木材海绵研究进展

天然木材制备的木材海绵可替代硅胶海绵、聚氨酯和三聚氰胺等合成高分子基海绵,作为高效吸油剂用于污水净化,并衍生出一系列运用。在去除木质素和半纤维素后,天然木质材料保留了原生的精巧三维分级孔隙结构,从木材直接转化为生物基纤维素骨架,具备高孔隙率、比表面积大、优异机械性能等特性的同时,还保留了木材生物相容性等特点。对木质纤维素骨架进一步改性后得到的木材海绵,在油水分离、能源存储、传感器、穿戴设备等领域具备一定的发展潜力。文中综述目前制备木材海绵的有效方法,包括精巧分级孔隙率的木质纤维素骨架制备和基于该木质纤维素骨架的各类功能性材料开发探索;针对木材海绵的高效制备和功能化,从基础物质、基本性能与工艺流程角度梳理近5年的相关工作,以启发该类先进材料的创制思路;同时,探讨木材海绵功能的先进性,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

马尾松半同胞子代材性遗传变异分析

以贵州省都匀种子园子代测定林的28个半同胞家系的木材样品为材料进行子代测定,研究其基本密度和纤维长和宽等材质性状以及灰分、1%Na OH抽提物、纤维素、综纤维、木质素等5种木材化学组分的遗传变异规律。结果表明:化学组分中除木质素含量外,其他平均值均高于对照组。灰分含量和木质素含量在家系间差异极显著。化学组分中除木质素和灰分外,1%Na OH抽提物、纤维素、综纤维的遗传力均在0.1801~0.2931之间,均小于0.5,说明其均受中等强度以下的遗传控制。通过对半同胞家系主要材性性状聚类分析,选择出8个优良的纸浆材家系。     

脱木质素处理对木材组分和物化性能的影响研究北大核心

脱木质素是提高木材性能、制备新型木基功能材料的重要方法之一。采用由亚氯酸钠、冰醋酸和蒸馏水混合而成的改性剂对木材进行脱木素处理,研究脱木质素对木材材性的影响,并以残留木质素含量为指标,经单因素和正交试验获取最优工艺。结果表明:当亚氯酸钠溶液浓度为4 wt%、处理温度为100℃、处理时间为6 h、处理液浴比为1∶30时,残留木质素的含量均值为0.081 g。经过脱木质素处理后的木材,其材色变亮,质量损失率增加,吸水率明显提高。其中,明度值L*从52增加到85,质量损失率增至26%,吸水率从1.39%增至3.44%。研究结论可为脱木质素木材材性的综合评价及其加工利用提供理论依据。     

纳米纤维素基微纳颗粒过滤材料研究进展

利用木材等生物质资源制备的纳米纤维素,因其独特的纳米结构和性能优势在诸多领域广泛应用。纳米纤维素具有精细的尺寸,且表面含有大量的羟基,其组装制备的材料可以拦截微纳尺寸的颗粒,纳米纤维素间的孔隙有利于水分和其他类型的亲水性液体的快速流动通过。开发纳米纤维素基微纳颗粒过滤材料,不仅有利于环境净化、回收昂贵的微纳颗粒,而且为纳米纤维素基材料的提质增效提供新的研究思路。本文综述纳米纤维素基微纳颗粒过滤材料的开发与应用研究进展。介绍纳米纤维素的类型、制备方法以及结构特征,总结利用纳米纤维素为基本单元来构筑纳米纤维素/电纺纤维复合材料、纤维素纳米纸和纳米纤维素凝胶薄膜的方法,阐述利用不同类型的纳米纤维素基过滤材料分离不同类型微纳颗粒的过滤效果,并对此领域研究面临的问题以及未来重点研究方向进行展望分析。     

木材细胞纤维分布与定量数学描述理论研究

采用微观力学和细胞数学理论，提出木材细胞纤维素内部的分布和尺寸的具体参数计算方法，证明在木纤维加工的过程中，刨片加工的尺寸最小，体现出纳微米技术在木材工业上的应用前景。应用本文的理论可以通过木材细胞纤维素和胞管组成结构变化，解释木材材性优劣的原因，确定纳微米木纤维和木粉的最佳加工工艺方法。从定量的观点解释木材细胞组成后物理和力学参数变化的本质原因，根据纤维、木质素、细胞直径和排列的程度，提出了一种木材细胞主方向截面纤维形状分布和定量描述的理论方法。     

