Role of deep cloud convection in the ozone budget of the troposphere

Convective updrafts in thunderstorms prolong the lifetime of ozone (O(3)) and its anthropogenic precursor NOx [nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO(2))] by carrying these gases rapidly upward from the boundary layer into a regime where the O(3) production efficiency is higher, chemical destruction is slower, and surface deposition is absent. On the other hand, the upper troposphere is relatively rich in O(3) and NOx from natural sources such as downward transport from the stratosphere and lightning; convective overturning conveys the O(3) and NOx toward the Earth's surface where these components are more efficiently removed from the atmosphere. Simulations with a three-dimensional global model suggest that the net result of these counteractive processes is a 20 percent overall reduction in total tropospheric O(3). However, the net atmospheric oxidation efficiency is enhanced by 10 to 20 percent.     

The seasonal evolution of reactive chlorine in the northern hemisphere stratosphere

In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide (ClO) at mid- and high northern latitudes are reported for the period October 1991 to February 1992. As early as mid-December and throughout the winter, significant enhancements of this ozone-destroying radical were observed within the polar vortex shortly after temperatures dropped below 195 k. Decreases in ClO observed in February were consistent with the rapid formation of chlorine nitrate (ClONO(2)) by recombination of ClO with nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) released photochemically from nitric acid (HNO(3)). Outside the vortex, ClO abundances were higher than in previous years as a result of NOx suppression by heterogeneous reactions on sulfate aerosols enhanced by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.     

新型硝化抑制剂NP对黑土无机氮转化的影响

研究新型硝化抑制剂2-氯-6(三氯甲基)吡啶微胶囊(NP)对黑土中无机氮(NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N))转化的影响,从而筛选出适宜黑土的最佳施用量,可为进一步的生产实践提供理论支持。采用室内培养的试验方法,在土壤含水量为田间持水量的65%、温度25℃条件下,设不施肥、单施尿素、尿素+0.5%硝化抑制剂、尿素+1%硝化抑制剂、尿素+3%硝化抑制剂5个处理,其中,施肥处理的N使用量均为0.6 g/kg(土),硝化抑制剂的使用量为纯N用量的比例,测定了NP不同用量对土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N和NO2--N含量以及p H值的影响,并评价了NP的抑制效果。结果表明:施用NP处理的土壤NH4+-N含量均显著单施尿素处理,NO3--N和NO2--N含量均显著单施尿素处理;土壤NH4+-N含量与土壤p H值呈正相关;NP不同用量处理的土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N和NO2--N含量以及p H值差异均不显著;NP显著抑制了土壤NH4+-N向NO2--N的转化,进而降低了土壤NO3--N的含量。综合评价,推荐NP的使用量为纯N用量的0.5%。     

水稻增硝营养的生理与分子生物学机制

 前人对水稻氮（N）营养的研究主要侧重在铵（NH4+）营养而忽略了对硝（NO3－）营养的研究。但值得注意的是,水稻根系能分泌氧气（O2）,这些O2能被硝化微生物利用,从而将NH4+氧化成NO3－。因此,即便是完全淹水,水稻根系也是处于铵、硝混合营养中。本文首先论述了水稻根际的硝化作用及增硝营养的可行性,然后提出增硝营养可促进水稻根系生长、氮素吸收和同化,并阐述了目前增硝营养条件下硝酸盐转运蛋白、铵转运蛋白和基因芯片的分子生物学研究进展,并提出水稻对增硝营养的响应度强弱可能是水稻品种氮素效率差异性的因子之一,最后提出了今后在水稻增硝营养方面的研究方向。     

水分胁迫和氮素形态对水稻生长影响的研究

六福A（籼型不育系）尧丰优2 号（籼型三系杂交稻）尧连粳11 号（粳型常规稻）等3 种不同品种水稻在不 同水分胁迫和不同形式的氮素的影响下、观察分析其幼苗产生的一些变化。结果表明院不同品种水稻的叶部和根部 的硝态氮的含量、均随着营养液中硝态氮含量的增加而增加。一定的水分胁迫（10%PEG 溶液）可以较为明显地增加 叶部和根部中硝态氮的含量。氨态氮则与硝态氮有相同的反趋势;一定程度上的水分胁迫对根系的生长是有利的、 导致的根系的生长加快、但各品种水稻的增幅有所不同。     

