Consequences to fertilization of the developmental stage of apricot ovules at anthesis

Summary

Flowers at anthesis from the apricot cvs Palstein and Goldrich were examined to determine their ovule maturity stage. Further, flowers from both cultivars were pollinated and collected after 2000 and 3000 growing degree hours (GDH) in two consecutive years. Numbers of fertilized ovules were recorded in those flowers. Ovules of ‘Palstein’ from flowers at anthesis showed predominantly an embryo sac at the eight nuclei stage of development while embryo sacs in ‘Goldrich’ were mainly in a four nuclei stage. After 2000 GDH from pollination 90% of viable ovules were fertilized in ‘Palstein’ whereas only 37.5% of them were fertilized in ‘Goldrich’. After 3000 GDH, Goldrich presented the same percentage of fertilized ovules that was recorded after 2000 GDH. Non-fertilized ovules did not degenerate and developed normally in pollinated and non-pollinated flowers from both cultivars. Further, non-fertilized pollinated flowers were not different from non-pollinated flowers in the development of the embryo sac, indicating that the chances for fertilization would not be increased by pollination in apricot. We suggest that the lack of fertilization in ‘Goldrich’ is due to degeneration of the male gametophyte, which would have a limited life, not long enough for the embryo sacs to develop to maturity.     

‘无核世纪梨’授粉受精过程及种子败育的观察

 应用解剖学方法对‘无核世纪梨’授粉受精过程进行了系统观察,发现‘无核世纪梨’自花授粉花粉管不能进入胚囊,用‘雪青’梨异花授粉花粉管48 h 进入胚囊。异花授粉后在受精过程中,一个精子不能进入卵膜或进入卵膜后雌雄核不融合,另一个精子与极核也不能正常融合,不能形成胚乳,双受精失败,从而导致种子败育,最终形成无籽果实。     

Mechanism of seedlessness in Iranian seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma)

Species of barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma) is cultivated in arid and semi arid areas of Iran (South Khorasan province). It is widely used as a food additive. Fruits of this species are seedless, while wild type barberries produce seeds in the same area. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of seedlessness in seedless barberry by pollen viability test, field pollination experiments and microscopic observation of pollen tube growth in pistil and ovule development. For comparison, we also examined ovule development in wild type barberry (B. crataegina DC). In seedless barberry pollen germination was about 54%. Seedless barberry produced 20% seeded fruits when pollinated with pollen of wild type barberry. There was a sharp decrease in fruit set in emasculated unpollinated flowers of seedless barberry. In seedless barberry, a large number of pollen grains (about 370) were observed on stigma of each flower at 12 h after balloon stage (ABS). Most of them germinated and penetrated intracellular area of stigma surface, but no pollen tube reached ovary. In seedless barberry, many ovules did not have any embryo sac or had a very small incomplete embryo sac. In addition, unfused polar nuclei were clearly recognized in some cases at 14 days after full bloom (AFB). However, in wild type, double fertilization was accompanied by disappearance of polar nuclei. In seeded barberry, the cellularized endosperm became apparent at seven days AFB. At 21 days AFB, all ovules of seedless barberry were degenerated, while at the same time in wild type, one or two ovules of each flower were normal and were developing into complete seeds. Results showed that self-incompatibility has a main role in seedlessness of seedless barberry. However, the high frequency of abnormal ovules and single fertilization can be considered as two other reasons of seedlessness. Due to our results, fruits of seedless barberry were set by stimulative parthenocarpy.     

磨盘柿败育杂种胚胎发育的细胞学特征

为揭示磨盘柿杂种败育的细胞学机制,采用常规石蜡切片法观察了磨盘柿正常杂种及早期和晚期败育型杂种的胚胎发育过程。结果表明,正常杂种的胚在授粉后35、40、45、55d依次发育至球形期、心形期、鱼雷期和子叶期;与正常杂种相比,早期败育型杂种的初生胚乳核分裂出现异常,多数胚最终只能发育至球形早期;晚期败育型杂种的胚乳没有明显的异常现象,但胚发育滞后,且着生位置偏离珠孔,呈横生或斜生状态;2种败育杂种在种形异常之前胚基本正常,可望借助胚挽救手段分别于授粉后30～40d及60～70d进行离体培养获得F1杂种。     

The Effect of Summer Nitrogen Applications on The Quality of Apple Blossom

A summer application of nitrogen was used to induce the production of “ strong ” flowers for comparison with the " normal ” flowers produced on trees of Worcester Pearmain given only a spring application of nitrogen.

