牦牛朊蛋白基因(Prnp)两个位点多态性与疯牛病抗性关系研究

为探索牦牛Prnp基因多态对疯牛病抗性的影响,收集288头牦牛肝脏DNA样品,利用PCR、酶切和电泳方法鉴定牦牛Prnp基因启动子区域23bp和第一内含子区域12bp插入/缺失(+/-)多态。结果表明,牦牛23bp插入-插入、插入-缺失和缺失-缺失基因型的频率分别为0.027、0.113和0.860,其插入和缺失等位基因的频率分别为0.133和0.867;12bp插入-插入、插入-缺失和缺失-缺失基因型的频率分别为0.627、0.355和0.018,其插入和缺失等位基因的频率分别为0.804和0.196。试验表明,牦牛12bp多态位点具有较高的插入频率,而23bp多态位点具有极低的插入频率;牦牛单倍体以23-12+D23I12为主,频率为0.692;Prnp基因23bp和12bp多态显著影响Prnp基因的表达量(P0.05),而性别、年龄和毛色对Prnp基因的相对表达量无显著差异(P0.05)。本结果为今后进一步筛选抗疯牛病牦牛奠定了基础。     

鹅Pit-1基因部分序列多态性分析

根据鸡Pit-1 mRNA和基因组序列设计1对引物,以籽鹅、狮头鹅、皖西白鹅、四季鹅、浙东白鹅和朗德鹅6个群体的DNA为模板,扩增鹅Pit-1基因的部分片段。结果发现该片段存在2个插入/缺失突变,共出现3种基因型,分别为AA、AB和BB;与AA基因型相比,BB基因型分别在扩增片段的132和145 bp后插入3和13 bp。所有群体在该突变位点上的等位基因频率均处于哈代-温伯格平衡状态（P〉0.05）;朗德鹅群体基因型分布与其他5个鹅群体均存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）;籽鹅和狮头鹅群体内基因型的分布与其他3个鹅群体存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。在狮头鹅和朗德鹅群体内,等位基因A为优势等位基因,而在皖西白鹅、四季鹅和浙东白鹅群体内等位基因B为优势等位基因。     

GSTs-Mu基因的单核苷酸多态性与种公牛精液品质的相关性分析

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)在致癌物质解毒及基因诱变等的过程中都发挥非常的重要的作用,因此可能影响公牛个体的精液品质。本实验选用长春中信集团种公牛繁殖中心的33头种公牛,通过PCR-SSCP技术,检测谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因7个外显子扩增位点中是否存在突变;并对多态片段进行了测序,以确定突变的碱基类型和突变位点变异的位置;同时结合精液品质测定记录,对长春中信集团种公牛繁殖中心公牛的精液品质进行了相关分析。根据PCR-SSCP检测及测序结果得知:在谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因外显子中,第5外显子的56bp位存在C→T的突变,但是由于该处的碱基位于密码子第2位,氨基酸由脯氨酸突变为亮氨酸。分析了33头种公牛谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因的遗传多态性与精液品质的相关关系,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因的第5外显子AA型的鲜精活力、冻精活力、冻精活精子比率要显著高于AB型以及BB型。     

GnRH和LHR基因多态性和牛精液品质性状的相关分析

本试验采用PCR—RFLP方法分析了GnRH基因外显子2和LHR基因内含子9在144头中国荷斯坦牛和79头河南地方肉牛品种中的多态性,利用最小二乘法分析多态位点不同基因型与精液品质性状的关系。研究结果表明,2～3岁荷斯坦牛的鲜精活力显著高于4岁以上的牛,而畸形率显著低于7岁以上的牛。对2～4岁荷斯坦牛不同精液品质性状的简单相关分析表明,畸形率与顶体完整率和冻精活力呈显著的负相关（相关系数r分别为-0．736和-0．500）。不同基因型与精液品质性状的关联分析结果表明,144头中国荷斯坦牛所研究位点不同基因型对精液品质性状没有显著影响。而河南地方肉牛GnRH基因外显子2的A883G位点GG基因型的精子密度显著低于AA和AG基因型．LHR基因G51656T位点的TT基因型精子密度显著高于GT基因型,未检测到GG基因型。并且发现随着年龄的增长,种公牛的精液品质逐渐变差。GnRH和LHR基因可作为影u向肉牛精液品质性状的候选基因。     

