哺乳仔獭兔红爪病的诊治报告

舟山市定海区某万只獭兔场,2003年11月1～15日共产仔兔90窝,计540只.其中11月6～8日所产15窝仔兔计90只,陆续在产后的第4～5天发生仔獭兔红爪病.经兽医及时诊治,多数仔兔得到康复,严重的4窝计24只仔兔死亡,死亡率为发病兔的26.67%.现将诊治情况报告如下:     

母兔配种前添喂葡萄糖对子代性比的影响

在五个品种家兔的123只同龄母兔中,得到72窝(其中试验组39窝、对照组33窝)仔兔。试验组母兔在配种前8—12天通过饮水添喂葡萄糖。结果显示:试验组与对照组比,子代性比(雄性个体的比率)降低了12%(p≈0.01)。产仔数和受胎率亦有提高的趋势。     

不同剂量促排卵3号对伊普吕祖代母兔繁殖性能的影响

夏季7～8月份,在配种前对伊普吕祖代后备初配母兔和经产母兔每只分别按照0.83μg、0.63μg、0.50μg的剂量肌肉注射促排卵3号,经过连续3个批次的试验,统计受胎率、产仔率、平均窝产活仔数、活仔兔出生均重、活仔兔出生窝重。按照0.50μg/只的剂量使用促排卵3号,后备初配母兔受胎率、产仔率差异显著(P0.05),平均窝产活仔数差异极显著(P0.01),活仔兔出生均重、活仔兔出生窝重,差别不明显,但整体呈现增加趋势;经产母兔受胎率、产仔率、平均窝产活仔数差异不显著(P0.05),活仔兔出生均重、活仔兔出生窝重差别不大,但整体呈现增加趋势;按照0.50μg/只的剂量,后备初配母兔在受胎率、产仔率方面优于经产母兔,经产母兔在受胎率、产仔率误差值、平均窝产活仔数、活仔兔出生均重、活仔兔出生窝重方面优于后备初配母兔。试验证实,每只伊普吕母兔使用0.50μg剂量的促排卵3号,对其繁殖性能具有最佳影响。     

移窝并窝是提高仔兔成活率的好办法

<正> 笔者自1980年开始饲养家兔,从1985年进行了仔兔移窝并窝试验。次年开始在生产上全面应用,5年间先后移并了73窝,其中成功65窝,救活仔兔216只,使仔兔育活率增长6％。 1.移窝并窝的好处 母兔采取1次配种,大多数产仔兔5—7只左右,采取复配的母兔大多数产仔兔是8—10只左右。产仔少的母兔,生产性能不能很好的发挥。产仔多的     

葡萄糖氧化酶对泌乳母兔生产性能及体况恢复的影响

为研究葡萄糖氧化酶(glucose oxidase,GOD)对泌乳母兔生产性能及其产后体况恢复的影响,试验选择同期分娩泌乳母兔60只,随机分成5组,每组12只,调整所哺喂的仔兔数,每窝7只,每组仔兔总数相等(84只)。I组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,II、III、IV、V组为试验组,分别饲喂基础日粮加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的GOD。预饲5 d,试验期30 d,结果表明:各试验组母兔泌乳力均高于对照组,其中0.4%添加组与对照组差异接近显著水平(P=0.078);试验组窝平均断乳仔兔只数、仔兔断乳成活率、母兔和同窝仔兔的平均日采食量均高于对照组(P0.05);试验组仔兔初生、21日龄、28日龄时窝重、断乳窝重均高于对照组(P0.05);0.4%添加组的母兔泌乳期失重显著低于对照组(P0.05),综上所述,日粮中添加葡萄糖氧化酶能够提高母兔泌乳性能,利于母兔体况恢复和断乳前仔兔发育,尤以0.4%添加组母兔泌乳力、仔兔增重、断乳成活率最高,母兔泌乳性能最优。     

哺乳期母仔隔离饲养对肉仔兔的影响

在养兔中,仔兔成活困难,死亡率20—25％,有的高达40％以上。原因是多方面的,其中仔兔常从母体感染疾病,或因母兔照顾不周,吊乳、蹲死、受冻、中暑等而死。为此我们于1987年12月至1988年2月进行了母仔隔离饲养对比试验。将18窝3—4胎同期出生的仔兔,按窝分为试验组与对照组。每组9窝,每窝6—8只。品种为丹麦白、加里福尼     

兔巴氏杆菌病的诊断及防制

1 发病情况朝阳县某个体养兔场于2000年11月1日至11月6日,先后将要断奶的23窝共181只仔兔注射了兔瘟及巴氏杆菌二联苗,11月6日至11月10日这23窝仔兔相继离窝断奶.11月20日这批仔兔突然死亡6只,以后陆续发病死亡,从11月20日至11月26日,共68只发病,发病率为37.5%,死亡49只,占发病的72%.     

