猪传染性胃肠炎病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立和应用

根据GenBank上发表的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)基因序列,针对TGEVN基因全序列设计合成了一对引物,以TGEV疫苗株为模板,建立了检测TGEV的RT-PCR方法。应用该方法对TGEV疫苗株RNA进行扩增,获得与预期大小相符,长度为1168bp的特异性目的片段;测序结果与已报道的TGEV不同毒株的序列同源性达到95%～97%;敏感性测定该RT-PCR可扩增到18pg的TGEV-N-cDNA;对猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)的病料进行RT-PCR鉴定,可检测出TGEVN基因片段。结果表明建立的RT-PCR方法对TGEV的检测敏感性高、特异性强,可用于TGEV感染的诊断和流行病学调查。     

基于DPO引物检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒real-time RT-PCR方法的建立及应用

为建立快速、特异性检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)的方法,以TGEV的N基因为靶基因,利用双启动寡核苷酸引物(dual priming oligonucleotide,DPO),建立了检测TGEV的real-time RT-PCR方法。结果显示,与常规引物相比,DPO引物的特异性强,有3个以上碱基与模板发生错配,将导致扩增效率极大降低或终止扩增反应,同时DPO引物有效退火温度范围较宽,在40～65℃均能高效地扩增靶基因,不需要对退火温度进行优化。本研究建立的方法灵敏度高,对TGEV核酸的最低检测限可达1.52×10~1 copies/μL,同时利用该方法对10种病毒株进行检测,仅TGEV为阳性,显示了良好的检测特异性。该方法的检测重复性好,以质粒标准品为模板的组内、组间重复性检测结果的变异系数均小于1.00%。利用建立的方法对采集的213份仔猪腹泻临床样品进行检测,共检出TGEV阳性样本31份,阳性率为14.55%,与常规RT-PCR方法检测结果的符合率为93.55%,与基于N基因测序结果的符合率为100.00%。本研究基于DPO引物建立的检测TGEV的real-time RT-PCR方法,为TGEV的准确检测和流行病学调查提供技术支持。     

应用RT-PCR检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒的研究

根据GenBank已发表的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV)N蛋白的基因序列,设计合成1对引物,扩增片段长度为730 bp,在优化RT-PCR反应条件的基础上,建立了检测TGEV的RT-PCR检测方法,并用该方法对疑似TGEV的猪群临床腹泻疾病进行了诊断检测和分析。本研究建立的TGEV检测方法,特异、灵敏、可靠,为该病的诊断和流行病学调查研究提供了技术保障。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank上发表的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)基因序列,针对TGEV N基因全序列设计合成了一对引物,以TGEV疫苗株为模板,建立了检测TGEV的RT-PCR方法.应用该方法对TGEV疫苗株RNA进行扩增,获得与预期大小相符,长度为1 168 bp的特异性目的片段;测序结果与已报道的TGEV不同毒株序列的同源性为95%～97%;敏感性测定结果为可扩增到18 pg的TGEV N基因cDNA.结果表明,建立的RT-PCR方法对TGEV的检测敏感性高、特异性强,可用于TGEV感染的诊断和流行病学调查.     

一步法多重RT-PCR检测猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒和猪A群轮状病毒方法的建立和应用

根椐Gen Bank中登录的猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪A群轮状病毒(PARV)基因序列,分别设计3对引物,在建立各病毒单项一步法RT-PCR技术的基础上,优化多重RT-PCR反应条件,建立了3种病毒的一步法多重RT-PCR检测方法,用这3对引物对同一样品中的PEDV、TGEV和PARV核酸模板进行多重RT-PCR扩增,结果可同时扩增PEDV的450 bp、TGEV的609 bp、PARV的241 bp特异性片段,而对其它4种病原的扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性测定结果表明,该多重RT-PCR技术能检出10 pg的PEDV、10 pg的TGEV和1 pg的PARV模板。用67份临床病料对建立的多重RT-PCR技术和单项RT-PCR技术进行对比验证,结果显示,两者的总符合率为100%。表明建立的一步法多重RT-PCR检测方法,具有特异、快速、准确的特点,可用于这3种病毒的同时检测和鉴别诊断。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒和猪A群轮状病毒多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及临床应用