黑白花公牛精液冷冻过程中精子顶体和精清内酶的变化

目前在生产实际中,精液品质的评定方法主要采用的是检查活力、密度、外观等.Pelge等(1957)发现了精子活力与受胎率呈正相关。但有些精液冷冻后精子活力虽不低,而受胎率较低,这引起了对体外精液保存过程中精子形态结构和生化变化的研究。本试验的目的是研究黑白花公牛精液冷冻过程中精子顶体和精清内谷草转氨酶 GOT 和乳酸脱氢酶 LDH 的变化,为黑白花公牛精液品质的评定指标提供某些依据。     

黄牛LYST基因InDel检测及其与生长性状的关联分析

以LYST基因作为候选基因,基于GeneBank提供的序列,以鲁西牛、南阳牛、秦川牛、郏县红牛4个品种共计602个个体为试验材料,利用DNA池测序结合聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对LYST基因的插入缺失(InDel)进行探索验证,并对不同个体进行基因分型,再结合体尺数据分析不同基因型与生长性状的关系。结果表明:(1)黄牛LYST基因的第44内含子上检测到一段InDel,片段长度为22bp;(2)LYST基因内含子区P2InDel突变位点在郏县红牛、秦川牛、鲁西牛群体中均存在II、ID、DD共3种基因型,而在南阳牛群体中仅存在野生纯合基因型DD和杂合子ID两种基因型,无II基因型存在;(3)LYST基因第28号内含子区InDel位点多态性与郏县红牛的体高、胸围、体重、重高比及体躯指数之间存在显著相关性,可以作为候选分子标记用于郏县红牛分子标记辅助选择。结论:本研究在LYST基因第28内含子发现一个能显著影响郏县红牛生长性状的22bp插入突变,该突变可作为郏县红牛生长性状的潜在分子标记。     

ACTB基因第4外显子遗传变异分析及其与种公牛精液品质的关系

采用PCR-SSCP技术对45头种公牛的ACTB(β肌动蛋白)基因的第4外显子的单核甘酸多态性进行了检测。结果显示:在ACTB基因第4外显子上存在2种基因型,即AA型和AB型。对该多肽片段克隆测序,结果在ACTB基因第4外显子上存在G378C突变。用最小二乘法分析ACTB基因的第4外显子不同基因型与精液品质的相关性,发现ACTB基因第4外显子AA型精子浓度、鲜精畸形率以及冻精畸形率显著高于AB型(P<0.05),AA型鲜精活力、鲜精活精子比率极显著高于AB型(P<0.01),AA型冻精活精子比率显著低于AB型(P<0.05)。     

种公牛COX基因的单核苷酸多态性与精液品质的相关性分析

用长春优质肉种公牛繁育中心的33头种公牛,通过PCR-SSCP技术,检测细胞色素氧化酶（Cytochrome c ox-idase,COX）中存在的突变点,并对多态片段进行了测序,以确定突变的碱基类型和突变点的位置。根据PCR-SS-CP检测及测序结果得知：在细胞色素氧化酶基因的外显子中,第2外显子的92bp位处存在T→C的突变,该碱基位于密码子第2位,氨基酸由异亮氨酸突变为苏氨酸。同时结合精液品质测定记录,对长春优质肉种公牛繁育中心的33头种公牛的精液品质进行了相关分析,结果显示：细胞色素氧化酶基因的第二外显子CC型的活精子比率与CD型相比存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）,冻精活力存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。     

牛AQP7基因第3外显子的单核苷酸多态性与精液品质的相关分析

采用PCR-SSCP技术分析了AQP7基因的第3外显子在西门塔尔和夏洛来群体中的遗传多态性.结果表明在所扩增的AQP7基因的第3外显子中发现PCR-SSCP多态,有2种等位基因A和B,有2种基因型AA型、AB型.对多态片段测序分析表明:在AQP7基因第3外显子中存在有一碱基G→C突变,导致编码氨基酸(精氨酸→苏氨酸)的改变.适合性卡方检验表明该位点的不同基因型频率处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡.用最小二乘法分析AQP7基因第3外显子不同基因型与西门塔尔和夏洛来精液品质的相关性,发现AQP7不同基因型对冻精活精子比率有极显著影响,AA型极显著高于AB型(P<0.01).AA型的冻精项体完整率和冻精活力显著高于AB型(P<0.05),对其他性状的影响差异不显著.研究结果表明,西门塔尔和夏洛来牛AQP7基因应是影响精液品质的一个主效基因或与影响精液品质的主效基因紧密连锁.     

