Growth and productivity of potato as influenced by cultivar and reproductive growth: II. Growth analysis,tuber yield and quality

A field experiment was conducted under sub-humid tropical conditions in Ethiopia using determinate cultivars Al-624, Al-436, CIP-388453-3(A) and CIP-388453-3(B) to study the effect of flowering and berry set on the growth, tuber yield, and quality of potato. Three treatments, viz. debudded, flowering, and fruiting plants were compared and standard growth analysis techniques were applied to study the growth pattern. Fruiting plants exhibited reduced leaf area index, tuber growth rate, and partitioning coefficient, but had higher crop growth rates and net assimilation rates. Fruit development reduced total and marketable tuber mass and tuber number without affecting the unmarketable component. Cultivars varied with respect to tuber yield, tuber number, size distribution, specific gravity, dry matter content, and nutrient composition. Fruiting reduced tuber specific gravity and dry matter content while increasing P, K, Mg, Fe, and Mn content of the tubers. Reproductive growth did not affect tuber Ca, S, Cu, and Zn concentrations. The field experiment demonstrated that reproductive growth restricts vegetative growth and reduces tuber yield and dry matter content of potato.     

Blossom-end rot is associated with impairment of sugar metabolism and growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits

Summary

Blossom-end rot (BER) in pepper fruits is known as a “physiological” disease which is evoked by climatic and osmotic stresses (e.g., high temperatures and salinity) and by deficit irrigation management. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in the stimulation of BER are still a matter of dispute. It has been proposed that BER occurs under cultivation conditions that accelerate fruit growth beyond calcium supply to the growing tissue. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis by recording fruit growth and sugar metabolism under normal and BER-inducing conditions.The results showed that pepper fruits grown in a ventilated-cooled greenhouse, which ameliorated BER, had a higher initial growth rate than those grown in a non-cooled greenhouse, but had lower calcium concentrations in the fruit pericarp. Fruits that grew without ventilation-cooling had higher concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic sucrose and reducing sugars, and higher levels of symplastic starch than those that developed in a cooled greenhouse. Concomitantly, fruits that developed in a non-cooled greenhouse had lower acid invertase, sucrose synthase and fructokinase activities than those that developed in a cooled greenhouse. Accordingly, the non-necrotic part of BER-affected fruits had higher concentrations of symplastic starch, reducing sugars and sucrose than healthy fruits. These findings indicate that the occurrence of BER in pepper fruits was associated with impaired sucrose metabolism in fruit tissues, which led to reductions in growth rate and final size. Thus, the present findings negate the notion that BER occurs when fruit growth rate is stimulated, and favour the idea that direct impairment of fruit sugar metabolism and of normal fruit growth are involved.     

设施油桃果实的糖积累与相关酶活性

以设施栽培超红珠油桃为试材,测定了果实发育过程中糖含量及相关代谢酶—酸性转化酶、中性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶及蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,并对果实中糖分积累及与相关酶活性的关系进行了分析。结果表明:在果实发育早期,糖分积累以还原糖即葡萄糖和果糖为主,果实发育后期,以积累蔗糖为主;糖代谢相关酶的活性变化表现为随果实成熟,蔗糖逐渐积累,酸性转化酶活性下降,蔗糖合成酶分解方向酶活性逐渐增强。蔗糖合成酶合成方向酶活性与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性变化相似,果实发育前期酶活性逐渐降低,果实发育中后期酶活性逐渐升高,果实近成熟时酶活性升高较快,此时蔗糖迅速积累。     

The effect of size and quality of potato microtubers on quality of seed potatoes in the cultivar ‘Superior’

Potato microtubers produced in vitro of the cultivar ‘Superior’ were assessed to decide up to what size it can be used for the seed potato with respect to storability, dormancy period, and sprouting vigor. The larger microtubers lost moisture content more slowly and retained firmness longer when stored at 4 °C. In the sprouting test, the larger ones had less period of dormancy and showed more vigorous sprouting ability. The starch increased with increasing size of the microtuber and showed the distribution of about 70–80% of dry matter content. The amounts of sugars were positively co-related with the size of the potato. The internal factors such as dry matter and carbohydrate content reveal that potato microtuber follows the field-grown potatoes in all aspects. The results suggest that the size of microtubers can be used as an index for grading their quality as seed potatoes, and the size of the microtuber should be at least 0.5 g to be used as seed potato.     