黄土高原地区农田土壤的硝态氮残留及其生态效应

根据文献资料，分析了黄土高原地区农田土壤残留氮素的形态、数量、分布、影响因素及其生态效应，提出了调控土壤氮素残留需进一步研究解决的问题。     

Air-snow interactions and atmospheric chemistry

The presence of snow greatly perturbs the composition of near-surface polar air, and the higher concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) observed result in a greater oxidative capacity of the lower atmosphere. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid, light aldehydes, acetone, and molecular halogens have also been detected. Photolysis of nitrate ions contained in the snow appears to play an important role in creating these perturbations. OH formed in the snowpack can oxidize organic matter and halide ions in the snow, producing carbonyl compounds and halogens that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into snow crystals. These reactions modify the composition of the snow, of the interstitial air, and of the overlying atmosphere. Reconstructing the composition of past atmospheres from ice-core analyses may therefore require complex corrections and modeling for reactive species.     

流动注射化学发光法检测卷烟主流烟气中的氮氧化物

[目的]探讨一种流动注射化学发光法间接测定卷烟主流烟气中氮氧化物（NOx）的方法。[方法]将NOx用氢氧化钠（NaOH）溶液吸收定量生成亚硝酸根（NO2-），在酸性条件下与过氧化氢（H2O2）反应，其产物与鲁米诺发生很强的化学发光反应，用流动注射化学发光分析仪根据化学发光强度测定卷烟主流烟气中的NO。含量。[结果]建立了一种新的卷烟主流烟气中的NOx鲁米诺一过氧化氢化学发光分析体系：H2O2浓度1．0×10^-3g/ml，硫酸浓度0．01mol／L，氢氧化钠浓度0．10mol／L溶液配制发光液，鲁米诺浓度为1．0×10^-3mol/L。方法的检出限为1．2×10^-5g/L，相对标准偏差〈3．00％。样品分析结果表明，烤烟型卷烟NOx含量普遍较混合型低，与烤烟型卷烟舍亚硝酸盐较低的规律比较吻合。[结论]流动注射化学发光法适用于卷烟主流烟气中的NOx的定量分析。     

Evaluation of the Role of Mixed Amino Acids in Nitrate Uptake and Assimilation in Leafy Radish by Using 15N-Labeled Nitrate

In this paper, the role of mixed amino acids in nitrate uptake and assimilation was evaluated in leafy radish by using ^15N labeled nitrate. The mixtures of alanine, β-alanine, aspartic acid, asparagines, glutamic acid, glutamine, and glycine were sprayed to plant leaf two or four times. The activity of the enzymes related to the process of NO3- reduction （nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase） was affected differently depending on the application rate of mixed amino acids. Applying mixed amino acids increased the fresh weight, dry weight, and N yield. The NO3 content was reduced to 24-38%, but no significant differences were observed in amino acids and proteins. In addition, the nitrogen derived from fertilizer and the ^15N-NO3-recovery rate increased to 2-8% and 15-47%, respectively. These results strongly suggest that the positive effect of mixed amino acids on nitrate uptake and assimilation might be attributed to the regulation on NO3- uptake and assimilation, but not to the preference for amino acids as sources of reduced nitrogen.     

Removal of Stratospheric O3 by Radicals: In Situ Measurements of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, ClO, and BrO

Simultaneous in situ measurements of the concentrations of OH, HO(2), ClO, BrO, NO, and NO(2) demonstrate the predominance of odd-hydrogen and halogen free-radical catalysis in determining the rate of removal of ozone in the lower stratosphere during May 1993. A single catalytic cycle, in which the rate-limiting step is the reaction of HO(2) with ozone, accounted for nearly one-half of the total O(3) removal in this region of the atmosphere. Halogen-radical chemistry was responsible for approximately one-third of the photochemical removal of O(3); reactions involving BrO account for one-half of this loss. Catalytic destruction by NO(2), which for two decades was considered to be the predominant loss process, accounted for less than 20 percent of the O(3) removal. The measurements demonstrate quantitatively the coupling that exists between the radical families. The concentrations of HO(2) and ClO are inversely correlated with those of NO and NO(2). The direct determination of the relative importance of the catalytic loss processes, combined with a demonstration of the reactions linking the hydrogen, halogen, and nitrogen radical concentrations, shows that in the air sampled the rate of O(3) removal was inversely correlated with total NOx, loading.     