哺乳仔兔早期感染球虫病的诊治报告

2000年3月,我乡某养兔专业户饲养的哺乳仔兔发生球虫病,经诊治病愈。兔球虫病多发于断奶仔兔至3月龄的兔,哺乳仔兔感染球虫较少见,现将诊治情况报道如下。1　发病情况　养兔专业户陈某有存栏肉兔220只,其中5窝15～20日龄的哺乳仔兔共42只,突然发病,7天内陆续死亡25只。哺乳仔兔与母兔混养,自然哺乳。2　临床症状　仔兔迅速消瘦、结膜苍白、食欲骤减或拒食、精神沉郁、行动迟缓、口腔周围被毛潮湿、腹围增大、腹泻与便秘交替出现,后期出现痉挛、麻痹、头后仰、四肢抽搐、尖叫而死。3　剖检病变　共检查5只病死兔,见十二指肠、空肠、回肠血管…     

饲料投喂量对诱发仔兔黄尿病的影响

仔兔黄尿病是指仔兔吃了母兔品质不良的乳汁所致的急性中毒性胃肠炎．发病快,来势猛,死亡率高。2007年3月,某兔场兔分A、B、C三个组饲养,其中A组,12日龄以下（睡眠期）仔兔存栏668只,相继有31窝293只仔兔患黄尿病．发病率达43．86％。经笔者与其他班组对比分析,查明了病因,现报告如下：     

黑白花兔繁殖性状的相关及通径分析

为研究黑白花兔的繁殖性能,对黑白花兔母兔产仔数、产活仔数、初生窝重、21日龄只数、21日龄窝重、28日龄断奶只数和28日龄断奶窝重7个性状进行相关分析和通径分析。结果表明:各繁殖性状在表型上存在极显著正相关关系,其中21日龄只数与28日龄断奶只数的相关系数最大(0.876 9);对28日龄断奶窝重直接影响最大的是28日龄断奶只数(通径系数为0.548 5),其次是21日龄窝重(通径系数为0.373 0);通过决定系数计算结果,也认为影响黑白花兔28日龄断奶窝重的主要因素是断奶只数和21日龄窝重。因此,在兔生产实际中,除了通过选育提高母兔的繁殖力外,还要健全仔兔保健措施以提高窝成活数,同时还要加强母兔的饲养管理以提高泌乳量,从而从整体上提高黑白花兔的繁殖性能。     

黄河源高寒湿地有机碳组分对不同退化程度的响应

本研究以黄河源区玛沁县大武滩不同退化高寒湿地为研究对象,分层采集冻融丘和丘间土层样品,分析土壤有机碳组分的变化及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明：冻融丘和丘间各层轻组分有机碳、重组分有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物碳含量随着退化程度的加剧下降,且在未退化与轻度退化、重度退化样地冻融丘0~10 cm土层间差异显著（P<0.05）,冻融丘对退化比丘间敏感;土壤重组分有机碳含量占总有机碳含量的94.00%以上,是有机碳的最主要组成部分;随着退化程度的加剧,冻融丘和丘间土壤微生物碳占比显著减少（P<0.05）,对高寒湿地退化的响应敏感;土壤含水量与有机碳、轻组分有机碳、重组分有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物碳含量呈正相关关系。综上所述,高寒湿地退化导致有机碳组分减少,重组分有机碳含量和占比可作为反映土壤有机碳库变化的关键指标,微生物碳含量和占比可作为反映高寒湿地退化的关键指标,均可为高寒湿地生态系统碳库和恢复机理的研究提供数据支撑。     

The immunization of cattle against Babesia divergens with fractions of parasitized erythrocytes