马铃薯LK99干物质及养分累积规律研究

通过播前常规施肥、大中微量元素配施(综合养分)处理,研究其对中早熟马铃薯LK99干物质积累,N、P、K、Fe、Zn、Ca的积累、分配等的影响。研究结果表明,大中微量元素配施可明显提高LK99商品薯率和鲜薯产量,随着生育期的推进,LK99植株干物质积累量呈现"慢-快-慢"的"S"形变化规律,而干物质积累速率呈现单峰曲线变化。整个生育期LK99植株对6种养分的吸收呈"慢-快-慢"的单峰变化曲线。养分在各器官中的分配随着生长发育各阶段的推进而变化,生育前期主要分配在叶片和茎秆中,块茎形成以后,随着库的扩大,开始由茎叶向块茎运移。至成熟期,约有90%的N、P、K和80%的Zn是贮存在块茎中。大中微量元素配合施用有利于Fe、Ca在块茎中的贮存。     

加工型马铃薯新品种陇薯17号的选育

陇薯17号是以L0020-14为母本,以D1533为父本,通过有性杂交和系统选育而成的加工型马铃薯新品种。晚熟,生育期132 d(天)左右。植株生长势较强,枝叶繁茂,结薯集中,单株平均结薯5个,商品薯率91%。薯块椭圆形,薯皮网纹,薯肉淡黄色,芽眼浅,薯形好。干物质含量25.66%,粗淀粉19.16%,粗蛋白2.84%,VC 150.9 mg·kg~(-1),还原糖0.128%。每667 m~2产量2 000 kg左右。田间对晚疫病的抗性强于对照陇薯6号。适宜在甘肃省临夏州、定西市等二阴地区栽培。     

萝卜花芽分化过程中茎尖和叶片碳水化合物含量的变化

 以萝卜冬性品种‘一点红’和春性品种‘短叶13’为材料，研究花芽分化过程中茎尖和叶片以及萌动种子碳水化合物含量的变化。萌动种子在5℃下处理20 d，然后在温暖(>15℃)、长日照(16h)下生长，于不同花芽分化时期测定可溶性总糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量。结果表明：在花芽分化期间，无论是茎尖或是叶片，可溶性总糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量的变化趋势在两个品种之间较为接近。随着花芽分化的继续，可溶性总糖含量呈先上升后下降的趋势；蔗糖和淀粉含量则一直呈现上升趋势，在花芽分化完成后再下降。叶片中可溶性总糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量始终低于茎尖。冬性品种的蔗糖和淀粉含量在整个花芽分化期间始终较低，但在花芽分化初期的可溶性总糖含量则高于春性品种。     

马铃薯新品种陇薯9号的选育

陇薯9号是以甘肃省农业科学院马铃薯研究所杂交创新资源材料93-10-237为母本,以大同G-13-1为父本组配杂交,从其杂交组合中经系统定向选择育成的马铃薯新品种。中晚熟,生育期118 d（天）左右。薯块扁圆形,皮肉淡黄,薯皮粗糙,芽眼较浅,大中薯率一般95 %以上。薯块干物质含量26.18 %,淀粉20.39 %,粗蛋白2.840 %,VC 131.8 mg?kg-1,还原糖0.201 %。每667 m2产量1 944.0 kg左右,适宜甘肃省高寒阴湿、二阴地区及半干旱地区推广种植。     

荔枝果实的糖积累与相关酶活性

 以‘糯米糍’和‘妃子笑’两个品种为试材, 对比研究两者在果实发育和成熟过程中假种皮中糖积累和转化及其与糖代谢相关酶类———酸性转化酶(AI) 、中性转化酶(NI) 、蔗糖合成酶(SS) 和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS) 活性的关系。结果表明: 1. 糯米糍荔枝以积累蔗糖为主, 蔗糖/ 还原糖比值约为1. 5 ; 妃子笑荔枝以积累还原糖为主, 蔗糖/ 还原糖比值仅约为0. 4 ; 2. 荔枝糖积累与库活力密切相关, 但不同品种库活力的主要构成酶类不同, 糯米糍主要是SS , 而妃子笑则主要是NI + SS; 3. 不同的糖代谢酶活性决定了糖组分的不同, 积累蔗糖为主的糯米糍具有高的SS 和SPS 活性, 而转化酶活性较低; 以积累还原糖为主的妃子笑的SS 和SPS 活性较低, 而转化酶活性较高。     

菜薹(菜心)生长动态与花茎形成

早熟品种四九菜心与中熟品种 60天特青菜心两个播期试验表明,早熟品种与中熟品种的生育过程略有不同,但两者鲜质量和干质量增长,叶片与叶面积都逐步增加,净同化率也逐步提高,以花薹形成期增长最多,净同化率较高;生育过程中干物质分配以叶片生长占大部分,至花茎形成时仍占一部分,菜薹占的干物质比例则逐渐增加,采收时占植株干物质的 40 % ~50 %。     