不同种公牛X／Y精子分离效果及对体外受精能力的影响

本研究首先时比了3头种公牛的X/Y精子分离效果,并通过常规冻精和性控冻精的活力检测,来评价流式细胞仪分离及冷冻处理对不同种公牛精子分离效果的影响.应用体外受精试验,探讨了不同种公牛个体的常规冻精和分离冻精的受精和胚胎发育能力.试验结果表明,不同种公牛个体间除分离准确率外,精子的分离速率(4.1×103/s vs 4.5×103/s vs5.3×103/s,P<0.05)和死精率(19.3%vs 14.5%vs 11.0%,P<0.05)都存在显著差异.三头种公牛的性控冻精在体外培养过程中,精子活力的下降速率要显著快于常规冷冻精液组.不同种公牛个体的分离冻精组在4小时的精子活力也有显著差异(1号种公牛9.1%vs 2号种公牛22.1%、3号种公牛21.5%,P<0.05).此外,常规冻精和性控冻精在受精后的卵裂率和囊胚率存在显著差异(1号种公牛:64.0%vs 41.6%,26.9%vs 19.3%;2号种公牛:67.3%vs 52.3%,29.2%vs26.5%;3号种公牛:60.3%vs 43.1%,27.3%vs 29.9%).上述结果表明,不同种公牛个体间精子的分离速率、死精率、以及对分离冷冻处理的耐受性存在显著差异,造成其解冻后活力和存活时间不同程度的下降;但在体外受精试验中,3头种公牛的分离精子仍具有正常的受精能力,并能支持胚胎发育到囊胚阶段.综上结果表明,选择适宜的种公牛和降低分离及冷冻处理对精子的损伤,对于提高精子的分离效率、分离精液的品质和体外受精效率都有着重要的意义.     

牛朊蛋白基因多态性对疯牛病影响的研究进展

朊蛋白(prion protein,PRNP)是近年来已证明的人和部分哺乳动物传染性海绵状脑病(transmissible spongiform encephalopathy,TSE)的主要根源,该蛋白编码基因的多态性显著影响了人和动物对TSE的易感性或抗病性。牛传染性海绵状脑病俗称"疯牛病"。作者分析了疯牛病的起源、监测和预防措施;简要介绍了牛PRNP基因的结构与功能;系统分析了牛科动物PRNP基因非编码区多态性与抗病性作用;总结了牛科动物PRNP基因启动子区域内23 bp插入/缺失和第1内含子区域内12 bp插入/缺失对疯牛病易感性的影响,为牛的抗病分子育种提供指导。     

Frequencies of PRNP gene polymorphisms in Vietnamese dairy cattle for potential association with BSE

Summary Since 2004, significant associations between bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) susceptibility in cattle and frequencies of insertion/deletion (ins/del; indel) polymorphisms within the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) have been reported. In this study, we investigated the frequencies of indel polymorphisms within two variable sites, a 23-bp indel polymorphism in the promoter region (23indel) and a 12-bp indel polymorphism in intron 1 region (12indel), in the PRNP in 206 Vietnamese dairy cattle and seven Japanese BSE-affected cattle. In Vietnamese dairy cattle, the frequency distributions of del allele and del/del genotypic polymorphisms in the 23indel site, which are thought to be associated with BSE susceptibility, were significantly higher, whereas the frequencies of del allelic and del/del genotypic polymorphisms in the 12indel site, which have been reported to confer BSE susceptibility, were significantly lower. We have provided evidence that Vietnamese dairy cattle have a unique genetic background in the PRNP gene in comparison with cattle or sires previously reported in other countries.     

