禽鸟羽虱调查报告

在浙江省畜禽寄生虫调查中，从鸽、雉、野鸭羽毛上发现9种禽鸟羽虱，其中长尾雉长羽虱、鹅小耳虱为2种新种；黑水鸡胸首羽虱、鸽圆羽虱为2种国内新记录。其他为鸽羽虱、鸽新胸首羽虱、二齿姬圆虱、鸡圆羽虱、鸡长圆虱；对虫体形态进行了研究和描述。     

鸡羽虱病的诊疗报告

羽虱是鸡常见的体外寄生虫病。洮北区某鸡场因暴发羽虱病造成鸡产蛋量显著下降，养殖经济效益下滑。现将诊疗结果报告如下：     

鹅羽虱的防治

鹅的羽虱严重影响羽绒和裘皮的质量，同时生产力降低，生长受阻。笔者就鹅羽虱防治问题谈一点体会。     

一起红腹锦鸡感染羽虱疫情的诊断与控制

鸡羽虱为鸡常患的外寄生虫,可通过啮食鸡体羽毛和皮屑,引起患鸡瘙痒和羽毛脱落,造成生长缓慢等不良影响,严重影响经济效益。针对一起湖南省野生动物救护繁殖中心红腹锦鸡感染羽虱疫情,采集病例体表的2种羽虱进行形态学鉴定,并对病例的临床症状、病理变化,以及虫种鉴定和干预控制措施进行分析总结,以期对鸡羽虱病的防控提供参考。     

灭鸡羽虱技术

羽虱属于节肢动物门、昆虫纲、食毛目的一类禽外寄生虫，共有40余种之多。寄生在鸡体上常见的羽虱有：普通大鸡羽虱、鸡体虱和鸡翅虱等几种。它们共同的形态特征是体形小，长只有1—2毫米。由头、胸、腹三部分组成。头部一般较肩部宽，上有1对触角、3对足。     

雉鸡羽虱的诊治

鸡羽虱是一种永久性寄生虫,全部生活史都在鸡或其他珍禽身上进行,一般不吸血,只食毛或皮屑。雉鸡羽虱病是由鸡羽虱寄生于雉鸡体表引起的一种外寄生虫病,很少见到有报道。     

虱螨净对鸡羽虱的治疗效果观察

本实验对伊犁河谷地区白色和黑色羽虱采用传统的杀虫药—敌百虫和新型驱虫药—虱螨净分别对自然感染羽虱的鸡进行治疗,结果表明传统方法治疗效果差,易复发。使用虱螨净进行治疗后治愈率可达到100%,且2个月后无复发现象。     

产蛋鹅羽虱的诊治

羽虱是禽类体表的常见寄生虫,种类很多,但各种羽虱都有各自特定的宿主(如鸡羽虱不感染鹅),并有一定的寄生部位。同一鹅体可同时被数种羽虱寄生。羽虱以羽毛或皮屑为食,引起鹅奇痒,干扰采食与休息,造成消     

鹅羽虱的防治

羽虱是禽鸟类体表永久性外寄生虫,是虱、螨、蜱三种外寄生虫中的主角。羽虱的种类很多,已发现的就有40多种。羽虱有严格的宿主特异性,鹅的羽虱以羽绒和皮屑为食,有时也吞食皮肤损伤部位的血液。现将鹅羽虱的防治介绍如下：     

鸵鸟羽虱病的诊断

羽虱是一种终生寄居于宿主体表,但对不良环境条件抵抗力较差的昆虫,其对温度和湿度有一定的要求,一般都躲藏在羽毛上或毛的基部,因为羽毛的温度、湿度很适宜于羽虱的发育和繁殖。羽虱病的发生多受季节影响,一般冬、秋两季鸟禽羽毛较浓密,有利于羽虱繁殖。现将广西某鸵鸟场发生的一起鸵鸟羽虱病的诊治情况介绍如下：     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.