亏缺灌溉对设施栽培番茄物质分配及果实品质的影响

在日光温室内以辽园多丽和红玉樱桃番茄为试验材料,设置4个灌水处理,分别间隔2、4、6和8 d浇1次水,均以浇水后土壤水分张力计回零为准。结果表明:亏缺灌溉提高了成熟期番茄果实中的可溶性糖、有机酸含量及糖酸比,同时可增加植株的干物质积累,促进根系生长,但严重亏缺灌溉可明显影响植株上部果实的生长和干物质积累,导致果实的平均单果质量下降。     

Defruiting effect of young Fuyu persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on assimilate partitioning in-season and early growth the next season

Changes in the distribution of dry matter and nonstructural carbohydrates in various parts of young ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki) were examined with 3- and 4-year-old trees with (fruited) and without fruits (defruited). The effect of such changes was then monitored with regard to the magnitude of new growth the following year. From June 15 to November 1, fruiting significantly decreased the rate of dry weight accumulation in perennial parts of the tree. Dry matter was partitioned the most to fruits (68–72%) and the least to the roots. Of the total dry weight, root accounted for 8–27% in fruited and 58–62% in defruited trees. During this period, soluble sugars were three times more in fruited than in defruited trees, but more than 95% of sugars were in the fruits. Starch content increased in defruited trees, more than 93% of which being distributed to the perennial parts. Compared with fruited trees, defruiting in the previous year increased new shoot growth and the number of fruits the following year, with a 20–58% greater increase in dry matter. During the new growth from April 10 to June 10 the following year, root dry weight decreased by 30–32% in defruited trees, whereas it increased by 20–80% in the fruited ones. Soluble sugars in roots decreased by 8.8–19.7 g in defruited trees but increased by 9.7–12.3 g in fruited ones. Starch in roots decreased by 68–75.1 g in defruited trees but increased by 10.2–13.3 g in fruited ones. However, there were no significant differences in soluble sugars and starch in the newly grown parts. It was estimated that a 1-g difference in dry matter accumulated in the previous season resulted in a 116-mg and 256-mg difference in dry weight of newly grown parts, and a 6.5-mm and 17.5-mm new shoot in the following season for 3- and 4-year-old trees, respectively.     

不同水肥配比对加工型马铃薯产量与品质的影响

研究了水肥耦合效应对加工型马铃薯经济性状及品质的影响,结果表明,在最优化水肥处理（每1hm2灌水2520．00m3,施尿素457．50kg,磷酸二氢铵825．00kg,硫酸钾247．50kg）条件下,马铃薯植株株高、茎粗、地上部干质量、块茎质量、单株块茎质量和产量等性状上表现最优,且产品干物质含量最高,还原糖含量最低,维生素C含量最高,马铃薯的品质最佳,更利于对其加工的要求。     

红肉猕猴桃新品种‘红什1号’

‘红什1号’是以‘红阳’猕猴桃为母本,以黄肉大果型材料‘SF1998M’为父本杂交育成的红肉猕猴桃新品种。果实较大,平均单果质量85.5 g,最大95 g,椭圆形;果肉黄色,子房鲜红色,呈放射状,维生素C含量1.47 mg·g~(-1),总糖12.01%,总酸1.30 g·kg~(-1),可溶性固形物含量17.6%,干物质含量22.8%;风味好,甜酸适度,香气浓郁。     

Tuber dry-matter accumulation of Zantedeschia in response to temperature and photosynthetic photon flux

Summary

Dry-matter accumulation and partitioning in plants of Zantedeschia ‘Best Gold’ were quantified under a range of temperature and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) regimes using plant growth analysis. Initiation of tuber growth did not require an obligate environmental trigger. Under both PPF regimes, relative growth rate of the tuber (RGR_t) increased linearly with increasing temperature (13 to 28°C) up to a maximum at 28°C, with a base temperature of 3.2 ± 1.1°C. Optimum temperature for tuber growth was found to be PPF dependent, but maximum tuber dry mass was calculated as occurring under low PPF (348 µmol m^–2 s^–1) at 24.5 ± 0.1°. Mechanisms of acclimation under both PPF regimes suggested that tuber growth was principally source limited. Source limitation was expressed either in terms of: 1) enhanced inter-sink competition for assimilates, as occurred under the low PPF regime, where leaf area development was in direct competition with tuber growth (RGR_t) or, 2) efficiency of dry-matter accumulation by the leaf area present, as occurred under the high PPF regime, where large increases in RGR_t were correlated with increased net assimilation rate (NAR). Use of the daily increment of dry matter into tuber tissue (TMP) provided a more sensitive measure of short-term changes in partitioning than the conventionally used term, harvest index.     