Sequence variation of bovine prion protein gene in Japanese cattle (Holstein and Japanese Black)

To assess relationships between nucleotide polymorphisms of the prion protein (PRNP) gene and susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), we investigated polymorphisms in the open reading frame (ORF) and 2 upper regions of the PRNP gene from 2 Japanese cattle breeds: 863 healthy Holstein cattle, 6 BSE-affected Holstein cattle, and 186 healthy Japanese Black (JB) cattle. In the ORF, we found single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at nucleotide positions 234 and 576 and found 5 or 6 copies of the octapeptide repeat, but we did not find any amino acid substitutions. In the upper region, we examined 2 sites of insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms: a 23-bp indel in the upper region of exon 1, and a 12-bp indel in the putative promoter region of intron 1. A previous report suggests that the 23-bp indel polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to BSE, but we did not find a difference in allele frequency between healthy and BSE-affected Holstein cattle. There were differences in allele frequency between healthy Holstein and JB cattle at the 23- and 12-bp indels and at the SNPs at nucleotide positions 234 and 576, but there was no difference in allele frequency of the octapeptide repeat. We identified a unique PRNP gene lacking a 288-bp segment (96 amino acids) in DNA samples stocked in our laboratory, but this deletion was not found in any of the 1049 cattle examined in the present study. The present results provide data about variations and distribution of the bovine PRNP gene.     

Frequencies of bovine PrP gene polymorphisms in Holstein and Japanese Black bulls in Japan

We screened for Japanese Black and Holstein bull sire samples to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involving animo‐acid substitutions in the bovine prion gene in the entire coding region of the PRNP gene. Although three silent SNPs were found, we could not detect any SNP with animo‐acid substitution. We also examined the polymorphism of the octapeptide repeat number in these samples. There was no homozygous bull with repeat number 5. The frequency of heterozygous (6/5) bulls was 8% in the Japanese Black bull and 4% in the Holstein bull, respectively. The bull samples used in this study contain popular elite sires, so it appears that the polymorphisms of prion protein (PrP) are rather difficult to find in these two breeds in Japan, except for polymorphism of the octapeptide repeat number.     

Gene and haplotype polymorphisms of the Prion gene (PRNP) in Japanese Brown, Japanese native and Holstein cattle

Polymorphisms in the prion protein gene ( PRNP ) are known to be associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in human, sheep and goats. There is tentative association between PRNP promoter polymorphism and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) susceptibility in cattle. In this study, we genotyped for six bovine PRNP polymorphic sites including a 23-bp indel in the promoter, a 12-bp indel in the intron 1, two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), octapeptide repeats in the coding region and a 14-bp indel in the 3'-untranslated region in 178 animals representing Japanese Brown, Kuchinoshima feral, Mishima, Japanese Shorthorn and Holstein. In 64 Japanese Brown cattle, three indel sites were polymorphic. All of the six sites were monomorphic in Kuchinoshima. The 23-bp and 12-bp indel sites were polymorphic in Mishima cattle. The 23-bp and 14-bp indel sites were polymorphic in Japanese Shorthorn cattle. Both SNP sites were monomorphic in all cattle examined in this study. At the 23-bp indel site, the genotype frequencies of Japanese Brown and Holstein breeds were similar to that of BSE affected cattle. We estimated 12 different haplotypes from these genotypic data. A '23-12-K6S14+' haplotype was the major haplotype in all populations, whose frequencies ranged from 0.50 to 1.00.     

东北虎朊病毒基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已报道的哺乳动物朊病毒基因序列设计引物，采用PCR方法扩增了25只东北虎的朊病毒基因，克隆、测序及序列分析表明，所得到的东北虎朊病毒基因片段为402bp，编码134个氨基酸的前体蛋白，核苷酸序列同源性为99．67％。共发现了4个核苷酸多态性（T423C，A501G，C511A，A610G），其中C511A和A610G的碱基突变导致K171Q和A204T氨基酸的变异。与已报道的猫、貂、绵羊、鼠和犬等哺乳动物的氨基酸序列比较，结果与猫（AF003087，97．3％）和绵羊（97．3％）的氨基酸同源性最高。     