The flowers were given various pollination treatments to provide material for an assessment of flower quality. These included the following : auto and alio self-pollination and cross-pollination with diploid apple or pear at anthesis, cross-pollinations and self-pollinations at additional daily intervals subsequent to anthesis.

The stigmas of strong flowers remained receptive for a longer period than those of normal flowers.

After cross-pollination with a diploid apple, fertilization took place in 6-7 days. After self-pollination a typical incompatibility reaction was apparent. Pear pollen tubes showed an intermediate response.

Egg sacs in strong flowers continued to enlarge after those of corresponding normal flowers had ceased to grow. The fertilized ovules and embryo sacs of strong flowers showed a more rapid acceleration in growth rate than those of normal flowers.

Cell division in unfertilized ovules also continued for a longer period in strong flowers and appeared to be correlated with the behaviour of the egg sac.

Ovule longevity provided the most striking difference between the two flower types. The ovules of strong flowers remained capable of fertilization for almost twice as long as those of normal flowers.

Abnormalities of several types were seen in ovules. The most common was the production of secondary egg sacs, a feature of strong flowers which had been self-pollinated. Three types of secondary sac, micropylar, lateral and chalazal are described and illustrated.

The effects of rate of pollen tube growth, ovule longevity and the period of stigma receptivity in limiting the effective pollination period, are discussed. It is suggested that some variations in fruit set may be due to differences in flower quality. The use of summer or early autumn nitrogen is advocated as a method of improving blossom quality in certain varieties.     

磨盘柿与甜柿杂交低结籽率的组织学研究

 通过对西村早生、禅寺丸和花御所3种甜柿自交及与磨盘柿杂交的花粉管荧光观察,磨盘柿胚囊发育的石蜡切片观察,研究了磨盘柿受精率低的原因。结果如下：①磨盘柿与3种甜柿杂交,发育种子比例（发育种子数/胚珠数）明显低于甜柿自交,且父本花粉不同,磨盘柿的结子率有较大差异;②磨盘柿柱头上附着花粉量少,发芽率低,花柱中花粉管数量少,到达基部的条数少。甜柿柱头附着的花粉量大、发芽率高,花柱中花粉管数量大,大部分可以到达子房;③磨盘柿中存在多种异常胚囊,直接或间接的影响受精的顺利进行。较低的受精比率以及大量异常胚囊的存在是导致磨盘柿结籽率低的原因。     

Seed abortion of ‘Tosa-Buntan’ pummelo pollinated with soft-X-irradiated pollens

Cross-pollination was performed with soft-X-irradiated hyuga-natsu pollens (1000 Gy) for ‘Tosa-Buntan’ pummelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck). This resulted in the transformation of large and complete seeds into small and empty ones (practically seedless). Although fruit set, fruit retention, total soluble solids content (TSS) and titratable acidity of the juice were not affected, decrement in the fruit size was observed. Two weeks after the pollination, endosperm cell division with free nuclei began in both the non-irradiated and irradiated pollen treatment conditions. Seven weeks after pollination, endosperm division with the cell wall occurred in the non-irradiated pollen treatment conditions; however, the endosperm development ceased in most ovules that underwent the irradiated pollen treatment, and the ovules remained in their free nuclear stage. The delayed degeneration of the ovules, following successful fertilization and commencement of endosperm cell division, allow these seedless fruits to be categorized as pseudo-parthenocarpic.     