Carbohydrate changes in kiwifruit buds during the onset and release from dormancy

Carbohydrates were measured in axillary bud meristems from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson cultivar Hayward) to determine whether concentrations changed during winter dormancy. Buds were collected from kiwifruit vines growing in four sites, which spanned the climatic range that kiwifruit are grown in New Zealand, and from vines where the time of budbreak had been manipulated using hydrogen cyanamide. During winter, sugars comprised 78% of measured carbohydrates in meristems, with sucrose accounting for more than 86% of sugars detected (up to 200 mg g DW⁻¹). Starch concentrations in bud meristems showed little change during winter. Meristem sucrose and hexose concentrations increased rapidly from autumn until mid-winter, and this was correlated with leaf abscission. Sugar accumulation ceased in mid-winter and concentrations remained stable until spring, suggesting that bud meristem activity was low. Four weeks before visible bud movement, a marked decline in sucrose and increase in hexose concentrations, indicated activity in the meristems had increased prior to budbreak. The patterns of seasonal change and peak sucrose concentrations in meristems were similar at all sites. The only difference was in the timing of events, with changes in meristem sugars occurring earliest in vines growing at the coolest site, coinciding with their earlier cessation of and resumption of vine growth. Advancing budbreak, by applying hydrogen cyanamide to vines in late winter, also advanced changes in sugar concentrations within meristems. This work suggests that the concentration of sucrose in kiwifruit bud meristems has utility as an indicator of whether they are being induced into, maintained or released from winter dormancy.     

水旱生态环境对芋品质性状的影响

以多子芋3个品种群共11个品种为材料,研究水旱生态环境对芋品质性状的影响,结果表明：旱地环境中的干物质和淀粉含量明显高于水田中的含量,粗蛋白则为水田中的含量明显高于旱地中的含量,水旱两种生态环境中的可溶性糖含量相近。水旱生态环境对多子芋干物质、淀粉和粗蛋白含量的影响都达极显著差异,对可溶性糖含量的影响差异不显著。水旱生态环境对乌绿柄品种群的品质性状影响最大,对红紫柄品种群的品质性状影响其次,对绿柄品种群品质影响最小。在水旱两种生态环境中,干物质、淀粉和粗蛋白的含量都是乌绿柄品种群最高,红紫柄品种群其次,绿柄品种群最低,可溶性糖含量则是绿柄品种群最高。     

Factors Governing Fruit Bud Formation.: VIII. The Seasonal Elongation Growth of Apple Varieties on Some Vegetative Rootstocks; and its Possible Relation to Fruit Bud Formation.

Summary

The moisture, dry matter and soluble sugar composition of Vitis vinifera L. advanced selections of dry-on-the-vine raisins were determined over several seasons. Moisture loss from post-veraison berries occurred in a graduated stepwise manner, with a rapid decline from an initial 86±2% to 60±5% 108 d from first bloom, a slower loss and a final accelerated loss to 25±4% after 151 days from first flowering. The pattern of dry-matter accumulation was similar in large, medium, or small berries but dry matter was higher in large (0.65±0.04 g dry wt. per berry) than medium (0.52±0.03 g dry wt. per berry) or small (0.36±0.03 g dry wt. per berry raisin). Incipient browning was seen with raisin formation at the distal berry region with a higher sugar concentration than in the proximal (pedicel) region. Sucrose in the raisins exhibited two maxima, one (1.4±0.2 mg g^–1 fresh wt.) 96 d from first bloom, and a second (2.4±0.4 mg g^–1 fresh wt) 123 d after first bloom, with each maximum occurring before the rise in glucose, fructose, and sorbitol, and decreasing as these sugars increased. Sorbitol was not detected initially in mature berries, but increased in raisins. It was proposed that sorbitol or its biosynthetic enzyme might be useful for determining raisin harvest. Raffinose and sucrose contents of the peduncle were higher than raisins and may indicate a role of these sugars in the physiology of the peduncle.     

魔芋新品种‘秦魔1号’

‘秦魔1号’是采用系统选育法从岚皋花魔芋农家种群体选育出的新品种。株形紧凑,平均产量达22.75 t ? hm-2,较当地农家品种增产29.04%。鲜魔芋含干物质21.21%,干物质中含葡甘聚糖57.77%,生育期约160 d。适宜在秦巴山区海拔700 ~ 1 200 m区域的山区种植。