基于PSR模型的干旱绿洲灌区耕地集约利用评价

以干旱绿洲灌区这一特殊沙漠边缘地带武威市为例,构建基于PSR模型的耕地集约利用评价体系,运用熵值法、极差标准化法及多因素综合评价法来评价耕地集约利用。结果表明:近年武威市耕地综合指数上升明显,从2010年的0.0805上升到2012年的0.1516,并与协调度指数保持一致;不同的区县表现出不同的耕地集约利用水平差异,2012年凉州区耕地集约利用度最高,达到0.5185,天祝县耕地利用度呈粗放状态,前者是后者的3.81倍。利用PSR模型评价结果与研究区的耕地实际利用情况相符,武威市干旱绿洲灌区耕地集约利用水平低,提升潜力很大。     

极端干旱区垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长及水分利用效率的影响

灌溉方式对根系湿润方式的不同会影响作物生长及其对水分的利用效率。以常规滴灌方式为对照,通过田间试验研究了垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长和水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:葡萄生育关键期灌水前后垂直线源灌方式根层土壤平均含水率可达到田间持水率的75.1%和82.8%,常规滴灌方式为田间持水率的60%和72%;垂直线源灌条件下净光合速率,蒸腾速率,气孔导度均较常规滴灌高,净光合速率均经历了气孔限制和非气孔限制,其中由水分胁迫引起的非气孔限制,垂直线源灌晚于常规滴灌出现,且表现不明显;垂直线源灌方式在地上生物量生长方面略好于常规滴灌方式,但两者未表现出明显差异;垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式在产量上提高了1.2%;叶片水平上的水分利用效率,垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式提高了57.4%。     

干旱沙漠绿洲区地膜玉米控制性隔沟交替灌溉节水技术研究

针对石羊河流域干旱缺水的民勤县种植大田玉米耗水量大的实际，根据多年试验资料，研究分析了玉米控制性交替隔沟灌溉对作物生长和水分利用的影响及干旱区地膜玉米控制性交替灌溉节水高效技术的可行性。     

泛中亚干旱区气候变化特征分析

利用Climatic Research Unit(CRU)1949—2018年最新0.5°×0.5°网格点月均数据集,主要从EOF分解、小波分析的角度,讨论了泛中亚干旱区近70 a的气候变化特征.结果表明:(1)泛中亚干旱区近70 a降水以1.393 mm·(10a)-1的速率呈增加趋势,夏季降水呈减少趋势,其余三季为...     

干旱区微咸水滴灌条件下典型土壤盐碱化影响因素研究

以代表性的沙壤和黏壤棉田土壤为研究对象,分别利用高、低矿化度水进行5年灌溉,即黏壤-低矿化度,黏壤-高矿化度,沙壤-低矿化度,沙壤-高矿化度共四个处理,测定0～100 cm分层土样总盐、pH、Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SAR、ESP等指标,以研究玛纳斯河流域冲积扇扇缘和干三角洲区不同浓度微咸水长期滴灌条件下土壤盐分、土壤碱度、主要阳离子的变化,探讨对土壤盐化和碱化产生主要影响的离子,为干旱区微咸水灌溉生态安全管理提供理论参考。结果表明：冲积扇扇缘带黏壤土和干三角洲沙壤土盐化和碱化相伴发生,且主要受灌溉水矿化度影响;对土壤盐化和碱化均产生主要影响的离子为Na⁺,对土壤盐分产生主要影响的离子为Na⁺与Ca²⁺。这表明玛纳斯河流域土壤盐碱化的治理应从降低灌溉水Na⁺入手,将控制灌溉水总盐分和降低Na⁺占比结合起来,达到既降盐又防治土壤持续碱化的目的。     

Root characteristics of Alhagi sparsifolia seedlings in response to water supplement in an arid region,northwestern China

