西宁动物园藏野驴寄生蠕虫调查

通过药物驱除、死亡后剖检等方法对西宁动物园的藏野驴寄生蠕虫进行了调查。从３头藏野驴收集虫体３９７８条，经鉴定隶属于２纲、３目、４科、９属、１９种，另有盅口属一未定种。检获的虫体中，鼻形杯环线虫２１１８条，碗状盅口线虫７０４条，分别占总虫数的５３．２４％和１７．７０％，为本动物的感染优势虫种。其中鼻形杯环线虫的口囊、雄虫交合伞及伞肋、雌虫尾部等呈多形态变异；普通马圆形线虫的内外叶冠数与文献记载差异较     

潞西市动物寄生虫病的防制

1动物寄生虫感染情况 当前，随着人感染猪链球菌病的发生和防制禽流感工作的深入，人们对动物传染病越来越重视，各级动物防疫部门加大了防制力度，使潞西市动物传染病得到了有效的控制。然而动物寄生虫病却有上升趋势，据《云南省家畜（禽）寄生虫区系调查资料汇编》记载：在德宏州剖检畜禽677头（匹、只），采集到绦虫、吸虫、线虫标本1709923条，其中线虫796844条，吸虫815570条，绦虫97509条，经鉴定有蠕虫189种，包括吸虫72种，绦虫18种，线虫97种，棘头虫2种，隶属4纲46科93属。寄生蠕虫的感染率是97．78％，线虫的感染率是84．49％，吸虫的感染率是50．76％，绦虫的感染率是45．20％，棘头虫的感染率是25．40％。2000—2005年对500头牛宰后调查，肝片吸虫感染率达51．20％以上；其它动物寄生虫病也有发生，如奶牛焦虫病、牛马锥虫病、牛吸吮线虫病、羊肝片吸虫病等。2005年5月潞西市47只山羊发生肝片吸虫病，发病率占18．07％，死亡25只，死亡率占53．19％。说明动物寄生虫病发生呈上升趋势。     

湘东地区五个奶牛场寄生虫病感染情况调查

对湘东地区5个奶牛场256头奶牛直肠掏粪作蠕虫虫卵检查，有68头检出虫卵．感染率为26．56％。5个牛场的感染率分别为36．00％，35．71％，23．08％，25．38％，15．38％，查出有肝片形吸虫等5种虫体，对197头牛采血作原虫检查中，查出有虫体的95头．感染率48．22％．抽检牛主要感染的原虫为梨形虫，5个牛场感染率分别为58．54％、53．85％、35．14％、48．65％、40．00％；体表寄生虫有痒螨、蠕形螨、蜱等。结果表明该地区5个奶牛场寄生虫痛感染比较严重。     

泸西县山羊寄生虫调查

目的对泸西县山羊感染寄生虫情况进行初步了解,为制定合理的寄生虫综合防治措施提供科学依据。方法对沪西县5个地区的52只山羊进行剖解,采用常规的寄生虫实验室检查法检测,所获虫体低温保存作分类鉴定。结果49只山羊感染寄生虫,总的感染率高达94．2％。检获虫体共14种,其中线虫9种,吸虫2种,绦虫及绦虫蚴2种,蜘蛛昆虫1种。结论消化道线虫的感染率和感染强度较高,当地动物寄生虫虫种有多样性。     

青海省柴达木地区黄牛真胃内发现圆形蛔状线虫

2010年2月在德令哈市进行牛寄生虫季节动态调查,在被剖检的15头黄牛中检出一种不常见的虫体,经鉴定确定为圆形蛔状线虫.该虫体感染率为60％,感染强度为4.47(2～43).圆形蛔状线虫在青海省尤其是柴达木盆地地区未见报道,此次发现为今后柴达木地区牛寄生胃肠道线虫的调查提供了科学依据.     

牛囊尾蚴检出案例的思考

牛囊尾蚴虫体在牛体内分布不均,以运动性强的肌肉寄生最多,一般虫体6个月后钙化,是牛屠宰检疫中的必检项目。由于该病在当地检出率极低,常使检疫人员产生忽视心理。2003年4月24日笔者剖检一头牛的咬肌时,发现无包液钙化囊尾蚴虫体2个,立即将该头牛剔出流水线,进行认真剖检。结果在颈肌发现有浑浊包液虫体1个,右深腰肌检出有浑浊包液虫体1个,心肌外表视检发现钙化无包液虫体2个,呈扁平状附贴于心脏外壁,剖检心肌发现无包液钙化虫体3个,其他部位如膈肌、腹肌、肩胛肌等未发现虫体。随即将牛肉尸及其副产品隔离封存,并采集有包液虫体2个、无包…     

抚远县犬寄生蠕虫区系调查报告

对抚远县犬寄生蠕虫区进行调查。剖检１０只犬体内均有蠕虫寄生，虫体感染率达１００％。１０只犬共检体７种，其中吸虫２种；华枝睾吸虫和横川后殖吸虫；络虫１种；线中殖孔绦虫和线虫４种；犬弓首线虫、犬钩口线虫、肾膨结线虫和旋毛形线虫。７种虫体分别隶属于３纲、７科、７属。     

邵阳市山羊寄生虫感染及其防治情况的调查

目的调查邵阳市山阳寄生虫感染情况。方法随机抽样,每只山羊直肠掏粪,采用饱和食盐水漂浮法和沉淀法进行虫卵检查;对近2年内体温上升的部分山羊,采耳静脉血进行原虫检查;对近2年内死亡和屠宰的部分山羊采用寄生虫完全剖检法收集全部虫体按常规方法处理,逐条进行鉴定。结果随机抽取的246只山羊中。各种寄生虫虫卵感染率为44．31％。所检查的发热山羊中均有不同程度的血液原虫感染。剖检山羊,发现了16种体内外寄生虫感染。结论邵阳市山羊寄生虫感染较严重,存在多种寄生虫感染,且有混合感染现象。     

中国四川凉山州山羊寄生虫调查及防治研究

用完全蠕虫法剖检山羊１０２只，收集虫体８６万多条，虫体经分类鉴定，证明凉山州山羊共有寄生虫７４种，隶属７纲、２９科、４６属。其中优势虫种１６个，一只羊最多混合感染寄生虫２６种，最大负荷虫量１０７６４９条。经防治试验，认为用啤酒瓶加水稀释，按每公斤体重一次口服硫咪唑１０毫克，对山羊寄生蠕虫有良好的驱治作用，用螨净按１：１２００浓度药浴，对驱治山羊体表寄生虫效果颇佳。     

十例牛焦虫病的诊治经过

１９９８年 ８月１１日－２４日，赤城县后城镇河西村养牛场场主邱锐阳放牧的１０头牛先后发生高热稽留、贫血、黄疸，个别出现血尿为特征的病例，经临床诊断结合病理剖检确诊为牛焦虫病，现将治疗措施及体会报告如下： 一、发病情况１９９８年该场育肥牛２８头，其中舍饲育肥牛 １１头，放牧育肥牛 １７头。８月１１日，有２头牛突然发生焦虫病，１４日又发生 ２头，由于治疗不及时，１６日突然死亡１头，经我们临床诊断和死亡剖检，确诊为牛焦虫病。截止到２４日，共发病１０头，占存栏牛３５．７％，其中舍饲１头，占舍饲牛的９％，放牧…     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.