纳米技术在木材防腐中的应用

木材主要由木质素、纤维素、半纤维素3种成分组成,这些成分导致木材很容易受到病虫害、细菌和真菌的侵蚀.目前已经开发了许多处理方法来延长木制品的使用寿命,纳米材料由于其低毒性和经济性被逐渐应用于木材防腐领域.文中总结主要纳米材料在木材防腐中的应用及其主要实现途径,展望纳米材料在木材防腐研究领域的潜力和发展趋势,旨在为木材防...     

木材表面非极性化原理的研究：Ⅲ.各化学组分在乙酰化过程中酯化？…

本文对“三北”一号杨和杉木中分离出的纤维素、半纤维素、综纤维一纱、木质素在酯化过程中酯化能力的差异和木材抽出物对木材酯化增重率的影响进行了研究。结果表明：纤维素的酯化增重率较低，杉木和“三北”一号杨的纤维素酯化增生率在反应２．５ｈ后仅为１．９％和３．２％；在乙酰化过程中半纤维素会大量水解；综纤维素的酯化增重率主要是由于半纤维系酯化的结果；木质素的酯化反应在１ｈ内就基本完成。且杉木木质素的酯化能力比     

楸树不同无性系木材部分材性径向变异研究

分析楸树的品质性状遗传变化规律,选出优良无性系,为楸木人工林种质资源选育和工业化应用提供理论依据.测定了 6个不同无性系楸木的化学成分、密度和纤维形态特征,并对不同无性系的部分木材性质进行了比较.结果表明,洛楸5号苯醇提取物含量最少,综纤维素、半纤维素和α-纤维素含量最多,纤维宽度最宽;洛楸1号木质素含量最少;洛楸3号...     

白桦木材生物制浆的木材腐朽菌菌种选择

采用5种木材腐朽菌,分别对30株天然林白桦木材进行木材腐朽处理,检测并比较腐朽木材和新鲜木材中未质素、纤维素等主耍化学成分的变化。结果表明,木蹄层孔菌腐朽后的白桦木材其重量、木质素和纤维素损失率最高,桦剥管菌次之,白囊耙齿菌最低;木蹄层孔菌腐朽后的白桦木材纤维素含量略高于新鲜白桦木材,其他4种茵腐朽后的白桦木材纤维素含量都低于新鲜白桦木材,其中桦剥管菌和彩绒革盖菌腐朽后的白桦木材纤维素含量较低。木蹄层孔菌腐朽后的白桦木材1％NaOH抽出物含量最低,苯醇抽出物含量中等,纤维素含量最高,木质素含量较低,相比之下它腐朽白桦木材的能力较强,适用于以白桦木材为原料的生物辅助造纸。     

马尾松木材化学组分的遗传控制及对木材育种的意义

本文利用 1 3年生马尾松子代测定林的 2 0个自由授粉家系的木材试样 ,着重研究木材化学组分的遗传学问题。研究结果表明 ,木材化学组分、基本密度和生长性状在家系间的差异都达到了极显著水平 ,并受中等至强度的遗传控制。在 6个木材化学组分中 ,灰分、戊聚糖和 1 %NaOH抽出物含量的遗传力较高 ,木质素、综纤维素和热水抽出物含量的遗传力稍低。生长性状与木材密度呈显著的负相关 ,而与木材化学组分相关性很小 ,似相互独立。遗传相关认为灰分和热水抽出物含量可分别作为综纤维素和木质素的间接选择指标。由于综纤维素和木质素含量在家系间的绝对差异较小 ,仅为 2 %～ 3% ,对选育的实际意义不大。可选择综纤维素含量高的优株进行无性繁殖加以利用     

开发木质纤维原料的潜能

本文讨论了木质纤维自身胶合的问题，湿法纤维板是实现自身胶粘的典型例子，提出利用木质纤维原料生成实现自身胶合，以及木质纤维原料表面活化是实现良好先决条件，对木质纤维原料自身胶粘的研究寄予厚望。     

