污泥高温堆肥过程中细菌群落动态特征

研究旨在明确污泥高温堆肥过程中细菌微生物群落的动态变化规律,为城市污泥堆肥快速发酵提供理论依据和技术支持。以污泥工厂化高温好氧堆肥为研究对象,通过传统平板计数法、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和高通量测序技术对污泥高温堆肥过程中的主要细菌组成和变化趋势进行了分析。传统平板计数法结果表明,在污泥堆肥过程中,常温细菌(28℃)数量表现为先降后升的变化趋势,而高温细菌(55℃)的数量表现为先升后降的变化趋势。在不同的堆肥过程中共分离到6 株常温细菌（Paracoccus thiocyanatus,Advenella sp.,Arthrobacter sp.,Lysobacter sp.,Serratia sp. 和Rhodococcus pyridinivorans）和2 株高温细菌（Ureibacillus thermosphaericus 和Geobacillus denitrificans）。DGGE的图谱结果显示,堆肥过程中细菌的组成有明显的变化,聚类分析表明微生物类群分属4 个不同类群。污泥堆肥高温期（堆肥第7 天）细菌高通量测序结果显示,主要细菌分布在6 个门,8 个纲中,其中88.6%的细菌属于Chloroflexi 门,Thermomicrobia 纲,Sphaerobacte 目中的细菌。在城市污泥工厂化堆肥过程中细菌组成和数量处于明显的变化过程中,Sphaerobacte 目中的细菌是污泥堆肥高温阶段的优势微生物。     

产广谱抗菌物质芽孢杆菌的筛选与鉴定

旨在筛选出对果蔬病原菌具有广谱拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌。以9株病原真菌和3株病原细菌为指示菌,采用琼脂平板扩散法,通过初筛和复筛,筛选得到一株具有广谱抑菌作用的拮抗芽孢杆菌NCPSJ7。结合形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA序列同源性分析等手段,该菌株被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens)。抑菌谱实验表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌NCPSJ7对果蔬病原真菌和病原细菌都具有较强的抑菌能力。该菌株产抗菌物质的适宜发酵培养基、发酵条件优化,抗菌物质的分离纯化、组成、性质和抗菌稳定性等还有待于进一步研究。     

产芽孢纤维素降解细菌XN-13菌株筛选及酶活力测定

为筛选对纤维素具有降解作用的产芽孢细菌,以牛粪为原料分离到217株降解细菌,采用刚果红平板法对其进行初筛,对其发酵液测定酶活进行复筛,其中XN-13具有显著的降解活性,酶活力达1700U/ml.对XN-13进行了菌体形态、菌落特征的观察及一系列生理生化试验和16S rDNA的序列测定,结合XN-13菌株的形态特征和生理生化特征综合考察,初步判断XN-13为一株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).产纤维素酶芽孢杆菌的获得对菌剂的大工业生产及菌剂的商品化具有重要意义.     

产芽孢纤维素降解细菌XN-13菌株的筛选及酶活力测定

为筛选对纤维素具有降解作用的产芽孢细菌,以牛粪为原料分离到217株降解细菌,采用刚果红平板法对其进行初筛,对其发酵液测定酶活进行复筛,其中XN-13有显著的降解活性,酶活力达1700 U/mL。对这株菌进行了菌体形态、菌落特征的观察及一系列生理生化试验和16S rDNA的序列测定,结合XN-13菌株的形态特征和生理生化特征综合考察,初步判断XN-13为一株枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。产纤维素酶芽孢杆菌的获得对菌剂的大工业生产及菌剂的商品化具有重要意义。     

高效纤维素降解菌短小芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pumilus）T-7的筛选、鉴定及降解能力的研究