Growth and development of ovules of banana,plantain and enset (Musaceae)

Sterility has profound effects on the development of reproductive tissues in members of the Musaceae and limits genetic improvement required to deal with new diseases. Ovules of seeded diploid Musa acuminata (AA) and edible triploids (AAA) from the same cytogenetic group, plus edible triploids containing genomes of the M. balbisiana cytogenetic group (AAB, ABB) and the related genus Ensete sp. were studied to determine the effects of sterility on the growth and development of the ovule and its tissues. Specimens were collected from subtropical and Mediterranean environments in Australia.At anthesis, the ovules of triploid plants were 36% larger than the ovules of diploid plants. The diploid ovules ceased growth shortly after the inflorescence emerged from the pseudostem. In contrast, the triploid ovules continued to grow 7–10 days past anthesis, increasing in size by 70%.All ovules of diploid M. acuminata ssp. had an embryo sac at anthesis, against 97% for triploids. At anthesis the embryo sacs in diploid ovules occupied 2.7% of the nucellus compared with 1.5% in triploid ovules. The embryo sacs did not grow between bunch emergence and anthesis, once formed they maintained the same size. Many embryo sacs were not positioned correctly, flush with the nucellar cap. The diploid M. acuminata ssp. had 75% of embryo sacs correctly positioned against 10% in the edible triploids. The proportion of balbisiana genome (B) did not affect ovule or nucellus size or shape, or cell number across the nucellus. It increased the embryo sac presence 96–100% of ovules.The sterile edible triploid bananas have embryo sacs at anthesis but many are incorrectly positioned, which may contribute to their sterility. The balbisiana genome in the edible triploids was associated with a 2.4-fold increase in the number of correctly positioned embryo sacs and this may contribute to the increased fertility associated with the B genome.     

大白菜受精过程及其各阶段持续时间的研究

 对3个大白菜(Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) 品种的受精过程及其各阶段持续的时间进行了研究。其结果如下: 1. 授粉后2～3 h, 花粉在柱头上萌发。2. 授粉后4～8 h, 花粉管在花柱中生长。3.授粉后8～14 h, 花粉管在子房中生长并通过珠孔进入胚珠。4. 授粉后16 h, 花粉管进入胚囊, 破坏1个助细胞, 并将内含物释放入该助细胞内。5. 授粉后16～18 h, 精核向卵细胞移动并进入卵细胞。授粉后18 h,精核附在卵核的核膜上。6. 授粉后20 h, 精核进入卵细胞核, 精核染色质逐渐松解; 授粉后24 h, 出现雄性核仁。受精卵核内有一明显大的雌性核仁和1个较小的雄性核仁, 此时形成合子。精核染色质在卵核内分散延续的时间长达4 h左右。7. 授粉后32～34 h, 合子进行第1次分裂。大白菜合子静止期8～10 h左右。8.受精前二极核合并成次生核或不合并, 位于卵细胞的合点端。9. 授粉后16～18 h精核向极核或次生核移动。授粉后18 h, 精核附在极核或次生核的核膜上。10. 授粉后20 h, 精核进入1个极核或次生核, 二者进行融合。精核与极核或次生核的融合过程同精核与卵核的融合过程相同, 只是精核与极核或次生核融合速度较快。精核染色质在极核或次生核里分散的时间大约为2 h。11. 授粉后22 h, 形成初生胚乳核, 在分裂前常常看到初生胚乳核内的雌雄性核仁仍未合并。12. 授粉后24 h, 初生胚乳核进行第1次有丝分裂。     

夏蜡梅与美国蜡梅属间杂交障碍的组织学机理

 以夏蜡梅属夏蜡梅（Sinocalycanthus chinensis）和美国蜡梅属美国蜡梅变种光叶红蜡梅（Calycanthus floridus var. oblongifolius）为试验材料进行属间杂交,通过荧光镜检观察花粉在柱头上的附着和萌发以及利用石蜡切片观察杂种胚发育情况,探讨其杂交障碍机制。结果表明：不论正反交,花粉均能在柱头上粘附36 h到达胚囊,表明花粉萌发和花粉管生长阶段不存在杂交障碍。杂种胚发育观察结果表明,无论正反交均可以实现双受精,但结实率极低,说明属间杂交存在受精后障碍,且正反交杂交障碍机制有所不同：当以夏蜡梅为母本时,杂交障碍主要由受精后杂种胚早期的不正常解体造成;而当以光叶红蜡梅为母本时,杂交障碍主要由母本雌蕊较高比例的发育异常和杂种胚的早期败育共同引起。 、萌发并生长到达胚囊;以夏蜡梅为母本时父本花粉管生长进程较以光叶红蜡梅为母本时更加一致,大部分花粉管在授粉后     

