黄土区坡沟系统容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量变化分析

切沟是黄土高原侵蚀沟的重要类型之一,对流域水文、植被、地貌和生态等地表过程具有深刻影响。为明确土壤物理参数对切沟地形、坡位和深度的响应,在陕北黄土高原选择典型切沟,根据其走向设置沟道、沟缘及坡面3条样线,对40个样点按照10 cm深度间隔采集0~30 cm各土层原状土样,利用定水头法和烘干法对土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量进行测定并分析。结果表明:(1)地形对容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量具有显著或极显著影响,3个参数随坡位自下而上均呈波浪式变化趋势;沟缘和坡面位置容重随坡位上升总体呈微弱减小趋势,沟缘表层坡下土壤含水量较其他坡位明显偏低;(2)沟缘和坡面位置不同土层深度饱和导水率及容重的大小变化规律与沟道恰好相反;(3)对于各土层深度而言,沟缘和坡面土壤含水量均与沟道内差异显著,且沟缘土壤含水量总是低于坡面。以上结果表明,切沟分布改变了土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量在坡面的空间格局,在黄土区坡沟系统内不同地形条件对相关土壤物理参数的影响不应忽视。     

Effects of artificially cultivated biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and biological activities in the Loess Plateau

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） play an important role in the early succession of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, China. To evaluate the effects of artificially cultivated BSCs on the soil surface micro-envir- onment, we obtained natural moss crusts and moss-lichen crusts from the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, and subsequently inoculated and cultivated on horizontal and sloping surfaces of loess soil in a greenhouse. The chemical and biological properties of the subsoil under cultivated BSCs were determined after 10 weeks of cul- tivation. The results indicated that BSCs coverage was more than 65% after 10 weeks of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached 40% after 5 weeks of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by 100.87% and 48.23%, respectively; increased by 67.56% and 52.17% with the sloping treatments, respectively; they also increased in moss-lichen crust with horizontal and sloping treatments, but there was no significant difference. Available phosphorus in cultivated BSCs was reduced, soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs, and alkaline phosphatase activity in all cultivated BSCs was obviously higher than that in the control. Numbers of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs could be formed rapidly in short-term cultivation and improve the mi- cro-environment of soil surface, which provides a scientific reference for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau. China.     

保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地表土容重和水分入渗的影响

通过在陇中黄土高原半干旱区进行保护性耕作的定位研究,探讨了保护性耕作对土壤容重以及渗透性能的影响。结果表明:与传统耕作(T)、免耕无覆盖(NT)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)相比,试验的前2～3a免耕覆盖(NTS)使得土壤容重增大,而后保持稳定状态不再持续增加。通过对渗吸率、宏观毛管长度、有效孔径以及饱和导水率等指标的比较发现,免耕覆盖(NTS)对土壤的渗透性能有显著的改善作用。     

Topographic differentiations of biological soil crusts and hydraulic properties in fixed sand dunes,Tengger Desert

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) play an important role in surface soil hydrology. Soils dominated with moss BSCs may have higher infiltration rates than those dominated with cyanobacteria or algal BSCs. However, it is unnown whether improved infiltration in moss BSCs is accompanied by an increase in soil hydraulic conductivity or water retention capacity. We investigated this question in the Tengger Desert, where a 43-year-old revegetation program has promoted the formation of two distinct types of BSCs along topographic positions, i.e. the moss-dominated BSCs on the interdune land and windward slopes of the fixed sand dunes, and the algal-dominated BSCs on the crest and leeward slopes. Soil water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity were measured using an indoor evaporation method and a field infiltration method. And the results were fitted to the van Genuchten–Mualem model. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities under greater water pressure(–0.01 MPa) and water retention capacities in the entire pressure head range were higher for both crust types than for bare sand. However, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities in the near-saturation range(–0.01 MPa) showed decreasing trends from bare sand to moss crusts and to algal crusts. Our data suggested that topographic differentiation of BSCs significantly affected not only soil water retention and hydraulic conductivities, but also the overall hydrology of the fixed sand dunes at a landscape scale, as seen in the reduction and spatial variability in deep soil water storage.     

Solute transport characteristics of a deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding solute transport behaviors of deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau is helpful for ecological construction and agricultural production improvement. In this study, solute transport processes of a deep soil profile were measured by a conservative tracer experiment using 25 undisturbed soil cores(20 cm long and 7 cm diameter for each) continuously sampled from the surface downward to the depth of 500 cm in the Loess Plateau of China. The solute transport breakthrough curves(BTCs) were analyzed in terms of the convection-dispersion equation(CDE) and the mobile-immobile model(MIM). Average pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) were calculated using the CDE and MIM. Basic soil properties and water infiltration parameters were also determined to explore their influence on the solute transport parameters. Both pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) generally decreased with increasing depth, and the dispersivity fluctuated along the soil profile. There was a good linear correlation between log-transformed pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient, with a slope of about 1.0 and an average dispersivity of 0.25 for the entire soil profile. Generally speaking, the soil was more homogeneous along the soil profile. Our results also show that hydrodynamic dispersion is the dominant mechanism of solute transport of loess soils in the study area.     