6种木材白腐菌对山杨材木质素分解能力的研究

由于不同的木材腐朽菌的生理特性不同 ,所分泌的酶及酶的活性各不相同 ,因此 ,不同的腐朽菌分解木材的各种成分及相对速度就各不相同 ,而且对于木质纤维基质会有不同的中间代谢产物。本项研究选择了火木层孔菌 (Phelliusigniarius)及另外 5种木材分解能力较强的阔叶树上的白腐菌 :粗毛盖菌 (Funaliagallica)、三色革裥菌 (Lenzitestricolor)、冬拟多孔菌 (Polyporellusbrumalis)、偏肿拟栓菌 (Pseudotrametesgibbosa)和血红密孔菌 (Pyc noporussanguineus) ,研究了它们对山杨木材木质素的分解能力 ,测定了经 6种白腐菌分解一定时期的山杨木材木质素的含量 ,作为木材白腐菌对山杨木材木质素生物降解机制的初步研究 ,旨在为山杨木材生物制浆造纸提供应用基础理论研究 ,同时也可为木质素合理的生物转化为有用的化学品、生物漂白、酶处理防止机械浆的返黄、废水治理、纤维素酶解糖化的微生物前处理等提供相关的借鉴研究 ,以期在生产实践中减轻环境污染并充分利用木质素资源。在无菌的条件下 ,将山杨木片样品分别放入以上 6种白腐菌的平板培养基中受菌侵染 ,一定时间后取出 ,去除木片表面的菌丝体 ,然后分别测定未腐朽材和受菌侵染 4 0d、6 0d、80d和 12 0d时木片样品中木质素的含量 ,分析 6种白腐菌对山杨木     

Analysis on residue formation during wood liquefaction with polyhydric alcohol

Liquefactions of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, alkali lignin, and their mixtures were carried out to analyze the reaction process of wood using polyhydric alcohol. The liquefaction of wood proceeded immediately and wood components were converted to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-soluble components. After that, the condensation reaction occurred with increasing reaction time. However, none of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, and alkali lignin condensed by themselves during their liquefaction. The mixture of cellulose and lignin was also liquefied, and condensed after a long reaction time. The results of analysis showed that the behavior of the mixture resembled that of wood with respect to molecular weight distribution and the main functional groups. Lignin was converted to DMF-soluble compounds in the initial stage of wood liquefaction, followed by cellulose gradually being converted into soluble compounds. After that, condensation reactions took place among some parts of depolymerized and degraded compounds from cellulose and lignin, and were converted into DMF-insoluble compounds. It was concluded that the rate-determining step of wood liquefaction was the depolymerization of cellulose. Furthermore, it was suggested that the condensation reaction was due to the mutual reaction among depolymerized cellulose and degraded aromatic derivatives from lignin or due to the nucleophilic displacement reaction of cellulose by phenoxide ion.Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002     

A mathematical model of kraft pulping related to the alkali concentration in the cooking liquor

Summary A new mathematical model for checking and controlling the kraft pulping process has been derived. The model is based on the modified relationship between the lignin content and the alkali concentration of a cooking liquor expressed as the ratio of lignin/active alkali vs. concentration of the active alkali in a cooking liquor. The derived model characterizes the variation of the lignin content of the partially delignified wood or pulp with the concentration of the residual alkali in a cooking liquor during an entire pulping cycle, i.e. during the initial, transition, bulk and residual phases of the kraft delignification. The relationship between the lignin content of the partially delignified wood ships or pulp and the concentration of the residual alkali in a cooking liquor is expressed by the logarithmic straight line equation or its power form. The slope and intercept constants of the derived equation for the individual phase of delignification have different values. Received 5 June 1996     

基因工程对林木生长表型与细胞壁组分及构造的影响研究

通过基因工程技术培养出木质素含量低、纤维素含量高和糖转化效率高以及优质的木材,对于将其定向应用于制浆造纸、生物炼制、木质建筑及装饰材料方面具有重要的研究意义。文章详细阐明了木质素和纤维素基因调控技术对转基因林木生长表型、细胞壁化学组分含量及其微区分布、组织细胞形态及细胞壁超微构造影响的研究进展,并对转基因林木今后的重点发展方向进行了展望,以期为我国定向培育优质速生人工林提供理论依据。     

