不同施肥和灌溉组合对烤烟化学成分和香气质量的影响

以烤烟(Nicotiana tabacumL.)品种吉烟9号为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同施肥和灌溉组合对烤烟化学成分、香气成分含量、组成及其作用机理的影响。结果表明,N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶2∶3和限量灌溉组合使烟叶的糖碱比和氮碱比均较适宜,蛋白质含量较低,化学成分较为协调,苯丙氨酸类、棕色化产物类和类胡萝卜素类致香物质含量较高,改善了烟叶的综合品质,表现为香气质纯净、香气量较足、杂气较少、刺激性较低、余味舒适、烟气浓度大、燃烧性好等,能较好满足延边烟区烤烟的生长发育,有利于提高烟叶香气质量。     

下部鲜烟叶摘除数量对烤烟品质及经济性状的影响

为了明确重庆烟区下部鲜烟叶摘除数量对烤烟化学成分、香气物质、等级结构及经济性状的影响,本研究选用‘云烟97’品种,研究打顶期摘除下部0片(CK)、2片(T1)、3片(T2)和4片(T3)烟叶后对烤烟化学成分、香气物质、等级结构及经济性状等的变化特征。结果表明,随着下部叶片摘除数量的增加,中上部烟叶淀粉、总氮和烟碱含量有显著提高的趋势,钾素含量显著降低;中上烟叶的糖碱比和钾氯比与摘除叶片数呈负相关关系,氮碱比与摘除叶片数呈正相关关系;中部叶以摘除3片处理(T2)的致香物质含量最高,上部叶以摘除2片处理(T1)的致香物质含量最高。摘除下部叶片后烟叶等级结构和经济效益有不同程度提高,其中以T2处理最为显著,其次是T1处理,T3处理的效果最差。因此,综合考虑化学成分、香气物质、等级结构和经济效益等认为,在重庆武隆生态条件下的中等肥力土壤上处理下部鲜烟叶时以摘除3片叶为宜。     

陕西渭北旱塬烤烟施用钾肥技术研究

在渭北旱塬进行烤烟钾肥篱用量试验和氮磷钾肥配比试验,结果说明施钾肥可以提早旺长期,增加干物质积累,提高上中等烟比例和含钾量。在目前的土壤速 效钾水平下,旱塬施钾不应超过Ｋ２Ｏ１８０ｋｇ／ｍ＾２。在施氮６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２的情况下,氮磷钾肥以１：２：３（Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ５：Ｋ２Ｏ）配合可达到较高的产量和产值,烟叶含钾量提高到２％以上。     

硼肥施用对黄壤种植烤烟产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究了重庆市典型黄壤中施用不同硼水平对烤烟经济性状和品质的影响.结果表明:黄壤施硼对烤烟经济性状和品质有显著影响.在0～60 kg/hm2的施硼水平范围内,施硼对烤烟具有显著的增产、提高中上等烟比例及均价和增加产值的效应.从烤烟产值和品质两方面综合考虑,重庆市武隆县优质烤烟的合理施硼水平为15～30 kg/hm2.     

根区施用钾肥对烤烟产量、钾含量及钾素吸收的影响

为了探讨根区施用钾肥对黄淮烟区石灰土烤烟产量和钾素吸收利用的影响,采用田间试验,研究根区枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施对烟叶产量、钾含量以及钾素吸收利用的影响。试验共设9个处理,分别为CK、CP_1、CP_2、WP_1、WP_2、CW_(1-50%)、CW_(2-50%)、CW_(1-75%)与CW_(2-75%)(CK表示对照,CP表示只施用枸溶性钾肥,WP表示只施用硫酸钾,CW表示枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施;数字1、2表示施用量分别为225、300 kg/hm~2,百分数表示硫酸钾的配施比例)。结果表明,烟叶钾含量随生育期推进呈下降趋势,不同施肥处理各时期烟叶钾含量均高于CK;不同施肥处理下土壤钾素在垂直和水平方向上迁移距离较小,根区钾肥施用可直接有效的增加根区土壤速效钾含量;施钾(K_2O)300 kg/hm~2与225 kg/hm~2相比,可显著提高烟叶钾含量和钾肥利用效率(P0.05);CW_(2-75%)处理下烟叶钾含量、土壤速效钾含量和钾肥利用率最高,而CW_(2-50%)处理下烟叶产量最高。综上所述,根区施用含75%硫酸钾的枸溶性钾肥300 kg/hm~2(CW_(2-75%)处理)可有效改善黄淮烟区石灰土钾素养分,提高该区烤烟产量、钾含量与钾肥利用效率,达到优质高产。     