Detection of prion gene promoter and intron1 indel polymorphisms in Anatolian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal disease caused by miss folded prion protein. Studies in the cattle, comparing genetic data from BSE diseased and healthy animals have shown that indel polymorphisms in the promoter and intron 1 of PRNP gene were associated with disease susceptibility. Several studies were conducted to find out allele and genotypic frequencies of indel polymorphisms in promoter and intron 1 of the cattle PRNP gene. Unlike domestic cattle and bison, no indel polymorphisms of the PRNP promoter and intron 1 were examined in any population of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Aim of this study was to analyse frequencies of allele, genotype, and haplotype of the indel polymorphisms (23 bp indel in promoter and 12 bp indel in intron 1) in prion protein coding gene (PRNP) of water buffalo. Therefore a PCR based procedure, previously used in cattle to detect indel polymorphisms of PRNP promoter and intron 1 locus, was applied to 106 Anatolian water buffalo DNAs. Our results have revealed high frequency of in variants and in23/in12 haplotype for PRNP promoter and intron 1 indel polymorphisms in water buffalo. The results of the study have demonstrated that frequencies of allele, genotype, and haplotype of the indel polymorphisms in PRNP gene of the Anatolian water buffalo are significantly different those from cattle and bison PRNP indel polymorphisms.     

Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins added to fresh bull ejaculates improve sperm cryosurvival

Damage occurring to spermatozoa during cryopreservation results in a loss of motile cells and cells that are functionally normal, compared with fresh sperm samples. Treating bull sperm with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins (CLC) before cryopreservation results in increased sperm cryosurvival. However, in previous studies, CLC were always added to sperm samples that had been highly diluted. The aim of this study was to develop a procedure for adding CLC to whole bull ejaculates that would optimize sperm cryosurvival. Adding 2 or 4 mg of CLC/120 x 10(6) sperm to sperm samples ranging in concentration from 120 to 2,000 x 10(6) sperm/mL resulted in greater (17 to 28 percentage points; P < 05) numbers of live cells compared with control samples (no CLC treatment), regardless of the sperm concentration, except for samples at 120 x 10(6) sperm/mL treated with 4 mg of CLC. Incubating sperm with CLC at 23 or 37 degrees C before cryopreservation resulted in similar sperm cryosurvival. The cooling rate used to cryopreserve CLC-treated cells did not affect sperm cryosurvival. Finally, adding CLC to undiluted ejaculates (2 mg of CLC/120 x 10(6) sperm) resulted in greater percentages of live sperm compared with the control samples (62 vs. 45%; P < 0.05), although the percentages of motile sperm were similar for both CLC-treated and control samples (58%). In conclusion, bull sperm cryo-survival can be improved if spermatozoa are treated with CLC before freezing. In addition, CLC can be added to fresh ejaculates at either 23 or 37 degrees C. This technique is simple, practical, and can be easily integrated into current cryopreservation protocols.     

新疆地方绵羊品种PRNP基因多态性研究

从新疆采取了8个地方绵羊品种的血液样品171份,提取绵羊基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增绵羊PRNP基因,通过序列测定,对它们的PRNP基因型进行研究,确定了PRNP基因136、154、171位密码子的多态性为136(A/A),154(H/R)和171(Q/R/H/K),结果发现所检测的新疆地方绵羊品种PRNP基因136位密码子均为A,其基因型均为A型痒病抵抗性基因型。     

注射口蹄疫疫苗对种公牛精液品质的影响研究

[目的]研究注射口蹄疫疫苗对种公牛精液品质的影响。[方法]随机选择6头种公牛,并采其精液进行检测,用比较方法研究。[结果]注射双价灭活疫苗前精液量6.8ml,鲜精活率70%,精液密度17.3亿/mL,冻后活率39.7%冻精数414.8剂,精子畸形率14.2%。注射双价疫苗之后精液量4.3 mL,鲜精活率6.5%,精液密度12.7亿/mL,冻后活率34.8%冻精数162.3剂,精子畸形率18%。[结论]注射疫苗后,种公牛的精液品质也随之下降,精液量、精子密度和原精活率注射后较注射前极显著降低,认为注射口蹄疫疫苗对种公牛的精液品质产生较大影响。