Fumigation of poultry food with methyl bromide: Effects on flavour and acceptability of broiler meat

1. Broilers were fed on control and treated commercial diets to test the effects of fumigation with methyl bromide gas at 69% and 25% over the value recommended for the elimination of salmonellae.

2. A trained sensory panel found significant taint in roasted meat from birds fed on the fumigated food. More than half of the consumers in the home panel rated the control birds better than the birds fed on the fumigated food.

3. Growth of broilers was not affected by the treatment.     

Fumigation of poultry food with methyl bromide: Effects on egg flavour,number and weight

1. Rhode Island Red females were fed, from hatching, on diets which had been fumigated with methyl bromide at the concentration recommended for the elimination of salmonellae or at 1 1/2 times this value.

2. Body weight, egg weight or egg number were not significantly affected by treatments, but sexual maturity may have been slightly delayed.

3. There was some evidence of an adverse effect on egg flavour, particularly by the trained sensory panel.

4. Principles of experimental design for this type of experiment are discussed.     

The susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella montevideo in artificially contaminated poultry feed

Feed artificially contaminated with various levels of nalidixic-acid-resistant Salmonella montevideo was fed to newly hatched chicks for 7 days. Cloacal and cecal swabs were obtained from the chicks at 7, 14, and 21 days of age to monitor Salmonella colonization relative to the feed contamination level. In one of three trials, less than one Salmonella montevideo per gram of feed was sufficient to establish colonization in 1-to-7-day-old chicks.     

The epizootiology of Salmonella menston infection of fowls and the effect of feeding poultry food artificially infected with salmonella

The cycle of infection of Salmonella menston in poultry has been shown to be similar to that of S. thompson in that S. menston was shown to be present in adult fowls, the eggs laid by these fowls, chicks hatched from these eggs and the eggs laid by these progeny at maturity. When poultry are fed infected foods the water founts may also become contaminated and the importance of this alternative source of infection is noted. The increased occurrence of S. menston in poultry, poultry products and man is discussed.     

Persistence of salmonella enteritidis in poultry units and poultry food

1. Studies on the survival of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry units and food were carried out over a two‐year period.

2. The organism persisted for at least one year in an empty trial house at the laboratory in which naturally‐infected broiler breeder birds had previously been housed. A similar survival period was seen in a building which had housed an infected layer breeder flock, although infection was not detected in a subsequent pullet flock.

3. Salmonella enteritidis was also frequently found surviving outside poultry houses in small pockets of litter and fan dust which had been left after cleansing and disinfection of the site. On some poultry units S. enteritidis was also found in wild bird droppings.

4. Salmonella contamination appeared to persist preferentially in association with dust particles swept from the floor and in food troughs and S. enteritidis survived at least 26 months in artificially contaminated poultry food.     

Results of salmonella isolation from poultry products, poultry, poultry environment, and other characteristics

Five hundred sixty-nine Salmonella were isolated out of 4745 samples from poultry products, poultry, and poultry environment in 1999 and 2000 from the Pacific northwest. These Salmonella were identified to their exact source, and some were serogrouped, serotyped, phage typed, and tested for antibiotic sensitivity. Food product samples tested included rinse water of spent hens and broilers and chicken ground meat. Poultry environment samples were hatchery fluff from the hatcheries where eggs of grandparent broiler breeders or parent broiler breeder eggs were hatched and drag swabs from poultry houses. Diagnostic samples were of liver or yolk sac contents collected at necropsy from the young chicks received in the laboratory. Of these samples tested, 569 were Salmonella positive (11.99%). Ninety-two Salmonella were serogrouped with polyvalent somatic antisera A-I and the polymerase chain reaction. Somatic serogroups B and C comprised 95.25% of all the Salmonella. Out of a total of 569 positive samples, 97 isolates of Salmonella were serotyped. A total of 16 serotypes and an unnamed Salmonella belonging to serogroup C1 were identified. The Salmonella serotypes were heidelberg (25.77%); kentucky (21.64%); montevideo (11.34%); hadar and enteritidis (5.15% each); infantis, typhimurium, ohio, and thompson (4.12% each); mbandaka and cerro (3.09% each); senftenberg (2.06%); berta, istanbul, indiana, and saintpaul (1.03% each); and an unnamed monomorphic Salmonella (2.06%). Ninety-two Salmonella were tested for drug sensitivity with nine different antimicrobials. All of the 92 Salmonella were resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin, and penicillin except one sample (S. berta), which was moderately sensitive to penicillin. All of the tested Salmonella were susceptible to sarafloxacin and ceftiofur. The percentages of Salmonella susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamicin, triple sulfa, and tetracycline were 97.83%, 92.39%, 86.96%, and 82.61%, respectively.     

