肥和单施化肥相比,施有机肥主要增加了细菌和真菌的特征脂肪酸如不饱和脂肪酸、环状脂肪酸cy19∶0等的相对含量,而降低了放线菌标记性脂肪酸10Me18∶0的相对含量。     

Changes in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability following burning and soil rehabilitation

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to determine the influence of organic amendment, as compared with inorganic fertilization, and vegetation cover (Lolium perennne L.) on microbial biomass and aggregate stability in burnt soils. The study was performed with soil samples from the ash layer of three pine forests differing in their physicochemical and chemical properties and affected by high-intensity wildfires about 3 and 36 months before the sampling. Two different doses of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were used. Similar results were observed independent of the soil; however, the fertilization effect was most pronounced in the soil collected 36 months after the wildfire. Significant increases in microbial biomass C were detected following poultry manure addition, particularly at high dose, while no changes or slight increases were found as a consequence of inorganic fertilization. A significant but varied response of microorganisms to plant growing was also observed. Revegetation and fertilization also modified the aggregate stability values, but different effects were detected depending on the fertilizer used (organic or inorganic) and the dose of application. A high positive and significant relationship between soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability was observed. The results clearly indicate that organic amendment combined with the implantation of a vegetation cover can improve the reestablishment of both microbial biomass and soil structure in burnt pine forests.     

不同施肥措施对德州市农田土壤生物学性状的影响

[目的]探讨不同施肥措施对山东省德州市农田土壤生物学性状的作用效果,为农田土壤的培肥与农作物的合理种植提供理论依据。[方法]通过连续3a的大田试验,研究CK(对照,不施肥)、CF(尿素提供100%的氮)、CM(牛粪提供100%的氮)和CM+CF(牛粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)等处理对德州市农田土壤养分、微生物数量、微生物多样性、活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响。[结果]与CF处理相比,CM+CF处理显著提高了农田土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和部分微量元素的有效性,降低了pH值;明显增加了土壤微生物数量与微生物量碳、氮含量,其中细菌数分别较CK,CF和CM处理显著增加91.22%,65.47%和17.11%;同时,CM+CF处理的微生物多样性指数最高,并与微生物总量的变化趋势一致,而CF与CK处理的微生物多样性指数与微生物总量的变化趋势不一致。此外,CM+CF处理的低活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数亦显著高于其他处理,其中碳库管理指数比CK,CF和CM处理高出69.52,67.84,38.61。与CM+CF处理相比,CM处理对农田土壤的影响效果较小。[结论]牛粪与化肥配施能显著改善德州市农田土壤的生物学性状,有利于提升土壤肥力和增强供肥性。     

培肥措施对复垦土壤轻重组有机碳氮的影响

为揭示复垦土壤轻重组分有机碳氮随复垦年限和培肥措施变化的特征,采用密度分组方法研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机配施(MCF)和生物有机肥与化肥配施(MCFB)5种培肥措施下复垦4,8年土壤轻重组分碳氮含量及碳氮比变化规律。结果表明:复垦土壤总有机碳氮与轻重组有机碳氮含量变化趋势总体均表现为随复垦年限的增加而显著提高。经过8年复垦,不同处理间,单施有机肥对总有机碳(TOC)、总有机氮(TON)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)与轻组有机氮(LFON)、重组有机氮(HFON)的提高效果总体优于其他处理,与生土相比,增加幅度分别为148.10%,68.09%,163.68%,129.51%,35.00%,92.59%。土壤轻组组分C/N重组组分C/N,土壤轻组组分C/N总体表现为随复垦年限增加而提高,以单施化肥最高,达25.48;重组C/N表现为随复垦年限增加而降低,以单施化肥最低,为6.44。施肥对土壤碳氮库管理指数影响显著,各施肥处理均以生物有机肥与化肥配施处理效果最好。综合来看,在等量养分投入的情况下,单施有机肥更有利于采煤塌陷区复垦土壤总有机碳氮库及轻重组有机碳的积累,单施化肥更大程度促进了轻组组分有机碳和重组组分有机氮的提升幅度。     

Organic and Mineral Fertilization: Effects on Physical Characteristics and Boron Dynamic in an Agricultural Soil

Abstract

The mineral and organic fertilizations on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation were investigated to understand the correlations between soil physical and mechanical indexes and boron (B) dynamic (adsorption, desorption, fractions) in soil. The fertilization with compost (derived by wine‐producing residues) and integrated fertilization (compost plus ammonium nitrate) increased the soil workability, as do the extent of aggregation, the water retention, and the cation exchange of the soil. The physical (colloids index, Ic) and mechanical (shear resistance, τ) properties showed a significantly higher value in compost and integrated fertilization plots. The biomass application to the soil influences the sorption B behavior, which is related to the soil shear strength and the compaction susceptibility; the Langmuir maximum adsorption for B was positively related with plastic deformation (De) and dry bulk density (Db) and negatively related to water infiltration (Wi), τ, and compressibility index (Cs).

The B desorption was not modified by the variation on soil mechanical resistance; no correlation was found between B desorption index and physical–mechanical parameters of the soil. The B fractions, not readily available for plants, occluded in aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) oxyhydroxides (Ox‐B) and organically bound (OM‐B), were negatively correlated with colloid index (Ic), Wi, τ, and moisture content (U), and were positively correlated with De, Db, and compressibility index (Cp, related to organic‐matter content of the soil).