The effect of variation in water supply on woody seedling growth in arid environments remain poorly known.The subshrub Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.(Leguminosae),distributed in the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert,Xinjiang,northwestern China,has evolved deep roots and is exclusively dependent on groundwater,and performs a crucial role for the local ecological safety.In the Cele oasis,we studied the responses of A.sparsifolia seedling roots to water supplement at 10 and 14 weeks under three irrigation treatments(none water supply of 0 m3/m2(NW),middle water supply of 0.1 m3/m2(MW),and high water supply of 0.2 m3/m2(HW)).The results showed that the variations of soil water content(SWC) significantly influenced the root growth of A.sparsifolia seedlings.The leaf area,basal diameter and crown diameter were significantly higher in the HW treatment than in the other treatments.The biomass,root surface area(RSA),root depth and relative growth rate(RGR) of A.sparsifolia roots were all significantly higher in the NW treatment than in the HW and MW treatments at 10 weeks.However,these root parameters were significantly lower in the NW treatment than in the other treatments at 14 weeks.When SWC continued to decline as the experiment went on(until less than 8% gravimetric SWC),the seedlings still showed drought tolerance through morphological and physiological responses,but root growth suffered serious water stress compared to better water supply treatments.According to our study,keeping a minimum gravimetric SWC of 8% might be important for the growth and establishment of A.sparsifolia during the early growth stage.These results will not only enrich our knowledge of the responses of woody seedlings to various water availabilities,but also provide a new insight to successfully establish and manage A.sparsifolia in arid environments,further supporting the sustainable development of oases.     

Effects of irrigation on precipitation in the arid regions of Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is an important parameter for the interaction between soil and atmosphere.It is the second important factor that influences climate change,next to sea surface temperature(SST).Most previous studies focused on the monsoon regions in East China,and only a few laid emphases on arid environments.In Xinjiang, which is located in Northwest China,the climate is typically arid and semi-arid.During the past 20 years,the precipitation in Xinjiang has shown a significant increasing trend,and it is closely related to oasis irrigation.This paper aims at discussing whether abnormal soil moisture in spring can be the signal to forecast summer precipitation.The effects of abnormal soil moisture due to farm irrigation in spring in arid environments on regional climate are investigated by using a regional climate model(RegCM3).The results indicate that positive soil moisture anomaly in irrigated cropland surface in May led to an increase in precipitation in spring as well as across the whole summer. The impact could last for about four months.The effects of soil moisture on the surface air temperature showed a time-lagging trend.The summer air temperature declined by a maximum amplitude of 0.8oC.The increased soil moisture could enhance evaporation and ascending motion in the low troposphere,which brought in more precipitation.The soil moisture affected regional weather and climate mainly by altering the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.     

温室地下滴灌灌水控制下限对番茄生长发育、果实品质和产量的影响

用温室小区试验的方法,通过对番茄株高和茎粗、果实品质和产量以及水分生产效率进行比较,探讨了温室栽培茄果类地下滴灌灌水控制下限的适宜取值范围。结果表明:在壤质土壤的试验地上,当地下滴灌管埋深为30 cm、计划湿润层深为15 cm~45 cm(厚度30 cm)、湿润比取0.7、灌水控制上限取田间持水量时,将土壤水吸力30 kPa作为控制灌水的下限,有利于番茄植株生长发育,可以达到高产、优质、节水的目的。     

干旱区盐碱地覆膜滴灌条件下土壤基质势对糯玉米生长和灌溉水利用效率的影响

利用埋在滴头正下方0．2m深度的真空表负压计,通过控制土壤基质势下限（-5,-10,-15,-20,-25kPa）,研究盐碱地覆膜滴灌条件下土壤基质势对糯玉米（中糯1号）的生长、产量形成过程和灌溉水利用效率的影响。2005和2006年的试验结果表明：糯玉米的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、地上部分干物质积累量、叶绿素含量等都随着土壤基质势的升高而增加,土壤基质势越高,糯玉米鲜食果穗产量越高,果穗性状也越好;土壤基质势在-5kPa时,糯玉米产量最高;土壤基质势在-10～-15kPa时,灌溉水利用效率最高。     