家禽沙门菌的防控

沙门菌严重影响着家禽行业的发展与壮大,近年来,沙门菌流行毒株的血清型较过去发生了巨大变化,无症状鸡群的出现使沙门菌流行变得更频繁。     

降低家禽养殖业沙门氏菌感染的研究进展

沙门氏菌是一种人畜共患病原体,食用生的或未煮熟的受污染家禽产品可导致人类急性胃肠炎。本综述总结了目前关于降低家禽养殖业沙门氏菌感染的研究,并对未来在家禽沙门氏菌控制领域的发展提出建议,包括常规的预防卫生措施,以及饲料和饮用水有机酸酸化等其它策略和基于被动免疫和主动免疫的免疫策略。另外,通过改变饲料原料成分和营养也可降低家禽对沙门氏菌感染的易感性。     

绿色饲料添加剂在家禽沙门氏菌污染中的研究

自Salmone和Smith于猪霍乱病流行时分离到猪霍乱沙门氏菌以来,已有百余年历史。鸡蛋、肉作为人们生活消费的主要食品之一,近年来,由于沙门氏菌属细菌引起的食物中毒在世界各地频繁发生而引起人们的极大关注。长期以来,在生产中控制沙门氏菌属污染,主要依靠使用抗生素。但抗生素的长期使用,不仅能引起动物内源性感染和二重感染,沙门氏菌等病原微生物产生耐药性,降低家禽的免疫功能,而且残留在禽蛋、肉中,直接危害人们的健康和安全。1999～2000年,从太平洋西北沿岸城市的家禽产品、家禽及环境中的4745个样本中分离到569个沙门氏菌,绝大部分对…     

Effect of chlorination of drinking water on experimental salmonella infection in poultry

The type of drinker used for poults influenced the level of free available chlorine (FAC) in chlorinated water as well as the total plate count, fecal coliform count, and number of salmonellae in chlorinated and non-chlorinated drinking water. Nipple drinkers maintained higher levels of FAC in drinking water than Swish-cups, Swish-cups maintained higher levels than MarkIII, and MarkIII maintained higher levels than trough drinkers. The level of FAC retained in the water in trough drinkers was insufficient to exert a bactericidal effect against coliforms and salmonellae. Chlorination of drinking water and the resulting diminished number or absence of salmonellae in the drinking water did not lower the number of salmonellae per gram of cecal contents in challenged or unchallenged but exposed poults. The number of salmonellae per gram of cecal contents decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) in poults between 14 and 21 days of age, irrespective of whether or not the poults drank chlorinated water.     

Recovery of 61 Salmonella serotypes from artificially contaminated turkey skin.

Selenite brilliant-green sulfa enrichment broth containing Tween 80 was streaked to brilliant-green sulfa plates for use in comparing recoverability of 61 different salmonella serotypes from turkey tails artifically contaminated with very low levels of each serotype. Recoverability was 100% with 43 of the serotypes, 80% with eight, 60% with four, and 40% or less with six.     

Control of Campylobacter fetus in artificially contaminated bovine semen by incubation with antibiotics before freezing

Fresh, diluted semen containing 1.55 X 10(6) cfu/ml of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis was incubated with 500 iu of penicillin, 500 micrograms of streptomycin, 160 micrograms of lincomycin and 300 micrograms of spectinomycin per ml at 35 degrees C for 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 or 40 minutes. The semen was cooled to 5 degrees C, packaged in 0.25 ml French straws and then frozen in liquid nitrogen for 2 weeks. Immediately after thawing and removal of the antibiotics by centrifugation semen samples from each of the seven treatment groups were cultured as for C. fetus. Semen samples were also examined by in-vitro tests for sperm motility prior to and post-freezing. Incubation with the antibiotics for 5, 10, 20 or 40 min prior to freezing reduced the numbers of C. fetus in the semen to non-detectable levels in 38%, 69%, 88% and 100% of samples respectively. The incubated semen showed no significant reduction of sperm motility although fertility trials have not been done.     

A disc ELISA for the detection of salmonella group D antibodies in poultry

An ELISA using lipopolysaccharide antigens prepared from Salmonella gallinarum and S enteritidis was developed for the serological diagnosis of fowl typhoid and S enteritidis infection in poultry. There was good agreement between the results of the ELISA and conventional serological tests when samples from naturally infected birds and S enteritidis immunised birds were tested. Some cross reactions were observed when serum samples from S typhimurium infected birds were tested by ELISA. Subsequently a disc ELISA, using filter paper discs, was developed to facilitate sampling and testing of poultry. There was good correlation between the results of the disc and serum ELISAs and the test is recommended for the field testing of birds.     

优溴胺对人工诱发鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效观察

本试验人工诱发1周龄艾维茵商品肉仔鸡患上大肠杆菌病,然后用优溴胺3个不同剂量对致病鸡进行预防和治疗试验,以硫酸阿米卡星、盐酸左旋氧氟沙星和头孢噻呋钠作为对照药物,评价优溴胺对鸡大肠杆菌病的预防和治疗效果。试验结果表明：优溴胺对鸡大肠杆菌病具有较好的预防和治疗效果,高、中剂量组的保护率和治愈率均明显高于硫酸阿米卡星组、盐酸左旋氧氟沙星组和头孢噻呋钠组;保护率高达93.3%（P〈0.05）,治愈率高达90.0%（P〈0.05）。