不同钾肥对烤烟叶片钾和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的影响研究

采用盆栽试验研究了不同种类钾肥对烤后烟叶的钾和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的影响,以及钾含量与中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的关系。结果表明,施用钾肥提高了烤后烟叶的钾含量和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸总量,降低了亚麻酸、亚油酸和柠檬酸的含量。钾含量和中性致香物质总量以K2SO4增施生物钾肥处理最高,非挥发性有机酸总量以单施KNO3处理最高,钾含量和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量均以单施生物钾肥处理最低。烤后烟叶钾含量与中性香气成分含量呈显著正相关,与非挥发性有机酸含量呈极显著正相关,说明提高烤后烟叶钾含量能够提高烟叶的中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量。     

施用苹果酸对烤烟氮代谢的影响

选择饼肥发酵产物和烟草中含量较高的苹果酸,研究其对烤烟氮代谢的影响。盆栽试验设置4种浓度的苹果酸溶液处理(g/L):0、1、2、3,分别在移栽后20和40.d灌根。移栽50.d后,各处理取3株进行生理特性和化学成分测定。结果表明,适量的苹果酸促进了土壤氮素的释放,增加烟株氮积累量,一定范围内随着苹果酸用量的增加,根系活力提高,根部氮代谢加强,表现为硝酸还原酶活性增强,硝态氮含量降低,铵态氮含量升高;而氮素在叶部还原量减少,表现为硝态氮含量的减少和硝酸还原酶活性的降低。说明施用苹果酸改变了氮在根部和叶部代谢的状况,使氮在根部还原和同化的比例增加,在叶中还原的比例减小,总体上促进了烤烟氮代谢。     

不同种植密度对黔江烟区烤烟生长发育及品质的影响

为探究烤烟产值与种植密度之间的关系,以云烟87为试验材料,在重庆市黔江区水市乡开展大田小区试验,设置1100/667 m2、1050/667 m2、1000株/667 m2等3个种植密度处理T1、T2、T3(即行距都为115 cm,株距分别为52 cm、55 cm、58 cm),比较其烟株生育期、农艺性状、烤后烟叶化学...     

氮、磷、钾肥料施用对辣椒产量和经济效益的影响

田间试验结果表明，氮肥对朝天椒的增产作用大于磷、钾肥，合适的配施氮、磷、钾增产效果显著，钾素含量较高的土壤栽种朝天椒的最佳施肥配比为N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．4～0．5：1．0～1．1，钾素含量较低的土壤施肥配比为N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．9：2时增产增收效益明显。研究结果对辣椒专用复合肥的开发应用、指导辣椒合理施肥等具有重要意义。     

施用高级脂肪酸对烤烟生理特性及烟叶化学成分的影响

研究了在烤烟的旺长期施用三种不同种类的高级脂肪酸对烤烟生理生化特性和烟叶化学成分的影响,结果表明,油酸在烤烟生长后期在降低叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶的活性、提高转化酶和淀粉酶活性方面都优于十六酸、硬脂酸和对照处理;油酸在提高烟叶中的磷含量和降低烟叶中的氯和烟碱含量方面以及化学成分的协调性方面优于其它处理,有利于烟叶品质的改善。从外观上看,油酸处理的烟叶落黄好,油分足。     

Transformation and Bioavailability of Selenate and Selenite Added to a Nicotiana tabacum L. Planting Soil

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for humans and is beneficial for plant growth. To investigate the transformation and bioavailability of Se in tobacco planting soil, selenite and selenate were applied. A pot experiment and sequential extraction scheme were used to investigate the Se contents in different forms in soils treated with Se. A series of equations were applied to model the transformation behavior of Se in this study. The results showed that the forms of selenium were increased significantly by applying the different valence state of water-soluble selenium. The carbonate-bound and iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) oxide–bound species were improved in selenite-added soil, whereas the soluble and exchangeable forms were increased in selenate-added soil. Michaelis-Menten equation fitting results indicated that estimated maximal selenium contents of leaves, stems, and roots in selenate-added soils were 1.83, 15.81, and 20.98 times larger than in selenite-added soils. The utilization levels of selenate were 4.3 to 7.9 times larger than selenite for Nicotiana tabacum L. In conclusion, the bioavailability and mobility of selenate were greater than selenite in Nicotiana tabacum L. planting soil.     