为了得到一株具有降解纤维素性能的产芽孢菌株,采用加热富集芽孢菌及刚果红脱色圈的初筛方法,从菜地土壤、动物粪便、青贮饲料等样品中分离筛选出41株能够降解纤维素的产芽孢细菌。对初筛菌株发酵培养,测定发酵液透明圈直径及纤维素酶活力,菌株T-7具有显著的降解能力,纤维素酶活力达1678.89U/mL。通过形态观察鉴定、生理生化实验和16SrDNA序列分析对其进行种属鉴定,鉴定T-7菌株为短小芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pumilus）。研究了供试菌株T-7的降解工艺,获得了菌株发挥最大降解特性所需的最佳培养条件。结果表明,将菌株T-7以10亿活菌/1Kg的接种量接入玉米秸秆,并且添加辅助碳氮源2%蔗糖+2%尿素时,在发酵8天后对秸秆中纤维素的降解率达40.34%。研究结果为纤维素的生物降解发掘了新的菌种资源,并为秸秆的大规模降解利用奠定了基础。     

兰花枯萎病拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

为筛选对兰花枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌具有拮抗作用的芽孢细菌,从各地采集的土样中分离获得的237株芽孢杆菌进行初筛、复筛,最终从衡水饶阳县棉田的土样中筛选出的芽孢杆菌3A3-15,对病原菌有较强的抑菌活性,且抑菌谱广。结合形态学观察、生理生化试验,根据16S rDNA序列相似性分析,此菌株与Bacillus velezensis标准菌株CR-502的16S rDNA序列相似度达99.92%,因此,鉴定拮抗菌株3A3-15为Bacillus velezensis。     

暹罗芽孢杆菌对瓜类枯萎病有广谱性防效且促根壮

正为研发对瓜类枯萎病有防治作用的微生物菌剂,宁夏大学农学院以4种枯萎病菌(黄瓜2种、西瓜1种、甜瓜1种)为供试病原菌,采用平板对峙法结合抑制菌丝生长速率法,从蚯蚓堆肥中筛选到1株对4种病原菌均有显著抑制效果的拮抗细菌WQ-6。鉴定发现,WQ-6为暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis)。通过单因素试验和响应面分析法优化培养条件,获得了菌株WQ-6最适的发酵工艺(葡萄糖     

河北省冬小麦赤霉病拮抗细菌的分离与鉴定

于2015-2016年小麦季,在河北省15个县(市、区)麦田采集土壤样本115份,采用稀释分离法对土壤样本进行细菌分离,共获得细菌218株。采用平板对峙法进行筛选,获得27株对禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)具有拮抗作用的菌株,平均抑菌率为44.09%;其中XJ-16和LY-2菌株拮抗效果较好,抑菌率分别为73.76%和73.73%。对菌株XJ-16和LY-2进行形态学、生理生化和分子鉴定,确定两菌株均为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。     

一株耐铀及伴生重金属纤维素降解菌株的分离鉴定

筛选出耐受一定浓度铀及其伴生重金属胁迫的纤维素降解菌株,以期达到重金属富集植物体减容减重的目的。通过重金属浓度梯度摇瓶筛选和羧甲基纤维素(CMC-Na)水解圈等方法筛选出一株有较强重金属抗性的纤维素降解菌株C1。经过形态学,菌株培养特征,16S rDNA序列和gyrB基因序列系统发育树对分离菌株进行鉴定和分析,鉴定为革兰氏阳性地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。菌株C1的羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCA)在第4天最高为99.16 U/mL;滤纸酶活(FPA)在第3天达到最高为85.89 U/mL;在10天时秸秆失重率为33.10%。筛得一株耐受一定浓度铀及伴生重金属胁迫的纤维素降解菌C1,对处置富集重金属植物体具有一定的指导意义。     

黄瓜灰霉病产芽孢拮抗细菌的分离筛选与L-72菌株的鉴定

以灰葡萄孢菌为指示菌,采用平板对峙法(改良的琼脂平板扩散法),从土壤中分离筛选出产芽孢拮抗菌株7株.采用液体发酵法对初筛菌株进行了复筛,得到1株具有较高拮抗活性的菌株L-72,对该菌株进行了形态观察和生理生化特征分析,鉴定为Bacillus属.用PCR法扩增其16S rDNA,测定全序列(1 432 bp),与GeneBank中已知菌的16S rDNA序列对比,并用Neighbor-joining方法构建L-72菌株进化树,结果表明,L-72菌株与9种模式菌株相似度均低于97%.因此,确定L-72菌株是与芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)亲缘关系最近的Bacillus属中的一个新种.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.