Quantifying the impacts of soil water stress on the winter wheat growth in an arid region, Xinjiang

Wheat growth in response to soil water deficit play an important role in yield stability. A field experiment was conducted for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the period of 2002-2005 to evaluate the effects of limited irrigation on winter wheat growth. 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% and 40% of field capacity was applied at different stages of crop growth. Photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat, such as photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil water content, root and shoot dry mass accumulation were measured, and the root water uptake and water balance in different layer were calculated. Based on the theory of unsaturated dynamic, a one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the effect of soil water movement on winter wheat growth using Hydrus-1 D. The soil water content of stratified soil in the experimental plot was calculated under deficit irrigation. The results showed that, in different growing periods, evapotranspiration, grain yield, biomass, root water up- take, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics depended on the controlled ranges of soil water content. Grain yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil moisture contents and irrigation scheduling between seasons. Evapotranspiration was largest in the high soil moisture treatment, and so was the biomass, but this treatment did not produce the highest grain yield and root water uptake was relatively low. Maximum depth of root water uptake is from the upper 80 cm in soil profile in jointing stage and dropped rapidly upper 40 cm after heading stage, and the velocity of root water uptake in latter stage was less than that in middle stage. The effect of limited irrigation treatment on photosynthesis was complex owing to microclimate. But root water uptake increased linearly with harvest yield and improvement in the latter gave better root water uptake under limited irrigation conditions. Appropriately controlled soil wate     

不同灌溉方式对榆林沙区马铃薯生长和产量的影响

开展膜下滴灌(MG)、露地滴灌(DG)、交替隔沟灌(JG)、沟灌(GA)和漫灌(CK)5种灌溉方式对马铃薯生长和产量影响的研究,旨在筛选出适合榆林沙区的最有效的节水灌溉方式。结果表明:(1)MG处理的马铃薯植株生长发育状况优于其他灌溉方式。整个生育期,MG处理的株高、茎粗以及叶片SPAD值均高于其他处理,且显著高于CK(P0.05)。除苗期外,不同处理的株高、茎粗及SPAD值均表现为MGDGJGGACK。(2)在整个生育期,MG处理的马铃薯叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率均高于其他处理,且显著高于CK(P0.05)。(3)MG处理的马铃薯增产增收效果显著。不同处理马铃薯的商品薯率和小区产量均表现为:MGDGJGGACK,MG处理分别较DG、JG、GA和CK增产6.2%、18.3%、29.7%和43.1%,分别较DG、JG、GA和CK增收7.3%、22.5%、41.1%和65.6%,并且分别比JG、GA和CK节水21.4%、30.2%和54.2%,节水效果明显。总体来看,同其他4种灌溉方式相比,膜下滴灌是榆林沙区马铃薯生产中最有效的一种节水灌溉方式。     

旱地马铃薯根际补灌栽培最佳补灌时期及适宜补灌量研究

通过田间试验,对宁夏中部干旱带旱地马铃薯水分亏缺补偿效应进行了研究.结果表明:以相同补水量在不同生育时期实施补灌,以块茎形成期和块茎增长期供水效率和产量最大;在块茎形成期以不同补水量实施补灌,在同时满足供水效率最高和产量最大的前提下,以3～4 kg/株的补灌量较适宜.旱地马铃薯在最佳补灌时期实施适量补灌,能够实现节水、增产和高效用水的目的.     