黄土高原土壤干旱异常阶段特征

为揭示黄土高原严重土壤干旱的时空特征,主要使用EOF,REOF、CEOF和小波分析等方法,研究了该区域近40a(1961～2000年)的土壤干旱变化。结果表明：黄土高原土壤干旱变化以全区一致为主,干旱趋势趋干加重,20世纪90年代干旱加剧最为明显;干旱存在2～4a和7～9a左右的年际振荡．以2～4a为主;干旱最容易在7～10月发展到最重,其间干旱信息由高原中部向西、向东、向北传播;7～10月干旱变化存在3个敏感区,划分了3个次区域,各次区域间干旱强度、频次差异较大。     

CLDAS和GLDAS土壤湿度资料在黄土高原的适用性评估

本研究基于2011～2013年3～9月CMA陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)和全球陆面数据同化系统(GLDAS) Noah陆面模式提供的表层10 cm土壤湿度数据,以国家气象信息中心提供的站点土壤湿度观测资料为参考,通过对比分析两套模拟数据在黄土高原区域的时空差异,并分别计算其与观测资料的相关系数(Corr)、平均偏差(MBE)和均方根误差(RMSE)等统计特征值,就两套模拟数据在黄土高原地区的适用性进行综合对比和评估,旨在选出一种适用于研究黄土高原地区土壤湿度时空特征的大范围、长时间序列的替代资料。结果显示:(1)两套陆面模式资料均能较好模拟黄土高原地区土壤湿度的空间变化特征,主要呈现出从西北向东南和西南增加的趋势,其中CLDAS具有较高的空间分辨率,能够较好刻画研究区细部特征;(2)从站点角度的统计特征值来看,两套资料的Corr值普遍偏高,CLDAS有71%和63%的站点分别达到极显著和显著差异水平,而GLDAS的略低,分别为70%和62%;研究区内各套资料的MBE和RMSE分布均类似;正负偏差站点个数相差不大,分布区间主要为-0.05～0.05,其中CLDAS有26和32个站点分别处于-0.05～0和0～0.05之间,而GLDAS则为28和24; GLDAS的RMSE主要集中在0.05～0.07之间,而CLDAS绝大部分低于0.05;(3)从时间序列来看,GLDAS资料与实测最为接近,但在春季存在一定程度的偏干情况,偏干程度小于CLDAS;(4)从整个研究区土壤湿度的模拟状况来看,GLDAS的Corr、MBE和RMSE值分别为0.821、0.0126和0.0221,较CLDAS资料具有更小的平均偏差、均方根误差和更大的相关系数。总体来说,两套陆面模式资料在黄土高原区域土壤湿度模拟上均存在各自的优势,均可作为土壤湿度观测的替代资料,对于土壤湿度研究和业务应用都具有积极的意义。     

Effects of structural and depositional crusts on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China

Conventional tillage practices used on the Loess Plateau lead to different soil surface micro-topography which results in forming two types of soil crusts. The objective of this study was to explore the formation position, properties and erosion characteristics of structural crusts and depositional crusts under the influences of the microtopography in the rainfall experiments. Two simulated rainstorms were applied in the experiments. The first rainfall event was used for soil crust formation, then the following simulated rainfall storms at 40 mm h^?1, 60 mm h^?1, and 80 mm h^?1 rates were applied to the soil boxes set to a 17.6% (10°) slope under three tillage types (contour tillage, artificial digging, and straight slope conditions) to investigate the resulting runoff discharge rate and sediment yield on crusted soil surface. Results show that: (1) structural crusts formed on the mounds, and depositional crusts formed in the depressions after the first rainfall events; structural crusts exhibit a lower thickness, bulk density, higher porosity and shear strength than depositional crusts; (2) structural crusts increased the runoff yield less and decreased the sediment yield more than depositional crusts; and (3) the runoff yield was significantly greater, and the sediment yield was lower on the crusted soil surface than that on the uncrusted soil surface, regardless of the effect of the tillage treatments.     

生物炭对和田风沙土水力特性的影响

为探究生物炭的施入量对和田风沙土水力特性的影响,设置了5个生物炭施用量处理,质量比(生物炭质量/干土质量)分别为0％(CK)、4％(T1)、8％(T2)、12％(T3)、16％(T4),利用离心机法获取土壤水分与吸力关系,定水头法获得饱和土壤导水率,通过VG-M组合模型拟合土壤水分特征曲线,探究生物炭对风沙土持水性、土...     

黄土高原春玉米保护性耕作农田土壤养分时空动态变化研究

试验以传统耕作(CT)为对照,连续3 a研究了保护性耕作(NT),传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)处理下黄土高原春玉米田土壤养分含量的动态变化。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作处理各土层土壤有机质含量随春玉米生育期推进呈上升趋势,其中收获后耕作层土壤有机质含量增加明显;保护性耕作使得土壤碱解氮有向表面富集的趋势,保护性耕作下土壤速效磷略显增加趋势,其中在玉米收获后表现较明显,且较TS和CT处理差异显著;速效钾含量保护性耕作处理要显著低于其它处理,但有增加趋势。