黄土丘陵区川道地种植业结构分析与效益评价

选取10个具有代表性的川道地村为研究对象,对种植业用地结构、系统生产力、产值结构、系统稳定性和种植业效益进行了动态分析,结果表明:研究区退耕还林还草效果显著,坡地明显减少,林草地明显增加,种植业用地结构由坡地与川道地为主转变为以川道地为主;种植业结构调整初见成效,由粮食与经济作物为主转变为粮食与蔬菜特别是保护地蔬菜为主的种植结构,蔬菜已成为种植业收入的最主要来源,产值结构趋于平衡,系统稳定性有所提高;种植业产投比较低,种植业已步入高投入、高产出的发展轨道,基本实现了农业增产与农民增收,种植业效益有待提高。     

区域模型在黄土高原丘陵区尺度转换研究中的应用

针对黄土高原的土地可持续利用研究方法中的尺度转换研究需要,利用较为先进的土地情景利用规划思路与土壤侵蚀与生产力测算模型APEX(AgriculturalPolicy/EnvironmentaleXtender),对于黄土高原区域综合治理典型面积为8.27km2的纸坊沟流域土地利用结构进行了模拟计算。结果表明,模型模拟计算的水土流失量与实际观测量的误差小于10%,5年加权平均的作物模拟产量与实测值的差异不显著。据此计算了55km2县南沟不同轮作方式、不同耕作措施等生产设计所产生的不同结果,并经由计算结果做出比较分析。     

Attribution analysis based on Budyko hypothesis for land evapotranspiration change in the Loess Plateau,China

Land evapotranspiration (ET) is an important process connecting soil, vegetation and the atmosphere, especially in regions that experience shortage in precipitation. Since 1999, the implementation of a large-scale vegetation restoration project has significantly improved the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau in China. However, the quantitative assessment of the contribution of vegetation restoration projects to long-term ET is still in its infancy. In this study, we investigated changes in land ET and associated driving factors from 1982to 2014 in the Loess Plateau using Budyko-based partial differential methods. Overall, annual ET slightly increased by 0.28 mm/a and there were no large fluctuations after project implementation. An attribution analysis showed that precipitation was the driving factor of inter-annual variability of land ET throughout the study period; the average impacts of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and vegetation restoration on ET change were 61.5%, 11.5% and 26.9%, respectively. These results provide an improved understanding of the relationship between vegetation condition change and climate variation on terrestrial ET in the study area and can support future decision-making regarding water resource availability.     

气象因子对黄土高原间套作豌豆和春小麦叶片水势的影响

在甘肃省农业科学院会宁农业试验站,对春小麦和豌豆间套作模式下,不同气象因子对春小麦和豌豆叶水势的影响进行了田间对比观测。结果表明:在半干旱地区,春小麦和豌豆的叶水势与气象因子的关系在不同生育期的表达式不同,与大气温度呈线性关系,与太阳辐射、大气相对湿度、大气水势均呈二次方程模型,与综合气象因子也呈良好的线性关系。不同气象因子对作物叶水势影响的通径分析表明,影响春小麦叶水势日变化作用最强的气象因子是大气水势,其次是大气相对湿度、大气温度和太阳辐射。大气相对湿度、大气温度和太阳辐射对春小麦叶水势日变化的直接影响小于它们通过大气水势的间接影响。对豌豆叶水势日变化直接影响最大的气象因子是大气温度,其次是大气水势、太阳辐射和大气相对湿度。大气水势、太阳辐射和大气相对湿度的直接通径系数均小于各自通过大气温度的间接通径系数,这三者对豌豆叶水势日变化的直接影响小于它们通过大气温度的间接影响。     

Effects of vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment reduction in typical grasslands on the Loess Plateau,China

Vegetation near-soil-surface factors can protect topsoil from erosion, however, their contributions to the reduction of soil erosion, especially under natural rainfall events, have not been systematically recognized. This study was performed to quantify the effects of near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment under natural rainfall events on grasslands dominated by Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng(BI grassland) and Artemisia gmelinii Thunb.(AG grassland) in two typical watersheds on the ...     