Effect of rate of nitrapyrin and source of N on soil pH and response of burley tobacco

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on Maury silt loam soil (Typic Paleudalf) during 2 years to determine the effects of rate of nitrapyrin and source of N fertilizer on soil pH and response of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.cv.^xKy‐14'). All sources of N were applied at the rate of 280 kg N ha^‐1. The information was needed to increase the efficiency of N fertilizer use and improve the growth and safety of tobacco.

Results indicated that application of a NO₃ ^‐source of N fertilizer or low rates of nitrapyrin (0.56 to 2.24 kg ha^‐1) decreased surface soil acidification and the concentration of plant Mn, while plant dry weight early in the growing season was increased. The early growth benefits noted for .nitrapyrin did not lead to increased cured leaf yields or value. Cured leaf yield and value were highest in plots receiving Ca(NO₃)₂, followed by KH₄NO₃, then urea.

Concentration of protein N, total alkaloids, and total volatile nitrogenous bases of cured leaves increased and NO₃ ^‐‐N decreased as rate of nitrapyrin increased. Total N concentration of cured leaf, however, was not significantly affected by nitrapyrin application, indicating that the proportion of absorbed N as NH₄ ⁺increased as nitrapyrin rate increased.     

有机无机肥配施对烟叶化学成分和品质的影响

通过饼肥与化肥不同比例配施研究得出,河南烟区中等肥力的褐土上以50%芝麻饼肥氮 50%化肥氮处理与单施化肥相比,提高了下、中、上3个部位烟叶饱和脂肪酸相对含量,降低了不饱和脂肪酸含量,表现为豆蔻酸和月桂酸相对含量增加,而亚麻酸和亚油酸含量降低。中部叶、上部叶石油醚提取物含量也得到提高,烟叶糖碱比适宜,化学成分较协调,烟叶品质得到改善,并缩小了不同部位间质量差异。     

Exogenous proline mitigates the inhibition of growth of Nicotiana tabacum cultured cells under saline conditions

The addition of exogenous proline (10 mm) to Na100-saline culture medium, modified LS medium (Linsmaier and Skoog 1965: Physiol. Plant., 18, 100–127) with 100 mm NaCl promoted the growth of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Bright Yellow-2) suspension cells unadapted to salt stress without maintaining a high ratio of K⁺ to Na⁺ ions under salinity conditions. The addition of exogenous glutamic acid or alanine were not comparable to that of exogenous proline. The proline contents of the NaCl-unadapted cells became much higher when the cells were grown in Na100-saline culture medium with 10 mm proline than when the cells were cultured without proline. The accumulation of K⁺, Na⁺, counter ions was sufficient to compensate for the increase of the water potential of the cells caused by salinity. These results suggest that exogenous proline does not act as a nitrogen store and that proline may act as a protectant for enzymes and membranes against salt inactivation rather than as a compatible solute in tobacco suspension cells.     

Cadmium bioavailability to Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiana rustica L., and Zea mays L. grown in soil amended or not amended with cadmium nitrate