本试验旨在建立能同时检测猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪A群轮状病毒(GAR)的多重RT-PCR检测方法。根据GenBank收录的PEDVM基因、TGEVN基因、GARVP7基因,利用软件Pri mer 5.0设计合成能分别特异性扩增PEDV、TGEV、GAR相应基因的引物。利用这3对引物,作者建立了一种新的能够同时检测PEDV、TGEV和GAR的多重RT-PCR方法,并将这种方法和常规的RT-PCR进行了比较。实验室检测中,多重RT-PCR检测方法能够检测到35 pg的TGEV-PEDV-GAR三联苗的混合RNA。应用该方法检测了华中地区75份腹泻猪粪样,同时利用常规RT-PCR检测方法对该检测方法的敏感性和特异性进行了分析,结果表明该方法检测PEDV、TGEV、GAR的敏感性分别为92%、100%、100%,特异性均为100%。该方法敏感性高、特异性强,是一种新的检测PEDV、TGEV和GAR的方法。     

猪流行性腹泻和猪传染性胃肠炎二重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为了建立猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)和猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)的快速鉴别诊断方法,试验根据GenBank中已发表的PEDV和TGEV的相关基因序列,设计合成特异性引物,分别进行单项PCR最佳反应条件的摸索;确定最佳反应条件后建立PEDV和TGEV的二重RT-PCR检测方法,并进行特异性分析;同时采用单项RT-PCR和二重RT-PCR法检测临床样本,比较两种方法的检出率。结果表明:试验成功建立了PEDV和TGEV的二重RT-PCR检测方法,经最佳退火温度摸索,二重RT-PCR法的最佳退火温度为58.1℃;经特异性分析,二重RT-PCR法对PEDV和TGEV具有很好的特异性;临床样本的检测结果显示,二重RT-PCR法与单项RT-PCR法检出率基本吻合。说明试验建立的PEDV和TGEV的二重RT-PCR检测方法可用于猪传染性胃肠炎和猪流行性腹泻病的快速鉴别诊断。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒S基因实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用简

据猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine,TGEV）S基因序列设计1对特异性引物,通过对实时荧光定量RT-PCR反应条件的优化,建立了SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测TGEV的方法,同时对12份病料进行检测,并与常规RT-PCR进行比较。结果显示,该方法的敏感性达到43.07拷贝/μL,具有良好的特异性和重复性,而常规RT-PCR最低只检测到4.307×10³ 拷贝/μL,敏感性较低。本试验建立的检测TGEV S基因的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法为传染性胃肠炎的鉴别诊断及TGEV的分离鉴定奠定了技术基础。     

猪腹泻相关病毒多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立同时检测猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪轮状病毒(PRV)的多重RT-PCR检测方法,本研究根据GenBank中登录的PEDV S基因、TGEV S基因和PRV VP6基因序列设计合成引物,利用这3对引物对同一样品中的PEDV、TGEV、PRV进行多重RT-PCR扩增,结果显示,该方法可以同时扩增PEDV(682 bp)、TGEV(480 bp)和PRV(297 bp)的特异性DNA片段,而对猪瘟病毒和猪伪狂犬病毒的PCR扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性试验结果表明,该多重RT-PCR方法对PEDV、TGEV和PRV的最低检出量分别为3.3×103拷贝/μL、3.2×103拷贝/μL和2.8×103拷贝/μL。利用建立的多重RT-PCR检测方法和单项RT-PCR对20份临床病料进行检测,结果显示,两者的总符合率为100%。结果表明建立的多重RT-PCR检测方法具有特异、快速、准确的特点,可以用于这3种病毒的同时检测和疾病的鉴别诊断。     

应用多重RT-PCR方法检测158例猪粪样中的两种冠状病毒

根据GenBank上发表的猪流行性腹泻（PEDV）和猪传染性胃肠炎（TGEV）基因序列，针对其PEDVM（膜蛋白）基因保守区及TGEV的S基因（纤突蛋白基因）5’端保守区，各设计一对引物，可特异扩增出目的条带大小分别为467bp和1062bp。用上述两对引物对同一样品中的PEDV和TGEV可进行鉴别检测，对猪的其它病毒和细菌的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性测定结果表明：该双重PCR方法能检出PEDV1pg、TGEV0．1pg的模板。同时采用建立的多重RT-PCR及韩国引进的PEDV和TGEV病毒抗原快速诊断试剂盒检测结果显示：此多重RT-PCR方法特异性强，且较快速试剂盒更加敏感。应用多重RT-PCR对158份临床猪粪样的检测结果表明：我国很多猪场普遍存在TGEV和PEDV，尤其以PEDV污染更为严重，感染率达53．2％，但双重感染率较低，仅为4，4％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.