Changes in diversity,composition and assembly processes of soil microbial communities during Robinia pseudoacacia L. restoration on the Loess Plateau,China

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (RP) restoration has increased vegetation cover in semi-arid regions on the Loess Plateau of China, but ecological problems have also occurred due to RP restoration, such as reduced soil moisture. Further, it is still uncertain how microbial diversity, composition and assembly processes change with RP restoration in semi-arid regions. Therefore, amplicon sequencing of small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genes was performed to study soil bacterial and fungal diversity, composition and assembly processes at four study sites with different stand ages of RP plantations (Y10, RP plantation with stand ages less than 10 a; Y15, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 15 a; Y25, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 25 a; and Y40, RP plantation with stand ages approximately 40 a) along a 40-a chronosequence on the Loess Plateau. The diversity of soil bacteria and fungi increased significantly during the restoration period from 10 to 15 a (P<0.05). However, compared with Y15, bacterial diversity was lower at Y25 and Y40, and fungal diversity remained stable during the restoration period between 25 and 40 a. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Ascomycota increased during the restoration period from 10 to 15 a. Conversely, after 15 a of restoration, they both decreased, whereas the relative abundances of Actinomycetes, Acidobacteria and Basidiomycota gradually increased. The variations in soil bacterial communities were mainly related to changes in soil total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and moisture contents, while soil fungal communities were mainly shaped by soil organic carbon and nitrate nitrogen contents. Bacterial communities were structured by the heterogeneous selection and stochastic process, while fungal communities were structured primarily by the stochastic process. The RP restoration induced an increase in the relative importance of heterogeneous selection on bacterial communities. Overall, this study reveals the changes in microbial diversity, community composition and assembly processes with RP restoration on the Loess Plateau and provides a new perspective on the effects of vegetation restoration on soil microbial communities in semi-arid regions.     

黄土高原中部丘陵区粮食生产的实践与认识——以延安市宝塔区燕沟流域为例

燕沟流域退耕还林后在粮田面积大幅度减少的新形势下,粮食生产减地不减产并取得增产增效的效果.总结其经验,认识到在黄土高原中部丘陵区,要实现粮食安全生产,应该采取建设确保人均0.14～0.20 hm2基本农田,调整粮食作物种植结构,建立与水资源状况相适应的抗逆应变型种植制度,选择和推广耐旱与丰产性能良好的旱肥型优良品种和增加化肥和有机肥投入等措施.     

黄土高原水土流失区未来粮食供给分析

通过对黄土高原地区水土流失问题及其产生的原因分析,提出了退耕还林还草是治理水土流失的有效措施,并从影响粮食有效供给的因素出发,讨论了未来30 a黄土高原水土流失区的粮食供给状况。要解决本区粮食的缺口,首先发展粮食生产,努力实现粮食供需平衡。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地类型的土壤水分特性

在黄土丘陵沟壑区燕沟流域,于2002～2006年定位监测不同类型土地不同坡位、坡向的土壤含水量,对土壤含水量的动态变化进行了系统分析.结果表明:不同土地类型的土壤含水量差异明显,坝地最高,平均19.83%,川台地次之,平均17.21%,梯田平均16.34%,坡地最低,平均15.04%,土壤含水量与年降雨量呈正相关,相关系数为0.68;土壤含水量月变化动态呈现"单谷"曲线,7月份最低;不同坡位的土壤含水量变化趋势为随坡位升高,土壤水分含量递减;不同坡向的土壤含水量变化趋势为阴坡>阳坡.     