辽宁大凌河流域草甸土土壤硝态氮运移及合理施肥调控

通过设计不同施氮方式,研究辽宁大凌河流域耕型壤质草甸土大田玉米土壤硝态氮（NO3-N）运移动态,并讨论了氮肥的经济环保施用方式。结果表明,土壤NO3-N含量随氮肥用量的增加而增加,同等施氮量条件下,土壤NO3-N含量表现为化肥处理〉秸秆还田处理〉缓控释肥料处理。随着不同生育期根系对养分的需求,各层土壤可自动调节NO3-N向上向下双向运移。生育前期下层土壤中的NO3-N会向上运移,后期则向下运移。秸秆还田处理可以增加土壤对NO3-N的固持能力,阻止NO3-N向地下部迁移,减少地下水污染的危险。缓控释肥料的使用达到了养分持续释放的效果,并将养分释放的最高峰值推后30d,及时满足籽实成熟期养分供应。缓控释肥料处理的产量最高,土壤NO3-N有累积但最少,对环境负面影响也少,但存在向下运移的趋势。秸秆还田处理产量与传统施肥处理产量相近,能增加土壤中NO3-N含量并能阻止向下运移。     

氮素形态对兴安落叶松幼苗的营养效应

采用水培试验方法,以兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)幼苗为供试材料,研究兴安落叶松幼苗对氨基酸态氮(甘氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸)、铵态氮(硫酸铵)、硝态氮(硝酸钙)的吸收与响应特性。结果表明:氨基酸态氮和铵态氮对兴安落叶松幼苗的生长及干物质积累的促进作用明显好于硝态氮。氨基酸态氮比无机态氮更能有效提高幼苗体内N、P、K养分质量分数,甘氨酸、谷氨酸对兴安落叶松幼苗铵态氮的供应能力与硫酸铵等效,赖氨酸态氮次之。氨基酸态氮和铵态氮对兴安落叶松幼苗硝态氮的供应无明显效果。供应氨基酸态氮和硝态氮后,营养液pH值显著升高;供应铵态氮,营养液pH值显著下降。     

模拟水分胁迫条件下水稻的氮素营养特征

在正常及PEG模拟水分胁迫条件下研究水稻对不同质量比例(100／0，75／25，50／50，25／75和0／100)铵态氮/硝态氮处理的响应特征。结果表明，两种培养条件下，水稻均在NH4^ -N和NO3^--N混合营养时生长更好，氮素养分吸收更多；正常培养的水稻幼苗在NH4% -N／NO3^--N为75／25时生长最好，而模拟水分胁迫培养则以25／75处理生长最好；模拟水分胁迫处理显著促进水稻对NO3^--N的吸收并抑制NH4^ -N的吸收；正常培养条件下，NH4^ -N／NO3^-N为75／25时水稻幼苗可获得最高的水分生产效率，而模拟水分胁迫培养的幼苗水分生产效率随NO3^-N施用比例增加而提高。     

同一氮素水平不同NO_3~-/NH_4~+对NRA和GSA的影响

为确定硝态氮和氨态氮的最佳配方,以达到氮肥的最佳调控,试验研究了不同的NO3-/NH4+对甜菜同化关键酶的影响。结果表明,在整个生育期间,同一氮素水平、不同比例的NO3-/NH4+的NRA变化趋势与单一施硝态氮、氨态氮的NRA变化趋势一致,在生育前期较高,而后下降。但不同比例的NO3-/NH4+的NR活力不同,以NO3-/NH4+为3∶1的NR活力最高,而以NO3-/NH4+为0∶4的NR活力最低。在根和叶片中,不同比例的NO3-/NH4+的GS活力变化不同,在叶片中GS活力随NO3-比例增加而增加,但在根中,GS活力则随NH4+的比例增加而增加。     

不同水氮管理对蔬菜地硝态氮淋洗的影响

 通过3年（1999～2001）的田间定位试验研究了中国北方露地蔬菜种植中不同水氮管理方式对蔬菜地NO3--N淋洗的影响。结果表明，在蔬菜生长期内，通过减少灌溉水量不但能够降低蔬菜地水分渗漏量，而且明显降低蔬菜地NO3--N淋洗量。减少施氮量同样明显降低蔬菜地NO3--N淋洗量。说明在蔬菜生产中将施氮量降低到传统施氮量的20%～40%，土壤含水量保持在蔬菜生长的有效土壤含水量的50%～80%，能够明显降低NO3--N的淋洗风险，且蔬菜产量未受到影响。     

