畜禽粪便热解气体的红外光谱分析

为了解畜禽粪便热解过程析出气体的主要成分以及气体析出规律,该文在30℃/min的升温速率条件下进行了猪粪、牛粪、羊粪和鸡粪的热解试验,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）技术对热解过程中气体产物的排放特性进行了分析。试验结果表明,畜禽粪便气体产物主要在250～500℃析出,其主要成分为H2O,CO,CO2和CH4等,其中H2O、CO和CO2的析出峰为双峰,H2O和CO2均在350℃附近形成最大析出峰,H2O约在150℃形成第1个析出峰,CO2约在710℃附近形成的第2个析出峰,CO在350℃处形成第一个析出峰,其最大析出峰形成于710℃处左右,CH4析出特性为一单峰,在530℃附近形成最大峰值。该文研究结果为热解反应器的设计和优化提供参考。     

玉米秸秆腐解过程的红外光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）对玉米秸秆腐解过程进行了研究,由光谱变化的分析可见,随着腐解的进行,羟基,酮羰基,甲基,亚甲基和次甲基的含量逐渐降低,腐解产物的脂族性降低,芳香性趋于升高和增强,有机成分中的无机元素特别是硅释放出来,并以ＳｉＯ２等氧化物的形式逐渐积累,一些阳离子则形成羧酸盐和碳酸盐。羰基在腐解过程中皆形成羰酸盐。就秸秆中叶片和茎秆腐解变化的差异来说,叶片腐解产物中甲氧基的含量增加     

微域尺度苏打碱土的特征与植被的分布规律

探讨了微域尺度(32 m长的横剖面)苏打碱土的特征以及植被分布规律.结果表明,沿洼地向高平地土壤表现为盐化草甸土-浅位柱状苏打碱土-白盖苏打碱土-中位柱状苏打碱土的分布格局.植被为圆叶碱毛茛/蔚蓄蓼群落、鹅绒委陵菜群落、羊草/寸草苔群落、裸地以及羊草/星星草/虎尾草群落,其中委陵菜/篇蓄蓼群落、羊草/苔草群落沿洼地呈环状分布,裸地以及碱茅/虎尾草/羊草群落呈斑状分布.洼地边缘的植被具有最高的物种丰富度和覆盖度,生物量也最高;高平地的植被矮小,生物量较少.裸地的盐分含量较高(可达3.38%),土体紧实,限制了植被生长.     

小麦玉米轮作条件下不同生物质炭对土壤腐殖物质的影响

生物质炭是有效的土壤固碳材料.通过1年的田间试验探究了小麦玉米轮作施用花生壳生物质炭和木材生物质炭后盐化潮土腐殖物质(HS)含量及化学结构的变化.试验设置不施肥(CK)、常规单施化肥(T1)、花生壳生物质炭(T2)、木材生物质炭(T3)4个处理.结果表明,与CK和T1处理相比,小麦季和玉米季生物质炭处理的土壤有机碳(s...     

Distribution of DTPA‐extractable Fe,Zn, and cu in soil particle‐size fractions

Abstract

To examine the distribution of DTPA‐extractable Fe, Zn, and Cu in clay, silt, and sand fractions; surface soils were collected from cultivated fields of North Dakota, South Dakota, West Virginia, Iowa, Ohio, and Illinois. Clay, silt, and sand fractions were separated after sonic dispersion of soil water suspension and analyzed for DTPA‐extractable Fe, Zn, and Cu. In general, clay had the highest and sand the lowest amount of DTPA‐extractable metals. Consequently, clay had the highest and sand the lowest intensity and capacity factors for these metals since DTPA micronutrient test measures both these factors.     

有机肥腐解过程的红外光谱研究

对玉米秸秆、树叶、鸡粪及牛粪4种有机肥腐解过程中形成的水溶性有机物(WOM)进行了化学分析并做了红外光谱研究。结果表明,不同的有机肥的WOM总量及各组分的含量有很大的差异,树叶和玉米秸秆腐解形成的WOM中,水溶性胡敏酸(WHA)所占的比例较大;而牛粪和鸡粪腐解形成的WOM中,水溶性小分子有机物(WLOM)所占的比例较大。随着有机肥的腐解,所形成的WLOM中,脂肪族化合物、酰胺类化合物逐渐减少,有机酸的比例不断增大。WHA中的甲基、亚甲基和次甲基的含量升高,脂族性增强,酰胺结构成分逐渐减少。树叶腐解形成的碱提胡敏酸(AHA)的脂肪链结构和碳水化合物成分含量较低。牛粪腐解形成的AHA的脂肪链结构成分和碳水化合物成分含量较高。鸡粪腐解形成的AHA缺乏脂肪链结构成分,碳水化合物成分含量较高。而玉米秸秆腐解形成的AHA在不同的腐解时期有一定差异。     