Effect of competition on spatial patterns of oak forests on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Reforestation or natural forest regeneration is an alternative measure for controlling soil erosion in degraded land on the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP). However, our understanding of the temporal dynamics and the spatial patterns of forest regeneration remains inadequate. Two oak forests at different development stages were investigated to determine the spatial patterns of competitions(intraspecies and interspecies) during different successional stages. The intraspecies and interspecies spatial relationships among different tree diameters at breast height were analyzed at multiple scales by Kriging interpolation method and univariate and bivariate O-ring statistics. Our analytical results indicated that self-correlation and competition intensity were relatively high between oak and pine trees in the early development stage of oak forests due to their clumped distributions of heavy seeds. Birch trees had a lower competition in comparison to oak trees although birch was the dominant species. Therefore, asymmetric competition of oak trees was most likely to have led to their edge dispersal and their success in replacing the pioneer species. Asymmetric competition means that larger individuals obtained a disproportionately large share of the resources and suppressed the growth of smaller individuals. Kriging interpolation analysis showed a tendency towards homogenization caused by interspecies competition during the succession of oak forests. Our results demonstrated that the competition was the driving factor in the spatial distribution of oak forests on the CLP.     

黄土高原风蚀和风水蚀复合区的风蚀气候侵蚀力变化

利用黄土高原风蚀和风水蚀复合区30个气象站1961-2010年的观测资料,根据联合国粮农组织给出的风蚀气候因子指数（C值）的计算公式和线性趋势法、Pettitt变点检测、Morlet小波分析等方法,研究风速的空间分布、时空变化、突变特征和周期特性及其对C值的影响。结果表明：① 该区多年平均风速为2.2 m•s^-1,内蒙古和宁夏境内的部分地区风速较大,陕北、晋西北、陇东和青海部分地区较小。近50 a来风速整体呈显著减小趋势,1970s风速最大,2000s最小。② 年尺度83%的站点风速发生了突变,区域整体突变发生于1982年,四季风速突变时间与年尺度基本一致。③ 近50 a风速存在3次交替变化,1961-1977年和1995-2010年偏大,而1977-1995年偏小,季节尺度上也发现了类似的现象,未来一段时间内该地区风速仍然偏小。④ 该区多年平均C值的空间分布格局和时空变化趋势与风速较为一致,整体也呈现出显著减小趋势。⑤ C值与相对湿度和降水量呈负相关关系,与潜在蒸发量、干旱指数和风速呈正相关关系。风力增强（风速增加）和干旱加剧对于风蚀起到促进作用;温度上升及其造成的蒸发量增大也有助于风蚀的形成。     

半干旱区草地土壤动物多样性的季节变化及其与温湿度的关系

在中国科学院奈曼沙漠化研究站附近选择不同程度封育草地为研究样地,通过调查不同季节降雨、温度、土壤温度和水分以及土壤动物特征,分析了土壤动物季节变化及其对降雨和温度的响应特征。结果表明:研究样地共获得土壤动物11目13个类群,螨类和鞘翅目幼虫为优势类群,存在于3个季节中;常见类群随季节变化发生更替。夏季大型土壤动物个体数多,种类丰富,多样性较高,而春季和秋季均较低。中小型土壤动物密度表现为春季>夏季>秋季,Shannon指数和均匀度指数表现为夏季较高,而春季和秋季均较低。相关分析表明,土壤含水量季节变化是影响大型土壤动物群落个体数季节分布的主要因素,而中小型土壤动物个体数、类群数、Shannon指数和均匀度指数与土壤含水量和温度间均无显著相关关系(P>0.05)。说明夏季"雨热同季"对大型土壤动物多样性影响较大,而对中小型土壤动物多样性影响相对较小。     

陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复中的障碍分析与应对策略——以子长县为例

通过对子长县退耕还林、植被恢复重建中出现的具体问题进行实地调查研究,并结合研究区自然环境条件和前人有关人工植被建设中的研究结果进行分析,以探讨黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复重建的技术体系.结果表明,在陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕还林植被恢复建设中,应充分考虑当地降水条件并结合生态效益与经济效益,具体实施过程中要注意: (1) 依据当地原生态植被结构合理配置乔、灌、草,在以刺槐为主的乔木林内应适当搭配当地适生树种(杨、柳、山杏、榆、杜梨等);(2) 在沟谷及部分阴坡水分条件较好的地方种植耐旱乔木树种,在墚峁坡顶种植灌木和草本植物,半灌木和灌木种植在沟坡上部,坡度大的地方尽量不要人为干扰,自然封育恢复;(3) 秋季植树,初植乔木林密度不要超过2 300株/hm2,成林密度应控制在1 100株/hm2左右;(4) 建立苗圃,提高种苗质量,造林种苗尽量在本地解决,以提高植树成活率.     

黄土高原半干旱区植被重建对不同坡位土壤肥力质量的影响

对黄土高原半干旱山地植被重建后不同坡位土壤肥力质量的变化和空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:随着人工植被的建立与恢复,有效提高了土壤持水量;不同坡位土壤pH值及全盐含量与荒山相比明显降低,而土壤肥力显著提高,尤其土壤全氮和速效磷含量增加幅度较大;在坡面位置中,上坡位土壤养分含量与下坡位相比普遍要高,而对于荒山则是下坡位的普遍高于上坡位。从坡顶到坡脚表层土壤的全盐含量依次增加,下坡位全盐含量明显高于其它坡位。土壤脲酶活性随着植被重建增加幅度较大,但各坡位间差异不十分明显;表层土壤过氧化氢酶活性对于植被的重建响应不明显,而20-40cm土层的过氧化氢酶活性却显著提高。坡面土壤肥力质量的变化是土地利用方式、植被类型与景观位置分异综合作用的结果,植被恢复和建设对提高该区土壤肥力质量具有重要的作用。     

黄土高原丘陵区枣和酸枣叶脉序特征分析

为了研究枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)和酸枣(Z.jujuba var.spinosa)叶脉序的关系,选用黄土高原丘陵枣区的枣(55个)、酸枣(28个)和过渡型(7个)共计90个样品,利用LEAF GUI叶脉序分析技术,测定了叶脉密度(VLA)、叶脉间距离(IVD)和节点数(Nodes)等14个指标,主成分分析选出8个枣叶脉序特征指标,研究了枣和酸枣叶脉序指标特点及特征。结果表明,在干旱、贫瘠生境中生长的酸枣,其叶脉间距离(0.094 mm)、网眼面积(2.84×10~(-4)mm~2)和节点数(17 823个)都显著低于黄土高原丘陵区枣园栽培条件下的枣(p0.05),而酸枣的叶脉密度(7.14 mm·mm~(-2))显著高于栽培条件下的枣,表现出很高的生态适应性。并且,枣叶脉序特征指标的变异系数范围(15.24%～74.69%)大于酸枣(20.37%～52.84%)。因此,枣和酸枣可以通过权衡叶脉序指标之间的关系,采取不同的适应策略。酸枣相比枣,更倾向于选择高叶脉密度、低网眼面积、低节点数的适应策略。对陕北样品聚类分析,在相似系数为1.8时,分为I、II两大类群;对黄土高原丘陵区的样品聚类分析,在1.69时,分为I、II两大类群,分别为酸枣和枣,过渡型在两个类群中都有。说明酸枣经过渡型向枣的演化,也说明叶脉序可以区分枣和酸枣。而栽培枣被分为4个类群,相似系数为1.29,种间结构较为复杂,是由长期的人工选择和营养繁殖模式所决定。     

陇东黄土高原气候变化及其对水资源的影响

选取甘肃陇东8个气象观测站的月平均气温、月降水量和月蒸发量及水文资料,分析陇东气候变化历史演变趋势及其对水资源的影响.结果指出:1971 ～ 2009年陇东年降水量总的变化呈减少趋势,平均每10 a减少9.3mm,尤以近20a减少最为明显；年平均气温总的变化呈上升趋势,气温每10a升高0.41℃.年蒸发量总体呈增加趋势...     