Summary Mature (flowering) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. PBD6, Nicotiana rustica cv. Brasilia) and maize (Zea mays cv. INRA 260) plants were grown in an acid sandy-clay soil, enriched to 5.4 mg Cd kg^–1 dry weight soil with cadmium nitrate. The plants were grown in containers in the open air. No visible symptoms of Cd toxicity developed on plant shoots over the 2-month growing period. Dry-matter yields showed that while the Nicotiana spp. were unaffected by the Cd application the yield of Z. mays decreased by 21%. Cd accumulation and distribution in leaves, stems and roots were examined. In the control treatment (0.44 mg Cd kg^–1 dry weight soil), plant Cd levels ranged from 0.4 to 6.8 mg kg^–1 dry weight depending on plant species and plant parts. Soil Cd enrichment invariably increased the Cd concentrations in plant parts, which varied from 10.1 to 164 mg kg^–1 dry weight. The maximum Cd concentrations occurred in the leaves of N. tabacum. In N. rustica 75% of the total Cd taken up by the plant was transported to the leaves, and 81% for N. tabacum irrespective of the Cd level in the soil. In contrast, the Cd concentrations in maize roots were almost five times higher than those in the leaves. More than 50% of the total Cd taken up by maize was retained in the roots at both soil Cd levels. The Cd level in N. tabacum leaves was 1.5 and 2 times higher at the low and high Cd soil level, respectively, than that in N. rustica leaves, but no significant difference was found in root Cd concentrations between the two Nicotiana spp.Cd bioavailability was calculated as the ratio of the Cd level in the control plants to that in the soil or as the ratio of the additional Cd taken up from cadmium nitrate to the amount of Cd applied. The results showed that the plant species used can be ranked in a decreasing order as follows: N. tabacum > N. rustica > Z. mays.     

氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究

采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素.     

含钙镁辣椒配方肥对辣椒生产及品质的影响

当前西南黄壤地区辣椒生产中,大量元素肥料配比不合理,钙、镁肥料投入不足是限制辣椒提质增效的重要因素.基于辣椒的养分需求规律设计了辣椒配方肥,并在此基础上添加钙镁形成含钙镁辣椒配方肥.同时在重庆石柱和贵州锦屏分别进行田间试验,研究含钙镁辣椒配方肥对辣椒产量、植株干物质累积量、钾钙镁养分平衡、氮磷肥偏生产力、品质及经济效益...     

磷肥运筹和试验品种对寒地粳稻干物质积累与转运的影响

试验采用随机区组设计的方法,研究了磷肥运筹和试验品种对寒地粳稻干物质累积与运转的影响。结果表明,不同磷肥运筹和试验品种在各生育时期干物质累积量均存在显著的互作效应。利用Logistic方程能够准确地拟合不同磷肥运筹下干物质积累的动态变化,试验品种对干物质增长速率峰值的影响高于磷肥运筹,磷肥运筹对干物质累积快增期影响占主导作用。相关分析表明,分蘖成穗率、高效叶面积指数、谷草比均与产量成显著正相关。抽穗后干物质累积量、茎秆物质转化率与产量呈显著的正相关。干物质累积量、干物质累积速率曲线和干物质累积曲线的分析表明,品种最佳的磷肥运筹与基因型密切相关,垦稻26、垦系169、垦稻24对应的最佳磷肥运筹方式分别为A1(磷酸二铵120 kg/hm~2100%基施)、A1和A2(磷酸二铵120 kg/hm~260%基施,40%调节肥施)。     

水肥配合对玉米产量及其利用效率的影响

试验表明，在淮北地区，水、氮配合提高了玉米产量和效益，结果表现为灌溉比不灌溉增产10．9％，效益提高11．7％；施氮比不施氮增产77％～90％，效益提高82．8％～84．1％。同时，水、肥利用效率也明显提高，结果表现为水分利用率施氮比不施氮处理提高70％左右，灌溉比不灌溉处理提高5．8％；氮素当季相对利用率灌溉比不灌溉处理提高7．9％。通过数学模拟，给出灌溉与不灌溉两种水分条件下的氮肥效应方程。     

水肥配合对玉米产量及其利用效率的影响

试验表明,在淮北地区,水、氮配合提高了玉米产量和效益,结果表现为灌溉比不灌溉增产10.9%,效益提高11.7%;施氮比不施氮增产77%~90%,效益提高82.8%~84.1%。同时,水、肥利用效率也明显提高,结果表现为水分利用率施氮比不施氮处理提高70%左右,灌溉比不灌溉处理提高5.8%;氮素当季相对利用率灌溉比不灌溉处理提高7.9%。通过数学模拟,给出灌溉与不灌溉两种水分条件下的氮肥效应方程。