不同氮素形态配比对生菜生长、品质和保护酶活性的影响

研究了4种氮素形态配比(NO3^--N^2NH4^ -N分别为100：0,75：25,50：50和0：100)对生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、品质和叶片保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着氮素中氨态氮比例的增加,地上部和根的鲜重、干重逐渐降低,叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶片含水量均显著降低,而根冠比则随着氨态氮比例的增加而上升;不同氮素形态配比处理对地上部生长的影响在定植10d后才表现出显著差异。随着氮素中氨态氮比例的增加,SOD和POD活性逐渐增加,完全氨态氮处理下SOD和POD活性最高。定植后13d内各处理叶片中的(MDA含量无显著差异,其后对于完全氨态氮处理和NO3^--N^2NH4^ -N为50：50处理,MDA含量迅速增加。完全硝态氮处理下硝酸盐含量最高,随着氨态氮比例的增加,生菜中硝酸盐含量逐渐降低,NO3^--N^2NH4^ -N为75：25处理下的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量最高。     

宁夏扬黄新灌区春小麦氮营养诊断及追肥推荐量

通过田间试验研究了反射仪法和 Nmin法在宁夏扬黄新灌区春小麦氮营养诊断中的应用。结果表明 ,拔节期可作为春小麦氮营养诊断时期 ;确定了春小麦用 2种方法进行氮素营养诊断的硝酸盐临界值分别为2 4 41 .1 5mg/ kg( NO3- ) (反射仪法 )和 50 .39kg/ hm2 ( NO3- ) (土壤 Nmin法 )。同时由土壤 Nmin、植株硝酸盐诊断 ,建立了追肥推荐施肥模型     

遮光下外源水杨酸对韭菜硝酸盐还原同化效应的研究

【目的】通过研究不同光强下外源水杨酸（SA）对韭菜叶片硝酸盐（NO3-）累积、氮代谢关键酶活性、光系统II电子传递速率（ETR）及主要氨基酸和可溶性蛋白合成的调控效应,以期明确遮光水平下SA对硝酸盐还原同化的影响。【方法】以韭菜品种‘新世纪雪韭’为供试材料,在前期试验工作基础上,采用显著降低韭菜硝酸盐累积的3.0 mmol•L-1 SA对韭菜叶面进行喷施处理,设自然光（900-1 050 μmol•m-2•s-1）和遮光（40%自然光）2种光照强度,分析SA对韭菜硝酸盐累积及NO3-还原同化的影响。【结果】SA处理缓解了遮光水平下韭菜叶片氮代谢关键酶硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)和谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶（GPT）活性的降低,显著降低了硝酸盐的累积,其中,与弱光对照相比,SA处理下GOT活性和GPT增幅较明显,分别为23.7%和12.3%;SA处理还显著提高了弱光下叶片的全氮含量和干物率,但叶绿素含量和光系统间电子传递速率ETR的增幅不大;另外,SA处理增加了弱光下韭菜叶片多数游离氨基酸组分的含量,效果最为显著的为色氨酸和丝氨酸,分别比对照提高了89.8%和50.6%;并且提高了游离氨基酸总量和可溶性蛋白含量,但降低了游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白比值A/P。【结论】弱光降低了韭菜氮素同化能力和物质生产能力,而SA处理促进了弱光下韭菜叶片氮代谢中硝酸盐的还原和铵的同化,同时调动转氨作用的积极协同配合,促进了硝态氮转化为游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白,这可能是遮光下SA降低韭菜硝酸盐累积的一个重要原因。     

营养液铵硝比对砂培韭菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响

[目的]研究不同铵硝比营养液对韭菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响。[方法]2008～2009年,对日光温室内砂培的2年生韭菜,分别浇施总氮量相同、铵硝比为0∶100,15∶85,30∶70,45∶55和60∶40的营养液。[结果]提高营养液铵硝比不仅大幅度降低了韭菜硝酸盐含量,而且显著地提高了春季韭菜的总产量。铵硝混合营养处理的韭菜硝酸盐含量极显著低于纯硝营养,铵硝比60∶40和45∶55处理的韭菜硝酸盐含量最低,均比纯硝营养降低了59.8%;铵硝比45∶55和30∶70处理的韭菜总产量显著高于纯硝营养,分别增产22.4%和14.0%。铵硝比对单茬韭菜产量的影响因收获时期不同而异,增铵对提高第1茬产量的作用最大、对第3茬无明显作用。[结论]45∶55和30∶70是适合韭菜砂培的营养液铵硝比。