A lysate of erythrocytes infected with Babesia divergens was subjected to isoelectric focusing within a pH range of 3.5-9.5. The focused proteins were split into 2 fractions depending on pH (1) those from 3.5-6.5 and (2) those from 6.5-9.5. The acidic fraction was used as an immunogen for groups of 5 adult cows using 2 different adjuvants, saponin and a mixture of muramyldipeptide (MDP) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Two other groups of 5 cows were simultaneously treated with the alkaline fraction and a sample of the complete lysate with the MDP/IFA adjuvant. The treated cows plus a control group were infected with 2.5 X 10(8) erythrocytes infected with a homologous strain of B. divergens. When compared with the controls all pre-treated groups were protected to some degree. There were significant differences between the treated groups with the group which received MDP/IFA combined with the acidic fraction showing most resistance to the infection. The experiment also showed that the MDP/IFA adjuvant produced more protection than the saponin.     

The microheterogeneity of bovine serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein

The microheterogeneity in bovine serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1AGP) was examined by crossed affino-immunoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A(Con A). In healthy cows, serum alpha 1AGP revealed 2 fractions which were named fraction 1 and 2 according to the degree of binding affinity to Con A. The mean +/- SD of serum alpha 1AGP concentration was 0.31 +/- 0.09 g/l and the relative amounts of fraction 1 and 2 were approximately 67% and 33% respectively on this method. In bovine leukemia cases, 5 out of 8 had a high serum alpha 1AGP concentration of more than 0.7 g/l. On the electrophoretic pattern, the other 2 fractions (Con A weakly and non-reactive fractions, named fraction 3 and 4) were observed in 5 cases and their relative amounts of 4 fractions were 17.8-28.5%, 35.5-46.0%, 17.9-24.4% and 12.0-17.2%, respectively. In bovie leukemia virus infected cows with no clinical symptoms, however, serum alpha 1AGP concentration and the electrophoretic patterns were almost the same as those in healthy cows.     

Distinct Effects of Boar Seminal Plasma Fractions Exhibiting Different Protein Profiles on the Functionality of Highly Diluted Boar Spermatozoa

The aim of this study was to evaluate how different protein profiles of seminal plasma (SP) fractions affect sperm functionality in vitro. Ejaculates from three boars were separated into six fractions. The fractions differed from each other in their sperm content, in their total SP protein content, and their spermadhesin PSP-I/PSP-II and heparin-binding protein (HBP) concentrations. Spermatozoa were mainly recovered in fraction 2 (sperm-rich fraction, >1800 × 10⁶ spermatozoa/ml), whereas the pre-sperm fraction 1 and the post-sperm fractions 4–6 contained low numbers of spermatozoa (<500 × 10⁶/ml). Except in fraction 2, the total SP protein concentration and the concentration of both, spermadhesin PSP-I/PSP-II and the HBPs increased with fraction order. Distinct time-dependent effects were observed on motility characteristics and membrane integrity of highly diluted boar spermatozoa upon incubation with a 10% dilution of the SP from each fraction. The highest sperm viability was recorded after exposure for 5 h to fraction 2, followed by fractions 1 and 3. The percentages of motile spermatozoa also differed significantly among fractions after 5 h of incubation. Spermatozoa incubated with SP of fractions 1–3 showed the highest percentage motility. We conclude that different SP fractions exert distinct effects on the functionality of highly diluted boar spermatozoa. Fractions 1–3 appear to promote sperm survival, whereas fractions 4–6 seem to be harmful for preserving the physiological functions of highly diluted boar spermatozoa.     

Vaccination of turkeys with cell-free culture filtrate of Pasteurella multocida: effects of dilution, iron chelation, and heterologous challenge.

Two experiments were done to further define cell-free culture filtrate (CCF) from Pasteurella multocida and its endotoxin content in protecting turkeys against challenge. In the first experiment, the greater-than-30,000-molecular-weight fraction of P. multocida strain R44/6 (serotype 3/4/9/12) CCF was used in 10-fold dilutions given by air-sac inoculation or aerosol to vaccinate turkeys, which were subsequently challenged with either homologous (P-1059, serotype 3) or heterologous (X-73, serotype 1) strains. Endotoxin content of the CCF fraction was high. Compared with positive controls given either live Clemson University vaccine or a commercial bacterin, homologous protection was provided by undiluted CCF and 1:10 dilutions of CCF, but there was no heterologous protection. In the second experiment, CCF of strain R44/6 in regular and iron-limiting media and CCF of strain FC127B (serotype 1/4) were used alone or in combination to vaccinate turkeys, which were challenged as in the first experiment. Homologous but not heterologous protection occurred, even though growth of strain R44/6 in iron-limiting media reduced endotoxin content of CCF by approximately 93%. These results indicate that endotoxin levels of less than 10% but greater than 1% of those in CCF from regular media are sufficient to induce protection in turkeys against homologous challenge but that CCF from either regular or iron-limiting medium does not provide protection against heterologous challenge.     