渭北旱塬花椒灌溉效应研究

利用试验资料分析了不同水文年份、灌水时间、耗水量对花椒产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、品质及新生枝条生长量的影响,结果表明:在无灌溉条件下,降水量较多的年份花椒产量较高;干旱年份,在水量缺乏的情况下,应把有限的水量灌到果实膨大期,保证果实膨大期的花椒需水,不仅可以获得较高的产量及WUE,而且可以获得较好的花椒品质;枝条生长量与生长期水分供应有关,充足的水分供应,可保树势健旺。同时为便于花椒需水量计算,确定出花椒的作物系数为0.91。     

极端干旱区成龄葡萄萌芽期合理灌水量的试验研究

在极端干旱气候环境以及质地较粗的含石土壤条件下,为了搞清楚成龄葡萄萌芽期合理的灌水量,采用深层坑渗灌技术,设了6个不同的灌水处理,通过边界效益分析法,分析了萌芽率与灌水量的关系。得到以下主要结论:萌芽期灌水量越大,枝蔓萌芽的均匀性越好,灌水量越小,枝蔓萌芽的均匀性越差;建立了萌芽期的水分性状函数和水分性状效率函数;当灌水量为62 844 m3/hm2时,萌芽率达到极大值78.25%,当灌水量为54 545m3/hm2时,水分性状效率达到极大值1.348×10-3%/m3。因此,葡萄萌芽期的合理灌水量范围确定在54 545m3/hm2与62 844 m3/hm2之间。     

不同灌溉方式对宁南黄土丘陵区设施辣椒生长发育及产量的影响

在半干旱黄土丘陵典型区宁夏固原日光温室内进行了不同灌溉方式对设施辣椒生长发育及产量的影响试验。在满足设施辣椒正常生长的情况下,通过设定不同时期不同灌水量,计算不同灌溉方式灌水总量,并测定不同处理下辣椒生长发育指标及产量。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下辣椒株高、茎粗、产量差异明显。毛管滴灌下株高和叶绿素SPAD值最大,膜下沟灌株高最矮,茎粗最粗;膜下沟灌产量最高,相对传统沟灌节水50.3%,其次为滴头滴灌,毛管滴灌产量最低;采用毛管滴灌和滴头滴灌技术,比传统沟灌分别节水71.2%和65.8%,节水效果极显著;膜下沟灌和膜上沟灌较传统沟灌节水50%左右,节约成本达850.5~1 227元/hm2。宁南黄土丘陵区日光温室栽培辣椒从高产角度看比较适合采用膜下沟灌,从节水高效模式来看比较适合采用滴头滴灌。     

干旱区膜下滴灌配合暗管与竖井排水对棉田土壤盐分的影响

为研究干旱区棉田在滴灌淋洗配合协同排水下的土壤盐平衡变化规律及微生物群落丰度特征,在新疆典型干旱盐碱区（141团）进行野外排水试验,试验设置暗管与竖井双因素协同排水,X轴方向五水平（距离竖井0、15、30、45 m和60 m,记为T1、T2、T3、T4和T5）,Y轴方向三水平（距离暗管0、5 m和7.5 m,记为P1、P2和P3）,分析土壤电导率与地下水位、土壤微生物之间的关系。结果表明,进行淋洗试验后,0~700 cm土层土壤电导率整体降低,200~400 cm土层脱盐最明显,最低达到0.9254 dS·m^-1,全生育期平均脱盐率为70%,在距离暗管5 m、距离竖井45 m处的土壤脱盐效果最佳。此外,全生育期地下水埋深呈现先减小后增大的趋势,下降最大幅度达到2 m,且地下水位对土壤盐分的影响具有滞后性,土壤中微生物Chao1指数、多样性指数和丰富度指数均随土壤电导率降低而上升。研究表明,滴灌淋洗配合暗管与竖井排水有利于降低土壤深层盐分、控制地下水位、提升土壤微生物群落多样性,有利于推进干旱区盐渍化农田改良及恢复废弃耕地。     