Comparative anatomy of bisexual and female florets,embryology in Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae), a naturalized horticultural plant

Calendula officinalis is a perennial gynomonoecious herb, often used for medicinal purpose and as ornamentation. The corolla consists of only one petal for ligulate florets, whereas it consists of four to seven petals for disk florets with four to seven stamens accordingly. The bisexual florets are functionally male and their ovaries are either solid or unilocular with no ovule. In contrast, the ovaries of female florets are always unilocular with an anatropous ovule. For bisexual florets, simultaneous cytokinesis in the microsporocyte meiosis leads to tetrahedral, also decussate tetrads. The mature pollen grain is of the three-cell type. The tapetum is mainly of amoeboid type, yet 6.5% antheral tapetum disintegrates in situ, as called glandular tapetum. The young anther wall is composed of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum, but the middle layer degenerates at the microspore tetrad stage. The mature anther wall comprises only endothecium, which develops fibrous thickenings. The ovules are unitegmic, tenuinucellatae and the development of the embryo sac follows the monosporic, polygonum type. Before the differentiation of the micropylar cells into egg cell and two synergids, the two polar nuclei fuse into a secondary nucleus and the antipodal cells start degenerating. Two days after blooming, the secondary nucleus has been fertilized by a single sperm nucleus, generating the triploid primary endosperm nucleus.     

切割花柱方式对亚百系内杂交花粉管生长和结实的影响

用常规柱头授粉和切割不同长度花柱4种授粉方式对亚百系内杂交的花粉管生长和结实情况进行了研究.结果表明:同一系内各组合亲和性存在差异,亲和性较好的组合为"金色号角×多安娜"、"普瑞头×索莱尔",次之为"多安娜×普瑞头","金色号角×普瑞头","普瑞头×多安娜"为不亲和组合;同一系内组合中,采用常规柱头授粉比切割花柱授粉得到胚的比例高,所有组合花粉管均能进入子房,而且随着切割花柱长度的增加,花粉管在花柱中及进入子房的量是依次递减的,种子数目与花粉管的生长情况呈正相关;果实膨大系数不能反映果实是否结籽;所有组合中都存在胚囊不亲和现象,形成了无胚仅有胚乳的种子.     

氨基乙氧基乙烯甘氨酸( AVG) 处理对‘巨峰’葡萄胚珠和种子发育的影响

 ‘巨峰’葡萄开花前2 周用氨基乙氧基乙烯甘氨酸( 2-aminoethxyvinlglycine, AVG)100 mg!L^-1处理可以明显增加有核果粒率和种子数。人工授粉24 h 后, 子房中的花粉管伸长快于对照, 花粉管生长状况也优于对照。这是由于AVG 处理降低了雌蕊中阻碍花粉管伸长物质的活性, 同时可以改善胚囊发育, 提高正常胚囊率和增加子房中的胚珠数和心皮数, 这可能为促进受精和增加受精机会创造了条件。     

柿胚胎发生发育的研究

 以甜柿品种‘卡迟莎’和涩柿品种‘高安方柿’为材料，采用常规石蜡切片法对胚胎发生发 育进行了研究。结果表明：柿胚珠倒生，双珠被，薄珠心，单孢原细胞；大孢子四分体为直线型，仅合点端的一个具功能作用；蓼型胚囊，两个助细胞具角状丝状器，两极核在受精前融合为次生核，3个反足细胞呈“品”字形排列；胚胎发育属于茄型，合子约休眠两周后开始分裂；胚乳为核型，花后3 d开始分裂，在球形胚早期开始形成细胞壁，在子叶形胚期胚乳组织基本形成。在胚胎发生发育的过程中有胚乳退化，合子不分裂等败育现象。     

