甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯对二斑叶螨实验种群的亚致死效应

在室内研究了甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯亚致死剂量对二斑叶螨实验种群成螨和卵的影响。结果表明,甲氰菊酯亚致死剂量LC10处理成螨后,二斑叶螨的卵期、幼螨期、若螨期、成螨期及寿命均显著缩短,处理卵后各发育历期均显著低于对照;亚致死剂量LC20处理成螨后二斑叶螨的卵期、若螨期、成螨期及寿命均显著缩短,处理卵后各发育历期均低于对照,处理后F1代种群的内禀增长率rm由0.191 9增至0.193 4～0.205 9,对种群有刺激增殖作用。螺螨酯亚致死剂量LC10处理成螨后,卵期、若螨期显著延期长,处理卵后卵期、若螨期、产卵前期均长于对照;亚致死剂量LC20处理成螨后卵期、幼螨期显著延长,处理卵后卵期、若螨期、产卵前期均长于对照,螺螨酯两亚致死剂量处理成螨和卵后成螨期和寿命均缩短,处理后F1代种群的内禀增长率rm由0.191 9降低至0.149 9～0.150 8,对种群有抑制作用。     

亚致死浓度阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨种群发育的影响

于室内条件下研究了亚致死浓度阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨种群发育的影响。采用Potter喷雾法测得阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨成螨的亚致死浓度（LC10和LC30）,并通过生命表方法研究了阿维菌素LC10和LC30浓度处理荔枝叶螨对其生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:用阿维菌素LC10和LC30浓度处理荔枝叶螨后,与对照相比,其F0代产卵量分别减少79.16%和71.83%,雌成螨寿命亦均明显缩短。F1代幼螨期、产卵前期与对照相比均无显著差异,但卵孵化期、前若螨期、后若螨期均显著延长,其中LC30浓度处理后分别延长41.4%、39.4%和36.1%;F1代产卵量降低、产卵期缩短,其子代雌性比提高;F1代内禀增长率均降低,分别为0.127 3和0.075 8,而对照为0.132 3;世代平均历期缩短,种群倍增时间延长;净生殖率和周限增长率均降低。表明亚致死浓度阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨种群增长有一定的抑制作用。     

阿维菌素亚致死剂量对虚伪新小绥螨的影响

阿维菌素是目前常用的杀虫杀螨剂。本研究利用生命表技术,室内评价了阿维菌素亚致死剂量对虚伪新小绥螨成螨生长发育及生殖的影响。通过阿维菌素亚致死剂量(LC30、LC20和LC10)处理虚伪新小绥螨成螨后,平均每雌产卵量分别为29.11、34.25、45.81粒;每雌日均产卵量分别为0.73、0.99、1.50粒,平均每雌产卵量LC20和LC30与对照(53.89粒)有显著差别,每雌日均产卵量3个处理与对照(2.43粒)均有显著差别,而对后代的雌雄性比影响没有显著差异。阿维菌素亚致死剂量对次代的发育历期影响主要表现为产卵前期的延长,产卵期和产卵后期缩短,但对整体平均寿命影响不显著。生殖生命表的结果显示,阿维菌素会降低虚伪新小绥螨的发育速率,其净增殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)下降,而平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)增长。通过对次代存活率和种群生命期望指数的分析,结果表明,LC10和LC30处理的虚伪新小绥螨中有近40%个体的存活时间较对照有显著的延长,且LC10和LC30处理后虚伪新小绥螨的种群期望指数均显著高于对照。综上所述,阿维菌素对虚伪新小绥螨的生殖能力存在一定的负面影响,但对于虚伪新小绥螨的个体发育影响与对照相比影响不大。该结论为利用阿维菌素开发耐药性(抗药性)的虚伪新小绥螨提供了理论依据。     

山楂叶螨抗药性及混配增效作用

采用载玻片浸渍法测定了山西省忻州、晋中、运城地区山楂叶螨种群对9种杀螨剂的抗药性水平.测定结果表明:忻州地区种群对甲氰菊酯和三氯杀螨醇表现中抗,抗性指数FR分别为17.79和31.93倍,对水胺硫磷和毒死蜱表现低抗,FR值分别为7.74和5.35倍;晋中地区种群对水胺硫磷、甲氰菊酯和三氯杀螨醇均表现中抗,FR值为22.42～33.00倍,而运城地区种群对这3种药剂产生了高抗,FR值分别为135.05、41.53和1714.01倍;运城地区种群对毒死蜱表现中抗,FR值为34.49倍;晋中和运城地区种群对双甲脒表现低抗,FR值分别为5.15和6.89倍;3个种群对阿维菌素、苯丁锡、三唑锡和四螨嗪仍相对敏感.混配增效作用测定结果表明,阿维菌素与甲氰菊酯1:20、1:10、1:5组合以及阿维菌素与三氯杀螨醇1:20、1:10组合均具有明显增效作用,共毒系数为189.63～363.30,其中阿维菌素与甲氰菊酯1:20和1:10组合以及阿维菌素与三氯杀螨醇1:20组合是比较理想的混配组合.     