不同灌水量对膜下滴灌冬马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,设置1350 m3·hm~(-2)、1650 m3·hm~(-2)、1950 m3·hm~(-2)、2250 m3·hm~(-2)4个灌水量和1个常规沟灌为对照,研究膜下滴灌对马铃薯的生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌马铃薯生长发育快,株高、单株茎叶鲜重、单株结薯数、单株块茎鲜重高于常规沟灌,膜下滴灌较沟灌增产6 416.08 kg·hm~(-2),增产21.29%,水分利用率高79.5 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1。膜下滴灌下不同灌水量马铃薯水分利用率随灌水量增加呈降低趋势,产量和耗水量随灌水量增加而增加,滴灌1950 m3·hm~(-2)的产量最高,为39 732.0 kg·hm~(-2),当灌水量增加到2250 m3·hm~(-2)时,产量较滴灌1950 m3·hm~(-2)处理的下降6 624.5 kg·hm~(-2),下降16.67%。从产量提高和节水方面考虑,在生育期间有效降雨量在70 mm左右时,灌水量在1650~1950 m3·hm~(-2)较为适宜。     

加气灌溉对温室番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

本试验目地是探明加气灌溉不同灌水量和加气灌水频率对温室番茄生长、产量和品质的影响,为实际生产应用奠定基础。采用温室小区对照试验,设置3个不同作物-皿系数K_cp（K_cp=0.8、K_cp=1.0、K_cp=1.2）和2个加气灌水频率（1次/3d、1次/6d）共组成6个处理,均以对应的不加气灌溉为对照,比较不同处理对番茄植株生长及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在相同的灌溉频率及灌水量下,加气灌溉可以提高番茄的生长量、产量及品质,加气灌溉的番茄株高较不加气灌溉增加1.44%、茎粗增加3.02%、产量增加19.49%;加气灌溉有利于温室番茄茎粗、株高的生长,并且对番茄的产量和品质均有利。加气灌溉处理时,在相同的灌水量条件下,1次/6d较1次/3d的加气灌水频率,株高增加了8.08%,茎粗增加了6.33%,产量增加了26.01%。由此得出：加气灌溉对植株生长量及果实产量和品质的影响明显优于不加气处理;灌水频率为1次/6d且K_cp=1.0的处理最有利于番茄生长量的积累、产量的提高和品质的改善。     

不同粮食消费模式下西北旱区大型灌区耕地压力分析

利用耕地压力指数模型,计算分析了2010年西北旱区大型灌区不同粮食消费模式下的耕地压力指数、粮食盈余情况及可再承载人口状况。结果表明:在平衡膳食(PH)、初步小康或营养安全(XK)、富裕型(FY)社会三种不同粮食消费模式下,西北旱区97所大型灌区的耕地压力虽差异明显,但整体压力较小,三种模式的平均耕地压力指数(K值)均小于1,人粮关系较为和谐,除保证自身粮食需求外仍有一定的粮食盈余;三种模式下,粮食盈余量为869.19、586.18、41.46万t,可再承载人口数为2698.75、1465.46、75.38万人。     

氮肥运筹对干旱区滴灌甜菜氮素利用及产量的影响

以甜菜品种Beta356为试验材料,研究了氮素运筹[甜菜叶丛快速增长期、块根膨大期、糖分积累期的氮素追施比例分别为6∶3∶1、5∶3∶2、4∶4∶2(用N1、N2、N3表示),以不施氮素的处理为对照(用CK表示)]对滴灌甜菜氮素利用及产量的影响。结果表明:随着生育进程的推进,甜菜干物质积累量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并在块根膨大期达到最大值;不同处理干物质积累量的差异在甜菜苗期、叶丛快速增长期和块根膨大期均未达到显著水平,至糖分积累期和收获期显著高于CK,且各施肥处理间差异不显著;甜菜氮素阶段积累量与该阶段施氮量相比存在一定的滞后性;不同处理氮素总积累量和氮素运转量均表现为N1N2N3CK,氮素运转率则表现为N1N2CKN3;氮农学利用率和氮表观利用率分别表现为N2N3N1和N3N2N1,其中N2处理的氮农学利用率分别比N1和N3处理提高了14%和4%,且不同处理间差异显著;收获期各处理甜菜产糖量表现为N3N2N1CK,块根中造蜜性非糖物质(K、Na和α-氨态氮)表现为CKN2N3N1。综合考虑氮素利用、产糖量以及块根品质,N2处理可作为北疆露播滴灌甜菜较为合理的氮素运筹模式。