Effects of climate change and land-use changes on spatiotemporal distributions of blue water and green water in Ningxia,Northwest China

Water resources are a crucial factor that determines the health of ecosystems and socio-economic development; however, they are under threat due to climate change and human activities. The quantitative assessment of water resources using the concept of blue water and green water can improve regional water resources management. In this study, spatiotemporal distributions of blue water and green water were simulated and analyzed under scenarios of climate change and land-use changes using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwest China, between 2009 and 2014. Green water, a leading component of water resources, accounted for more than 69.00% of the total water resources in Ningxia. Blue water and green water showed a single peak trend on the monthly and annual scales during the study period. On the spatial scale, the southern region of Ningxia showed higher blue water and green water resources than the northern region. The spatiotemporal distribution features of blue water, green water, and green water flow had strong correlations with precipitation. Furthermore, the simulation identified the climate change in Ningxia to be more influential on blue water and green water than land-use changes. This study provides a specific scientific foundation to manage water resources in Ningxia when encountered with climate change together with human activities.     

黄土区不同退耕年限草地土壤分离速率及其理化性质

以子午岭连家砭林场不同退耕年限草地为研究对象,以撂荒地为对照,通过野外调查和室内测试分析,研究了退耕12 a、18 a、24 a、36 a草地土壤分离速率及其理化性质。结果表明:草地土壤分离速率与同一土层的撂荒地相比明显降低,并随着退耕年限增加而降低。不同退耕年限草地土壤容重、有机质含量、水稳性团聚体含量、根系生物量密度均有不同程度的改变,且表层土壤(0~20 cm)理化性质改善最为显著(P0.05);不同退耕年限草地土壤分离速率与其理化性质均呈显著相关关系(P0.05),但对于不同退耕年限草地,影响土壤分离速率的主导因子不同。     

宁夏黄土丘陵区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸特征及影响因素分析

土壤呼吸是陆地碳循环研究的关键环节,是大气CO2的重要来源,文中以冬小麦农田为研究对象,利用ACE土壤呼吸自动监测系统,研究了冬小麦农田土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤水分和光合有效辐射的变化特征、相互关系以及碳释放量。结果表明:1)土壤呼吸日变化呈现"单峰型",最大值出现在13:00左右,最小值出现在夜间;2)土壤呼吸日变化表明土壤呼吸与土壤温度(0-10cm)和光合有效辐射呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤水分的关系不确定;3)土壤呼吸季节变化表明土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤水分和光合有效辐射无显著相关关系;4)冬小麦农田碳释放量168gC·m-2·a-1。     

农业生产活动对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地土壤水分动态的影响

通过在坡度为20°耕地和荒草坡面对降水、土壤水密集观测,结合模拟降雨实验,从降雨入渗、蒸散发等过程分析讨论了影响黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地土壤水分动态的主要因素。结果表明:1)降雨入渗量△S主要受控于雨强和降雨量,坡耕地的入渗量随着雨强增加而衰减的速度快于荒坡,坡耕地有利于中等雨强大雨的下渗,雨强增大时两坡面的降雨转化率逐渐接近,且植被的再分配作用凸显,甚至使短历时暴雨时坡耕地的入渗速度低于荒坡,长历时的大、暴雨或连续降雨利于深层入渗,坡面耕作或在裸地上种植冰草后降雨转化率增约50%;2)7月～10月上旬为土壤水补给期,土壤水分在枯水年及平水年处于负平衡,在丰水年获得补给,最终以蒸散发消耗;3)荒地主要耗水层在20cm,耕地土壤水分活跃层及作物主要耗水层延伸至30cm。总体上,农作物增大蒸散发量、增加土壤水分利用深度,农业生产活动对减少降雨径流、增加土壤水资源量、强化水分小循环有重要作用。