柑橘全爪螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性选育及交互抗性

通过室内抗性品系选育,研究了柑橘全爪螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性发展情况,并就其与柑橘园常用11种杀螨剂的交互抗性进行了分析。结果表明:在柑橘全爪螨19代中用甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素分别不连续汰选16次和11次后,柑橘全爪螨对两者的抗性分别为29.92和3.80倍;甲氰菊酯抗性品系(FeR)对哒螨灵、三氯杀螨醇和三唑锡产生了明显的交互抗性,阿维菌素抗性品系(AbR)对甲维盐产生了明显的交互抗性。试验结果可为柑橘全爪螨抗性治理提供参考。     

朱砂叶螨对两种杀螨剂的抗性遗传力及风险评估

在室内抗性培育的基础上,应用数量遗传学中的域性状分析法研究了朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素两种杀螨剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对两种药剂在不同杀死率下,朱砂叶螨抗性发展的速率进行了预测。结果表明,用甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素分别连续汰选16、18代后,朱砂叶螨对两者的抗性分别为28.61和4.36倍,抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2685和0.1385。在室内选择条件下,杀死率为50％～90％时,要获得10倍抗性,甲氰菊酯需要约13～6代,阿维菌素需要约28～13代。生物源农药阿维菌素的抗性风险明显低于菊酯类药剂甲氰菊酯。试验结果为朱砂叶螨抗性治理提供了理论依据。     

二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗药性及对18种杀螨剂交互抗性

采自甘肃兰州兴隆山公园的二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae Koch),用雌雄单系培养敏感品系(S),用螺螨酯处理二斑叶螨种群培养抗性品系(SP R),用室内生测法对二斑叶螨S和SP R品系进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性发展初期较慢,中期稳定,后期较快,选育至26代抗性指数(RI)达58.83。SP R对甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯有一定的交互抗性,RI分别为11.54和10.03;对苯丁锡、四螨嗪、苦皮藤生物碱、阿维菌素、氯氟氰菊酯、哒螨&#8226;四螨嗪、哒&#8226;水胺硫磷、三唑锡、三氯杀螨醇、哒螨灵、氧化乐果无交互抗性(1＜RI<5.00);对浏阳霉素、毒死蜱、噻螨酮、柴油、哒螨灵、唑螨酯可能存在负交互抗性(RI<1)。     

8种杀螨剂对苹果树红蜘蛛田间防效评价

对8种不同作用机理杀螨剂防治苹果树红蜘蛛的效果进行了田间试验。结果表明：三唑锡、炔螨特、哒螨灵、阿维菌素、唑螨酯、螺螨酯、双甲脒、甲氰菊酯均是防治苹果树红蜘蛛的有效药剂,以螺螨酯的总体防效最好。     

苹果红蜘蛛常用单剂及复配制剂的药效比较试验

针对苹果红蜘蛛的田间药效试验表明:2种四螨嗪混剂:阿维菌素·四螨嗪26%悬浮剂和哒螨灵·四螨嗪16%可湿性粉剂10d防效为:99.38%、97.16%;4个单剂:阿维菌素1.8%微乳剂、四螨嗪20%悬浮剂、三唑锡20%悬浮剂、哒螨灵15%乳油10d防效分别为:94.28%、92.72%、89.83%、88.88%。4个单剂中,阿维菌素1.8%微乳剂和四螨嗪20%悬浮剂对苹果红蜘蛛防效和持效效果相当,2种混合制剂总体看防效和持效好于单剂。     

山西省苹果园山楂叶螨对5种杀虫剂抗药性监测

为了明确山西省苹果园山楂叶螨(Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher)对化学杀虫剂的抗性现状及发展趋势,本文采用玻片浸渍法建立了山楂叶螨相对敏感种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感基线,连续3年(2013-2015年)监测了采自山西省苹果主产区运城苹果园的山楂叶螨对5种杀虫剂的抗性水平及变化动态。监测结果表明:田间监测种群对阿维菌素和三唑锡均处于敏感性下降及低水平抗性阶段,对哒螨灵和噻螨酮的抗性由低水平抗性升至中等水平抗性,对炔螨特处于低水平抗性。田间防治山楂叶螨时,哒螨灵与噻螨酮应淘汰不再使用,阿维菌素、三唑锡、炔螨特则应注意减少用药量及轮换用药,以延缓产生更高水平的抗药性。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.