用于无核葡萄选育的胚挽救技术研究

通过4a的连续试验,观察了无核葡萄果粒及胚珠发育变化,对胚挽救的多个影响因素包括品种、接种时间、培养基和培养方式进行了研究。结果表明,红脸无核、底来特、黎明无核作母本的胚珠萌发率较高;各品种适宜的接种时间为无核白花后26d,红脸无核花后35d,爱莫无核×火焰无核花后48d,底来特×红宝石无核花后56d;用Nitsch作基本培养基优于B5;添加BA0.2mg/L获得的胚珠萌发率最高;常温黑暗、固体培养有利于胚珠的发育。已定植结果的无核葡萄杂交胚挽救后代的无核比率平均为58.6%。将胚挽救技术用于无核葡萄育种是十分有效的。     

糯米糍荔枝果实内源激素与落果的关系

以糯米糍荔枝生理落果期的田间调查和胚胎发育研究为基础,探讨了内源激素与生理落果的关系.结果表明,糯米糍生理落果高峰的主要原因是:第1次因授粉受精不良导致的生长促进类激素尤其是CTK水平过低;第2次与胚乳为胚的发育所利用而消失、IAA和GAs急剧降低有关;第3次与胚的败育造成CTK、GAs和IAA的全面下降有关;第4次发生在假种皮(果肉)迅速生长期,与种皮和假种皮ABA升至高水平有关.此外,还探讨了ABA /(IAA+GAs+CTK)与生理落果的相关性,以及胚囊、珠被和假种皮等果实内部组分内源激素的变化特点.     

幼胚发育阶段对次郎柿胚抢救效果的影响

迄今对柿幼胚培养的最佳时期尚不完全明确。以完全甜柿品种次郎(Diospyros kaki Thunb.cv.Jirou)为试材,探讨了幼胚发育阶段对胚抢救效果的影响。结果表明,(1)授粉后40d幼胚处于球形胚期,50d处于心形或鱼雷形期,60d之后处于子叶形胚期;(2)接种授粉后40d幼胚的萌发率(29.3%)显著低于其它时期,其后不同取胚时期的萌发率均为100%,差异不显著;(3)接种授粉后60d幼胚的成苗率(92%)显著高于其它时期,再生植株苗高和生根数与其它时期无明显差异。因此,心形期至子叶期阶段是完全甜柿品种次郎幼胚的最佳培养时期,萌发率和成苗率分别为100%和86%～92%。该时期较前人报道的柿幼胚培养时期提早10￣20d。     

草莓未受精子房离体雌核发育的研究

 将凤梨草莓（Fragaria × ananassa Duch.）品种‘明旭’未受精子房在适宜离体条件下培养,诱导其雌核发育。在雌核发育的不同时期采用爱氏苏木精整体染色—石蜡切片法、整体染色—冬青油透明—石蜡切片法、解剖—整体透明法观察研究,结果表明雌核发育有3种不同的现象：①卵细胞启动分裂形成原胚,即卵细胞孤雌生殖;②偶尔有反足细胞启动分裂形成细胞团,但进一步发育的方向不清楚,很难形成胚体,未发现助细胞的无配子生殖;③个别极核分裂形成少数类胚乳游离核、游离核集团或胚乳状细胞结构等自发胚乳。胚的形态表现多样,可划分为典型胚、具畸形细胞胚和愈伤组织化胚。但无论哪种胚均是卵细胞孤雌生殖的结果;典型胚的发育和体内正常胚胎发育途径相似;胚囊植株主要经典型胚发育而成。具畸形细胞胚和愈伤组织化的胚很难形成胚囊植株。     

平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)胚囊种类与发生特性

应用石蜡切片技术对结果期平邑甜茶的胚囊发生与形成过程进行了详细观察,以确定胚囊种类和发生特性。结果表明,平邑甜茶胚珠倒生,大孢子母细胞在盛花期前3～5d的花蕾期能减数分裂形成四分体并由合点端的大孢子发育成有性胚囊;到盛花期,多数有性胚囊败育,少数发育为八核胚囊。平邑甜茶的无性胚囊原始细胞始于盛花期前后靠近合点端的珠心细胞,并很快发育为单核无性胚囊,盛花后5～7d的坐果初期形成无性的八核胚囊。无孢子生殖胚囊可以单个发育,也可以多个发生而形成复合胚囊;其原始细胞发生的持续时间为10d左右。