Dual-axis electron tomography: a new approach for investigating the spatial organization of wood cellulose microfibrils

We have employed dual-axis electron tomography to investigate the 3D organization of cellulose microfibrils in plastic resin-embedded, delignified cell walls of radiata pine early wood. The ∼ 1 nm thick tomographic slices produced in this study provided for a resolution of ∼ 2 nm in the cross-section of the slices throughout the 150 nm thick plastic sections. This resolution is sufficient to resolve individual cellulose microfibrils and to map the 3D organization of the cellulose microfibrils within the S2 layer of the secondary cell walls. The individual cellulose microfibrils measure ∼ 3.2 nm in diameter, and appear to consist of a ∼ 2.2 nm unstained core and a ∼ 0.5 nm thick surface layer that is lightly stained. Both individual and clustered cellulose microfibrils are seen surrounded by more heavily stained and irregularly shaped residual lignin and hemicellulose. The tightness of packing of the cellulose microfibrils in the cluster varies along the thickness of the section. These findings demonstrate that dual-axis electron tomography is a technique that can provide new insights into the 3D organization of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls.     

Changes in structural and chemical components of wood delignified by fungi

Summary Cerrena unicolor, Ganoderma applanatum, Ischnoderma resinosum and Poria medulla-panis were associated with birch wood that had been selectively delignified in the forest. Preferential lignin degradation was not uniformly distributed throughout the decayed wood. A typical white rot causing a simultaneous removal of all cell wall components was also present. In the delignified wood, 95 to 98% of the lignin was removed as well as substantial amounts of hemicelluloses. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the micromorphological and ultrastructural changes that occurred in the cells during degradation. In delignified areas the compound middle lamella was extensively degraded causing a defibration of cells. The secondary wall, especially the S₂ layer, remained relatively unaltered. In simultaneously white-rotted wood all cell wall layers were progressively removed from the lumen toward the middle lamella causing erosion troughs or holes to form. Large voids filled with fungal mycelia resulted from a coalition of degraded areas. Birch wood decayed in laboratory soil-block tests was also intermittently delignified. Selective delignification, sparsely distributed throughout the wood, and a simultaneous rot resulting in the removal of all cell wall components were evident. Scanning electron microscopy appears to be an efficient technique for examining decayed wood for fungi with the capacity to selectively delignify wood.The authors would like to thank Kathy Zuzek for technical assistance and Dr. M. Larsen, Forest Prod. Lab., Madison, for identifying the sporophores of Poria medulla-panis. This research was founded in part by a grant from the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory and from the Graduate School, University of Minnesota     

Effect of the amount of lignin on tensile properties of single wood fibers

Chemical components are the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of wood fibers. Lignin is one of the main components of wood cell walls and has a critical effect on the mechanical properties of paper pulp and wood fiber based composites. In this study, we carried out tensile tests on single mature latewood tracheids of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanciolata (Lamb.) Hook.), using three different delignified treatment methods to obtain different amounts of lignin. We applied single fiber tests to study the effect of the amount of lignin on mechanical tensile properties of single wood fibers at the cellular level. The results show that in their dry state, the modulus of elasticity of single fibers decreased with the reduction in the amount of lignin; even their absolute values were not high. The amount of lignin affects the tensile strength and elongation of single fibers considerably. Tensile strength and elongation of single fibers increase with a reduction in the amount of lignin.     

木材白腐菌对木质素生物降解机制的初步研究

通过测定6种白腐菌火木层孔菌Phellinus igniarius及粗毛盖菌Funalia gallica、三色革裥菌Lenzites tricolor、冬拟多孔菌Polyporellus brumalis、偏肿拟栓菌Pseudotrametes gibbosa和血红密孔菌Pycnoporus sanguineus分解山杨材一定时间后的木质素含量，研究木材白腐菌对山杨材木质素生物降解机制。测定结果表明，按照木质素的减少百分率，这6种白腐菌对山杨材木质素的分解能力依次为血红密孔菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌、冬拟多孔菌、火木层孔菌；6种白腐菌对山杨材木质素及综纤维素的分解量X1、X2及分解时间Y这3个量之间存在多元回归关系；冬拟多孔菌是较多分解木质素、较少分解纤维素的木材白腐菌。