独具特色的澳大利亚奶牛业

澳大利亚国土总面积为7.6×106km2,其中有55%属于牧场。总人口2000万,其中农业人口90万,农业劳动力42万。2003年澳大利亚奶业产值为27.9亿元,占农业产值的8.5%。2004年12月4日至24日,笔者随农业部乳品质量管理培训班赴澳学习。在澳期间,澳大利亚乳业局、新南州第一产业部、悉尼科技大学、墨尔本大学农业职业技术学院和昆士兰州种公牛站的有关专家分别为我们做了专题讲座,我们还参观了墨尔本大学奶牛示范场、吉普斯郡的家庭奶牛饲养场、瓦伦堡黄油奶酪公司和益力佳乳酸奶加工厂。参观学习时间虽短,但澳大利亚的牧场管理、奶牛饲养、乳品加工…     

奶牛真胃移位发病原因的调查分析

本文调查分析了兰州某大型牧场2009～2018年奶牛真胃移位发病情况,结果发现,该牧场2009年、2016年的奶牛真胃移位发病率比较高,分别达到6.24%、5.19%,发病原因与奶牛产后掉膘、胎次、犊牛性别、发病时间、犊牛初生重、遗传、围产期饲养管理、精饲料投入水平等均有一定关系。     

奶牛坏死杆菌性子宫内膜炎的诊断报告

2003-2004年,双城市某奶牛场暴发产后子宫内膜炎,发病率达80%左右。多发生于产后1-2周,流行中后期发生散发性流产、早产、死胎或不孕。同时有20%左右的奶牛伴发腐蹄病,乳房炎的发病率也较高。经诊断引起该场奶牛产后子宫内膜炎的主要病原菌为坏死杆菌,现将诊断结果报告如下。     

散栏式集约化牛场奶牛繁殖性能状况的调查

目前,我国采用集约化养殖方式饲养奶牛的场(户/小区)越来越多,为了了解集约化奶牛场的繁殖情况,对密山市某良种奶牛场2004—2006年繁殖情况进行了调查,现将调查结果报道如下。1饲养管理密山市某良种奶牛场共存栏奶牛2 420头,年产鲜奶8 200 t。该牧场采用国际先进的散栏式饲养模式,奶牛自由卧栏,全混日粮,阶段饲养,自由采食,计算机管理。全自动挤奶机具有仿生性能,并自动脱杯,识别牛号、计量清洗、乳液快速降温,同时具有揭示奶牛发情和生理异常的功能。每年在春、秋两季进行布病、结核的2次检疫,应用精制敌百虫2次驱虫,肌注左旋咪唑预防乳房…     

奶牛坏死杆菌性子官内膜炎的诊断报告

2003～2004年，双城市某奶牛场暴发产后子宫内膜炎，发病率达80％左右。多发生于产后1-2周，流行中后期发生散发性流产、早产、死胎或不孕。同时有20％左右的奶牛伴发腐蹄病，乳房炎的发病率也较高。经诊断引起该场奶牛产后子宫内膜炎的主要病原菌为坏死杆菌，现将诊断结果报告如下。     

一起奶牛布鲁氏菌病疫情暴发的调查

20 0 2年 6月 2 5日 ,无锡市新区某奶牛场发现 1 0 5头布鲁氏菌阳性奶牛 ,其中有 2 8头奶牛出现流产症状 ,并有 2名牧场职工感染了布鲁氏菌。经流行病学调查、临床诊断和实验室检验 ,认定是一起由布鲁氏菌阳性牛传播的牛型布鲁氏菌病的暴发。现将调查结果报告如下。1　流行情况该牧场共存栏牛 2 80头 ,其中成年奶牛为 2 37头。该批牛为自 2 0 0 0年 7月 31日起分批从北京、山西、陕西、山东和本市其他牧场引进。该牧场曾于 2 0 0 1年 7月 9日检出 1头布鲁氏菌病牛 ,予以淘汰处理。 2 0 0 2年 4月 1 7日又发现可疑布鲁氏菌病奶牛 ,于是对 65…     

改善奶牛群生殖

<正> 苏联某牧场对牛群进行了全价饲养和遵守规定的管理条件,在给奶牛人工授精时,严格执行了兽医卫生规则,及时诊断和预防产后疾病。他们的工作已初获成效。若按1981年每100头奶牛生产成活犊牛80头计算,那么,1985年每100头奶牛就生产成活犊牛94头,在七个地区的农场里,成活犊牛的指标已达到了95—96头。     

奶牛生产瘫痪的诊治

生产瘫痪,又称产后瘫痪、乳热症,是母畜产后突然发生的一种急性神经机能障碍疾病。其特征是咽、舌、肠道麻痹、体温下降、感觉减退、四肢瘫痪。如治疗不及时或误诊,则造成持续瘫痪,导致奶牛淘汰。近来,我们对武汉某奶牛场8头患生产瘫痪的奶牛进行诊治,效果理想,现将有关情况报告如下:1基本情况武汉某奶牛场饲养中国荷斯坦奶牛100头,其中成母牛60头,集中在一栋牛舍饲养,青年牛22头,犊牛18头,分别饲养于不同牛舍。每头成母牛日喂混合精料5～10kg、青贮料5kg、稻草5kg、青杂草15kg、糟渣料(主要为啤酒糟)10kg。2临床症状该场先后有8头牛发病,时…     

奶牛布氏杆菌病的检疫及防治

奶牛布氏杆菌病(简称奶牛布病)是由布鲁氏杆菌引起的人畜共患传染病,对奶牛危害极大,我市经过多年检疫淘汰,达到了省“稳定控制区”标准。但2005年4月份,我市某奶牛场发现疑似病例,市畜牧中心迅速组织技术人员对该场饲养的71头奶牛全部进行布病血清学检疫,并采取隔离消毒、淘汰病牛等有效防制措施,控制了疫情发展,现报告如下。1发病情况该场共饲养奶牛71头,每年进行布病、结核病检疫,未发现阳性病牛。2004年7月份该场从周边省购进奶牛3头,购买时没有进行检疫,购进后也没有报检和隔离饲养,2004年10月发现饲养奶牛有消瘦,产奶量下降,怀孕母牛…     

奶牛产后瘫痪的防治

奶牛产后瘫痪是母牛分娩前后突然发生的一种营养代谢病,其特征是知觉丧失,四肢瘫痪.舍饲养高产奶牛更易患此病,一般发病率为母牛总数的3%～5%,2008年某镇共发生13例,下面就奶牛产后瘫痪的病因、症状、诊断、治疗及预防进行探讨.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.