Effects of Three Different Liquid Additives Mixed with Whole Oats or Rolled Oats on the Generation of Airborne Particles from an Experimental Simulating Horse Feeding

This study was designed to analyze the reduction potential of three different liquid additives (water, rapeseed oil, and molasses) in three different concentrations mixed with cleaned whole or rolled oats on the generation of airborne particles under standardized laboratory conditions. In addition, the influence of two different drop heights (20 and 40 cm) was analyzed. Airborne particle concentrations were detected online with the gravimetrically measuring analyzer TEOM 1400a that was equipped successively with different inlets to measure the particle fractions PM₂₀, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5. The mixing of oats with just 1% (w/w) of each of the liquid additives led to a significant reduction in airborne particle generation in all three particle fractions with respect to the samples without additives (P < .0001). By the addition of 1% oil, a reduction in the PM₂₀ fraction of 90.6% (120.3 μg/m³) could be achieved. The same dosage of water or molasses only resulted in a reduction of 60.4% (504.6 μg/m³) or 69.1% (393.2 μg/m³), respectively. In general, the highest significant reduction in the PM₂₀ fraction was achieved using 3% rapeseed oil: 96.5% as compared with 75.6% for 3% water and 81.9% for 3% molasses. The drop height only had a significant effect on the generation of the PM₁₀ fraction, with it being lower at 20 cm than at 40 cm (P = .0261).     

Increased leukotriene B(4) production, complement C3 conversion and acid hydrolase enzyme concentrations in different leucocyte sub-populations of dogs with atopic dermatitis

Various markers of the inflammatory response were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from 31 dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). The variables assayed included chemiluminescence, acid hydrolase enzyme concentrations, leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) production and complement C3 conversion. The results were compared to those derived from a population of clinically healthy dogs. Dogs with AD exhibited a significant increase in median LTB(4) production in PMNs compared to controls (0.94 versus 0.00 ng/10(6) cells; P<0.01). Significant increases in the median concentrations of intracellular beta-galactosidase (PBMC fraction - 0.42 versus 0.25 mU/10(6) cells; P<0.05) (PMN fraction - 0.47 versus 0.12 mU/10(6) cells; P<0.01) and beta-glucuronidase (PBMC fraction - 0.52 versus 0.27 mU/10(6) cells; P<0.05) were also evident in the AD group. Although median maximum chemiluminescence values for both leucocyte sub-populations were higher in controls, the differences recorded were not significant (P>0.05). However, the median time taken to reach maximum chemiluminescence was significantly shorter in the PMN fraction of dogs with AD (7.00 versus 10.00 min; P<0.01). Atopic dogs had a significant increase in the median percentage conversion of complement C3 to C3b (66.0 versus 57.3%; P<0.01). The results of this study indicate a priming of the inflammatory response in dogs with AD. The role of LTB(4) in the pathogenesis of canine AD and the potential efficacy of leukotriene antagonists in the treatment of this disorder warrant further investigation.     

Regurgitant fraction measured by using the proximal isovelocity surface area method in dogs with chronic myxomatous mitral valve disease

Previous studies have demonstrated that regurgitant fraction can be measured by using the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method. For this study, we utilized this Doppler echocardiographic method to estimate the magnitude of mitral regurgitation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Seventeen older, small dogs with chronic mitral regurgitation and no to mild myocardial failure were studied. A blinded observer judged the clinical severity of mitral regurgitation to be mild, moderate, or severe by using echocardiographic assessment of left heart size. The regurgitant fraction was calculated by using the PISA method and spectral Doppler echocardiography. The regurgitant fraction was compared to the clinical assessment of severity for each dog and to calculations of left atrial size. Five dogs had clinically mild mitral regurgitation. Four of these dogs had a regurgitant fraction between 22 and 41%, whereas 1 had a regurgitant fraction of 73%. The 3 dogs with clinical evidence of moderate mitral regurgitation had a regurgitant fraction of 46-65%. All 9 dogs with clinically severe mitral regurgitation had a regurgitant fraction greater than 75% (78-88%). The regurgitant fraction was statistically different between each group (P < .001). A good but curvilinear relationship was found between left atrial size and regurgitant fraction (r2 = 0.72). In this study, dogs with clinically severe mitral regurgitation consistently had hemodynamically severe regurgitation (regurgitant fraction > 75%), whereas dogs with clinically mild to moderate disease had lesser degrees of regurgitation. Good correlation was found between regurgitant fraction and left atrial size. We conclude that the major determinant of left atrial size and disease severity in dogs with mitrial regurgitation is the degree of mitral regurgitation.     

