青海绵羊红细胞钾型的研究

采用火焰光度法对青海省8个品种绵羊的红细胞钾型多态性特征进行了调查研究。结果发现,被检的8个品种绵羊均有高钾(HK)和低钾(LK)两种表型而呈现多态性,其中欧拉羊、藏羊、小尾寒羊以HK型为优势表型,新疆细毛羊、青海细毛羊、青海半细毛羊以LK型为优势表型;绵羊的红细胞钾型没有性别差异;红细胞钾型与生产性状指标间没有显著性关系;在被检的15项血液指标中,除WBC,BK值和EK值差异显著(P<0.01)以外,其他血液指标没有型间差异(P>0.05);不同红细胞钾型绵羊的HB型分布非常相似(P>0.05)。     

柴达木改良绒山羊红细胞钾型的研究

采用火焰光度法对94只柴达木改良绒山羊的红细胞钾型进行了调查研究。结果发现：（1）柴达木改良绒山羊红细胞钾浓度存在多态性，有高钾和低钾两种表型，以高钾型为优势表型（79．79％）；（2）高钾型山羊的红细胞钾浓度在37－83.2mmol/L之间，低钾型的在16－28．8mmol/L之间；（3）K^L和K^h等位基因频率分别为0．1068和0．8932，基因杂合度为0．1782。     

引入青海省火鸡的红细胞钾型研究

采用火焰光度法对 80只引入青海省火鸡红细胞钾浓度的多态性进行了研究。结果表明 :按红细胞钾浓度 ,可以将火鸡分为高血钾 (HK)和低血钾 (LK) 2种表型 ,HK型为优势表型 (76/80 ,95 0 0 % ) ;KL 和Kh 等位基因频率分别为 0 0 2 53和 0 9747;火鸡红细胞钾浓度基因座的基因杂合度 (H)、基因纯合度指数 (HI)、有效等位基因数 (Ne)分别为 0 0 50 6 ,0 950 1和 1 0 51 9。     

高原型藏羊红细胞钾浓度多态性及其与10项血液指标的联系

采用火焰光度计法对47只青海省刚察县高原型藏羊红细胞钾浓度的多态性进行了调查研究.结果发现:1.按红细胞钾浓度,被检高原型藏羊有高钾和低钾两种表型,以高钾型为优势表型(89.36%);2.高钾型藏羊的全血钾浓度范围为21.40～39.60mmol/L,红细胞钾浓度范围为73.54～101.01mmol/L;低钾型藏羊的全血钾浓度范围为9.00～10.80mmol/L,红细胞钾浓度范围为16.66～29.10mmol/L;3.Kh和KL等位基因频率分别为0.9453和0.0547;4.HK和LK型羊的10项血液指标之间均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).     

青海梅花鹿公鹿血钾指标和红细胞钾型的研究

采用火焰光度法对青海省大通种牛场71头梅花鹿公鹿3项血钾指标和红细胞钾型进行了研究。结果发现:被检青海梅花鹿公鹿的血清钾离子浓度为(4.2±0.7)mmol/L,全血钾离子浓度为(28.3±4.1)mmol/L,红细胞钾离子浓度为(70.5±10.6)mmol/L。按全血钾离子浓度和红细胞钾离子浓度判定,全部被检青海梅花鹿公鹿的红细胞钾型为高血钾型。     

辽宁绒山羊和内蒙古绒山羊CSN3基因遗传多态性的比较分析

试验以辽宁绒山羊和内蒙古绒山羊为实验动物,采用PCR-RFLP技术对κ-酪蛋白基因(CSN3)的TaqⅠ酶切多态性进行分析,结果表明:辽宁绒山羊和内蒙古绒山羊2个山羊群体中均存在CSN3基因TaqⅠ酶切位点的多态性,且均有A和B 2个等位基因。辽宁绒山羊群体等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0.46和0.54;内蒙古绒山羊群体中等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0.31和0.69。CSN3基因TaqⅠ酶切位点的基因型分布在辽宁绒山羊群体中极显著(P<0.01)偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理,在内蒙古绒山羊群体中符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理(P>0.05),但在辽宁绒山羊与内蒙古绒山羊2个群体间存在极显著(P<0.01)差异。     