苏打盐渍土的微域特征及土壤表层积盐机理探讨——以吉林省大安地区嫩江古河道碱滩地为例

通过野外定位观测和室内分析,探讨了苏打盐渍土微域尺度(32 m长的横截面)的土壤结构以及冻融期土壤表层积盐的机理。结果表明:高平地的地层剖面为粉砂质亚粘土-粘土-粉砂-砂砾质地结构;洼地以粉砂质为主,缺少粘土层。盐化草甸土表层的水分以毛管水为主,粗毛管孔隙占总孔隙度的70%以上;苏打碱土的水分主要为束缚水,含水率低且变化微弱。苏打碱土和盐化草甸土镶嵌的微域格局对土壤水分和盐分的迁移规律有明显的影响。冻融季节,盐化草甸土成为水分迁移的汇集区,其表层含水率达50%以上(达到过饱和状态);苏打碱土冻层的水分变化十分微弱,但是盐分含量显著增加并在消融期表聚,导致土壤的盐渍化程度不断加重。     

分提橄榄油中主要脂肪酸成分傅里叶变换红外光谱法测量（英）

为了测量从橄榄油中分提的高、低熔点油脂的脂肪酸成分,在4 000～600 cm-1 的范围测量了31个含有不同脂肪酸成分植物油的傅里叶变换红外光谱,用于建立偏最小二乘（PLS）回归分析校正模型。在油脂的傅里叶变换红外光谱变量和脂肪酸组成变量之间建立了交叉验证的PLS校正模型。为了校正油酸和亚油酸含量,在4?000～600 cm-1 的频率范围,经平滑,二阶导数,规范化处理的红外光谱获得了最好的交叉验证校正模型和最佳的预测结果。PLS校正模型预测结果表明,与高熔点橄榄油（油酸,72.29%,亚油酸,9.98%）相比,低熔点橄榄油含有较高的油酸含量和亚油酸含量（油酸,77.46%,亚油酸,12.51%）,预测的结果与气相色谱测量的结果有很好的一致性。建立的PLS校正模型预测橄榄油的不饱和脂肪酸含量具有较好的相关性。该研究为分提油脂质量的判别评价提供了便捷的方法。     

Thermal destruction of soil water repellency and associated changes to soil organic matter as observed by FTIR spectroscopy

The heat generated during wildfires often leads to increases in soil water repellency. Above a critical heating threshold, however, its destruction occurs. Although the temperature thresholds for repellency destruction are relatively well established, little is known about the specific changes in the soil organic matter that are responsible for repellency destruction. Here we report on the analysis of initially water repellent surface soil samples (Dystric Cambisol, 0–5 cm depth) by transmission Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis before and after destruction of its water repellency by heating to 225 °C in order to investigate heating-induced changes in soil organic matter (SOM) composition. Although assignment of absorption bands is made difficult by overlapping of some bands, it was possible to distinguish bands relevant for hydrophobicity of SOM in the soil before heat treatment. The most significant decrease in absorbance following water repellency destruction took place in the frequency area corresponding to stretching vibrations of aliphatic structures within SOM. The results suggest that besides a general decrease of SOM content during heating, the loss of soil water repellence is primarily caused by the selective degradation of aliphatic structures.     

Effect of Oxalic and Citric Acids on Zinc Release Kinetic in Two Calcareous Soils

Rate of zinc (Zn) release from solid to solution phase by organic acids can influence Zn availability in calcareous soils. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations (1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 mM) of oxalic acid and citric acid on the kinetic release of Zn from two calcareous soils from Eastern Iran. The two organic acids showed significant difference in Zn release from studied soils. Cumulative Zn release during 72 h ranged from 5.85 to 10.4 mg kg^?1 in soil 1 and ranged from 8.7 to 16.9 mg kg^?1 in soil 2 using different concentrations of oxalic acid. The amount of cumulative Zn release after 72 h in soil 1 ranged from 13.65 to 28.77 mg kg^?1 and from 17.63 to 23.13 mg kg^?1 when different concentrations of citric acid was used. In general, Citric acid released 38% more Zn from soils than oxalic acid. The release of Zn from soils increased with citric acid concentration but decreased with increasing of oxalic acid concentrations in the solution. The simplified Elovich equation best described Zn release as a function of time (r² = 0.93 and SE = 0.78). From the present study, Zn release from soils can be limited by the higher concentration of oxalic acid, while citric acid is suitable for enhancing soil lability of Zn.     

汞在山东省三种森林土壤上的吸附解吸特征研究

As one of the most toxic heavy metals with persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity in environment, mercury and its envi- ronmental problems have caused a global concern. To fully understand the behavior and fate of mercury (Hg)(Ⅱ) in forest soils, a series of batch experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Hg(Ⅱ) by three dark brown forest soils from Mount Taishan, Laoshan Mountain, and Fanggan Village in Shandong Province, China. The adsorption solution was prepared using 0.1 mol L-1 NaNO3 as background electrolyte, with Hg(Ⅱ) at rising concentration gradients of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 mg L-1 . Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was adopted to characterize the soil samples and soil-Hg complexes. It was found that Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption isotherms could be well fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The soil from Mount Taishan had the largest potential Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption capacity, though with less adsorptive intensity. The percentages of Hg(Ⅱ) desorbed from all soil samples were less than 0.6%, which suggested that all the soils studied had a high binding strength for Hg(Ⅱ). The soil from Mount Taishan had a higher Hg(Ⅱ) desorption capacity than the other soils, which indicated that the Hg(Ⅱ) deposited on the topsoil of Mount Taishan from atmosphere may easily discharge to surface water through runoff. Results of the FTIR spectroscopy showed that the three soils contained the same functional groups. The relative absorbencies of soil-Hg complexes changed significantly compared with those of the soil samples and the adsorption of Hg(Ⅱ) mainly acted on the O-H, C-O, and C=O groups of the soils.     

基于DEM和SCS模型的四川盆地丘陵区局地径流研究

人类活动对产流的影响是水文科学研究的热点,如何采取有效的方法利用表面径流成为解决水资源危机的关键问题。以重庆市忠县拔山镇3个村为研究区,基于土地利用、土壤、降雨等信息,应用SCS模型对四川盆地丘陵区局地径流进行计算和分析。研究区径流空间分布与下垫面土地利用类型和土壤类型密切相关,下垫面单一的水域和裸地所形成的径流量大,而有作物的水田和旱地所形成的径流量较小;研究区径流年内分配相对集中,主要产生在4月至10月,占全年的90%以上,但整体上看,径流与降雨呈现一致性趋势;研究区年际径流量分布不均,呈现丰、枯水年交替变化的现象,年径流变差系数Cv值较小。研究结果还表明:SCS模型所需参数较少,并考虑了径流与土壤特性和土地利用情况的关系,是一种简洁且实用的径流计算方法;利用GIS软件,可使局地径流数据图像化,这使径流等水文过程更加简明和直观。因此,利用GIS等软件分析研究各个集水区径流的时空变化等规律,可为研究各个集水区内农业水资源布局等提供方法和参考,实用性和可操作性强。     

Use of near‐ and mid‐infrared spectroscopy to distinguish carbon and nitrogen originating from char and forest‐floor material in soils

The presence of relatively inert organic materials such as char has to be considered in calibrations of soil C models or when calculating C‐turnover times in soils. Rapid and cheap spectroscopic techniques such as near‐infrared (NIRS) or mid‐infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) may be useful for the determination of the contents of char‐derived C in soils. To test the suitability of both spectroscopic techniques for this purpose, artificial mixtures of C‐free soil, char (lignite, anthracite, charcoal, or a mixture of the three coals) and forest‐floor Oa material were produced. The total C content of these mixtures (432 samples) ranged from 0.5% to 6% with a proportion of char‐derived C amounting to 0%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 80%. All samples were scanned in the visible and near‐IR region (400–2500 nm). Cross‐validation equations for total C and N, C and N derived from char (C_char, N_char) and Oa material were developed using the whole spectrum (first and second derivative) and a modified partial least‐square regression method. Thirty‐six samples were additionally scanned in the middle‐IR and parts of the near‐IR region (7000–400 cm^–1 which is 1430–25,000 nm) in the diffuse‐reflectance mode. All properties investigated were successfully predicted by NIRS as reflected by RSC values (ratio of standard deviation of the laboratory results to standard error of cross‐validation) > 4.3 and modeling efficiencies (EF) ≥ 0.98. Near‐infrared spectroscopy was also able to differentiate between the different coals. This was probably due to structural differences as suggested by wavelength assignment. Mid‐IR spectroscopy in the diffuse‐reflectance mode was also capable to successfully predict the parameters investigated. The EF values were > 0.9 for all constituents. Our results indicated that both spectroscopic techniques applied, NIRS and MIRS, are able to predict C and N derived from different sources in soil, if closed populations are considered.     

栽培与野生黄花蒿中化学组分的FTIR表征及青蒿素含量比较分析

本研究运用FTIR技术,对栽培和野生黄花蒿不同部位化学成分的红外光谱特征进行指认,并比较分析两者不同部位青蒿素含量差异。结果显示：酰胺、芳香类物质均以栽培黄花蒿茎和叶片中多;可溶性多糖和糖苷类物质,栽培与野生黄花蒿茎中含量相近,但是,叶片中含量以栽培黄花蒿高;纤维素类物质,栽培茎少于野生茎,而两种黄花蒿叶片的纤维素含量相近。与青蒿素标准品比较,栽培和野生黄花蒿不同部位青蒿素含量有一定差异,其中栽培叶最高,其次是野生叶,栽培茎的含量最低。所以,运用FTIR技术可以快速判断栽培和野生型黄花蒿主要化学成分的差异,本研究对黄花蒿的引种驯化和良种选育工作有一定指导意义。