A Rapid Solid-Phase Extraction Fluorometric Method for Thiamine and Riboflavin in Salmonid Eggs

Abstract

A new method has been developed and successfully applied to the selective measurement of thiamine (nonphosphorylated), total thiamine (sum of thiamine, thiamine monophosphate (TMP), thiamine diphosphate (TDP), and thiamine triphosphate (TTP)), and potentially interfering riboflavin in acidic (2% trichloroacetic acid) extracts of selected salmonid and walleye egg samples. Acidic extracts of eggs were applied directly to end-capped C₁₈, reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns and separated into three fractions by elution with mixtures of PO₄ buffer (pH 2), methanol (10%), and acetonitrile (20%). All thiamine compounds recovered in the first two fractions were oxidized to their corresponding thiochromes with alkaline potassium hexacyanoferrate, and we measured the thiochrome fluorescence (excitation at 360 nm, emission at 460 nm) in a 96-well microplate reader. Riboflavin, recovered in third fraction (eluted with pH 2, 20% acetonitrile), was analyzed directly by measuring the fluorescence of this fraction (excitation at 450 nm, emission at 530 nm). Significant portions of the phosphate esters of thiamine (TMP, TDP, and presumably TTP), when present at low concentrations (<10 nmol of total ?thiamine per gram of egg), were not retained by the 100-mg SPE column, and were collected directly during sample loading and in a subsequent phosphoric acid rinse as fraction 1. Free thiamine (nonphosphorylated) and remaining portions of the TDP and TMP were then eluted in the second fraction with 10% methanol/PO₄ buffer, whereas the un-ionized, relatively nonpolar riboflavin was eluted in the third fraction with 20% acetonitrile. This new method uses a traditional sample homogenization of egg tissue to extract thiamine compounds into 2% trichlororacetic acid solution; an inexpensive, commercially available SPE column; small amounts of sample (0.5–1 g); microliter volumes of solvents per sample; a traditional, relatively nonhazardous, oxidation of thiamine compounds to fluorescent thiochromes; and an ultraviolet–visible-wavelength-filter fluorometer for the measurements.     

Performance of laying hens as affected by split time and split composition dietary regiments using ground and unground cereals

A factorial experiment was conducted to study the effects on the performance of White Leghorn X Australorp laying hens of diets based on unground cereal grains, small morning and large afternoon meals, and morning and afternoon meals of different composition. From 10 to 21 weeks of age the pullets' food intake was restricted, using either a diet in which the wheat fraction (600 g/kg) was unground or a fully ground diet of similar composition. In the laying period the birds received either a diet (U) in which the limestone was granulated and most of the cereal fraction (wheat and oats or wheat and sorghum) was unground or a fully ground diet (G) of similar composition. Both laying diets were offered ad libitum (A), with 25% issued in the morning and 75% in the late afternoon (T) or as a protein concentrate (250 g/kg of total diet) in the morning and cereal/limestone fraction (750 g/kg) in the late afternoon (C). Rearing and laying performance were unaffected by rearing diet. Laying diet U resulted in a 5.2% increase in food intake and a 0.9 g increase in average egg weight compared with diet G. From 21 to 56 weeks of age, when the cereal/limestone fraction of the diet included oats (240 g/kg of total diet), diet U resulted in fewer (4.8/bird) eggs and a lower financial margin than diet G. From 56 to 80 weeks of age, when oats were replaced by sorghum, this trend was reversed (-3.5 eggs). Birds on diet C produced fewer (16.9) eggs of lower (1.5 g) average weight than birds on diet A, ate less (1.39 kg) food and had a lower financial margin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)