辽宁绒山羊和内蒙古绒山羊K-酪蛋白基因的比较研究

对辽宁绒山羊和内蒙古绒山羊,采用PCR-RFLP技术对K-酪蛋白基因(CSN3)的TaqⅠ酶切多态性进行分析,结果表明,辽宁绒山羊和内蒙古绒山羊2个山羊群体中均存在CSN3基因TaqⅠ酶切位点的多态性,且均有A、B两个等位基因。辽宁绒山羊群体等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0.46和0.54;内蒙古绒山羊群体中等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0.31和0.69。CSN3基因TaqⅠ酶切位点的基因型分布在辽宁绒山羊群体中极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理(P<0.01),在内蒙古绒山羊群体中符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理(P>0.05),但两个群体间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。     

青海省绵羊品种与引进品种先天性免疫研究

为研究青海本地绵羊品种与引进品种的先天性免疫水平和品种特性,本研究选取青海省不同海拔地区的2个本地品种(欧拉羊、白藏羊)和1个引进品种(无角道赛特羊)共186只绵羊,采集新鲜血样,进行血常规检测(白细胞数(WBC)、红细胞数(RBC)、平均红细胞血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCH)、血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、血小板(PLT)、红细胞分布宽度(RDW-CV)、淋巴细胞百分比(LYM%));制备血清,用绵羊ELISA试剂盒测定白介素-1(IL-1)、白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-18(IL-18)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)等免疫指标;分别以品种和品种来源地为因变量对检测结果进行比较分析。结果发现,以品种为因变量,无角道赛特羊的免疫水平最高,白藏羊的抗病性稍高于欧拉羊;以品种来源地为因变量时,本地绵羊品种的先天性免疫水平低于引进绵羊品种,对疾病的抵抗力较弱,除MCH、MCHC和RDW-CV外,无角道赛特羊在血液生化水平上均高于青海本地品种,说明无角道赛特羊是具有高抗病能力的优良品种。本试验为不同绵羊品种机体先天性免疫水平的研究提供了参考数据,对青海藏羊的选育工作和品种改良具有指导意义。     

辽宁绒山羊CSN3基因PCR-RFLP多态性分析

本试验以辽宁绒山羊和内蒙古绒山羊为实验动物,采用PCR-RFLP技术对-酪蛋白基因(CSN3)片段的Ⅰ的酶切多态性进行分析,结果表明:辽宁绒山羊和内蒙古绒山羊2个山羊群体中均存在CSN3基因Ⅰ酶切位点的多态性,且均有A、B两个等位基因。辽宁绒山羊群体等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0.46和0.54;内蒙古绒山羊群体中等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0.31和0.69。CSN3基因Ⅰ酶切位点的基因型分布在辽宁绒山羊群体中极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理(<0.01),在内蒙古绒山羊群体中符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理(>0.05),但两个群体间存在显著差异(<0.01)。     

青海细毛羊血钾型与生产性状的相关性研究

Evans等（1955）首先在英国绵羊中发现红细胞钾浓度不是呈正态分布，而是呈现高血钾和低血钾两区，彼此间界限分明，互不重迭而表现为高血钾（HK）和低血钾（LK）两种表型，同时证明绵羊的血钾型是受遗传控制的。此后，各国学者对绵羊血钾型的品种特点、地区差异及其与生产性状、环境适应性的关系等方面进行了广泛深入的研究。而张才骏等对青海高原的青海细毛羊血钾型进行了研究报道，但目前尚无青海省细毛羊血钾型与生产性状间的相关性研究。鉴此，笔者对青海细毛羊血钾型与生产性状进行了研究，以揭示青海高原细毛羊血钾型多态性的特征，为高原绵羊的种质研究提供基础资料。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein