滚筒式免耕播种机构交互式优化设计系统研究

针对滚筒式免耕播种机构设计过程中,涉及参数多,交互关系复杂,计算量大,计算方法繁琐,设计周期长,不易完成机构优化设计等问题,设计一种交互式设计平台,通过人机交互,达到缩短设计周期、优化机构的目的。通过对鸭嘴滚轮排种装置及其鸭嘴驱动滚筒组成的核心机构的运动学分析,建立鸭嘴驱动角φ、鸭嘴助力角α、鸭嘴滚轮排种装置角速度ω0和滚筒角速度ω1之间的数学模型;以株距、还田量及播种深度为设计参数,构建目标函数与约束条件,确定优化算法,获得满足设计要求的结构参数,即基本结构参数:滚轮半径R0、滚筒半径R1、鸭嘴高度H、鸭嘴数x,辅助结构参数:助力角α、驱动角φ、开孔数n和开孔长度l;使用Matlab(Matrixlaboratory),根据优化算法编写程序,并通过Matlab图形用户界面,直接在界面中获得优化后的结构参数。通过CATIA环境下二次开发,利用关联设计方法建立参数化模型,通过优化后的结构参数驱动参数化模型改变参数。参照系统所得结构参数加工滚筒式免耕播种机构试验样机并进行样机功能试验。交互式优化设计系统可在不同需求下快速生成各结构参数,准确得出最优参数组合,并生成所需模型,最大限度缩短设计时间,提高设计效率与准确度,同时为解决该类问题提供了一种通用方法。     

棉花精量免耕穴播机设计及关键部件运动仿真

黄河三角洲地区种棉历史悠久,但棉花种植的密度相对较低,且采用大小行交错种植,不适宜机器采摘。为此,设计了棉花精量免耕穴播机,主要由全幅旋耕灭茬装置、开沟器、全幅前镇压装置及鸭嘴式穴播器等构成。鸭嘴式穴播器主要由鸭嘴式成穴机构和垂直转勺式排种器组成,既具备精量取种能力,又具备定点投种能力。每组播种单体由两个鸭嘴式穴播器并联构成,能实现(66+10)cm的播种效果。田间试验表明:播种、施肥平均深度分别为32.6、94.6mm,出苗率达到91.04%,提高了播种质量,既满足了机采棉要求,又增加土地了利用率。     

膜下滴灌水稻穴直播机研究

根据水稻膜下滴灌穴直播的农艺要求,分别设计了不同种植模式下适用的膜下滴灌水稻播种机,并对关键部件滚筒式穴播器和覆土装置进行分析;通过正交试验确定了影响其播种性能的因素依次为成穴鸭嘴长度、滚筒式穴播器的滚筒直径和行走速度,影响其覆土性能的因素依次为导土板螺旋升角、覆土滚筒直径和行走速度。在较优参数组合鸭嘴长度28mm、穴播滚筒半径180mm、覆土滚筒螺旋升角35°、覆土滚筒直径360mm、播种机行走速度0.65m/s时,膜下滴灌水稻播种机播种深度合格率为92.6%,穴粒合格率为94.7%,覆土合格率为91.2%,空穴率为1.8%,平均产量达10500kg/hm2,该播种机能满足膜下滴灌水稻播种的技术要求。     

扎压式玉米精播机扎穴机构研究与试验

玉米扎穴精播技术可以减少土壤扰动、降低投种高度、减少动力消耗、解决开沟器易被田间杂物缠问题,实现玉米的精量播种。为此,以扎穴式玉米精播机为研究对象,通过土槽试验,分析了扎穴机构的结构参数,研究了扎穴机构对成穴质量的影响规律。以开合销安装角度、成穴鸭嘴入土深度、成穴鸭嘴锥角为影响因子,采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计方法,分析出机构各参数对成穴质量的影响规律,并得出参数优化组合区间:开合销安装角度5°～13°,成穴器入土深度100～118mm,成穴器锥角15°。优化后的参数可满足玉米播种的性能要求,为进一步研究提供了依据。     

鸭嘴滚轮式花生播种器设计与运动轨迹分析

研究分析了播种器关键部件成穴器及排种器的主要类型、优缺点,设计了一种带鸭嘴滚轮式花生播种器,确定各部件参数,并对鸭嘴、排种器、弹簧压板进行运动轨迹仿真分析,最后通过播种试验考察该花生播种器作业效果,并提出下一步改进措施。     

免耕播种机精量穴施肥系统设计与试验

为实现玉米精量穴施肥农业技术要求,提高穴施肥质量,设计了一种穴施肥控制系统。应用颗粒系统仿真软件EDEM对穴施肥控制装置成穴性能进行了仿真研究,表明穴施肥装置在播种速度3~7 km/h时,鸭嘴阀成穴性能较好,成穴性能随着播种机速度增加逐渐减弱。通过穴施肥控制算法,调节种子脱离排种口与肥料脱离排肥口的时间间隔t_3,控制穴施肥料与穴播种子水平距离a,实现穴施肥位置控制;调节排肥轴转速和鸭嘴阀开合频率,实现穴施肥量控制。采用正交旋转组合试验,以播种机行进速度、鸭嘴阀旋转角、穴施肥装置安装高度为试验因素,穴距精度和穴施肥量精度为试验指标,应用响应面分析法,进行三因素五水平正交试验,结果表明,在播种机行进速度为7 km/h,最佳参数组合为:旋转角33.37°,安装高度17.30 cm。田间试验结果表明,在播种机行进速度3~7 km/h,旋转角33.37°,安装高度17.30 cm时,穴距精度可达84.76%,穴施肥量精度可达87.20%,满足玉米精量穴施肥控制技术农业要求。     

直插式免耕穴播机的设计

针对舵轮式覆膜穴播机存在的问题,设计了垂直插入式免耕穴播机。运用四杆机构原理,设计了成穴器—鸭嘴直立接种、垂直入土和出土;采用地轮传动凸轮-连杆机构实现了鸭嘴插入土壤后的接近水平零位移运动;鸭嘴采用了定点强制开启投种。分析表明:该机成穴播种机构设计合理,穴粒数合格率较高,无空穴,成穴器不堵土,不挑膜,穴孔合理,易于覆土。     

玉米直插穴播机强排-强启排种装置设计与试验

在玉米直插穴播机的基础上,针对被动鸭嘴开启过程播种性能受地面高低起伏影响较大的问题,设计了强排-强启排种装置,主要由共轭凸轮、强排-强启排种器等组成。对前进速度补偿机构进行了分析,确定了穴播过程关键时间点,重点对强排-强启排种器的取种轮取种和鸭嘴强制开启2个动作实现进行了位移计算,反求法计算确定共轭凸轮的主凸轮轮廓;取种轮匀速转动能提高取种率,通过计算确定了凸轮从动件运动规律。试验结果表明:该装置传动运行平稳,能完成取种和排种动作,鸭嘴无夹土、无提早排种现象;鸭嘴膜孔较小,鸭嘴播种期间无挑膜、撕膜等问题;玉米直插穴播机的空穴率为1.8%、穴粒数合格率为95.3%、膜下播种深度合格率为88.1%,设计的玉米直插穴播机强排-强启排种装置满足设计要求和玉米播种的农艺技术要求。     

一种新型鸭嘴式成穴器的设计及仿真

针对传统鸭嘴式成穴器作业时空穴率高、鸭嘴开启不可靠、撕膜等问题,设计新型鸭嘴式成穴器。其由固定鸭嘴、活动鸭嘴、推拉杆、圆环和活动把等组成。对该成穴器进行三维造型和虚拟样机模拟,模拟结果可知:圆环的垂直方向的位移曲线基本满足要求,即先下降,停顿一小会,再上升,且曲线平整,无跳动;设计的新型鸭嘴式成穴器的圆环与土壤的接触面积大,且均匀,对土壤的压力较小,尤其在地膜覆盖的田间,其对地膜的破坏小,对土壤的扰动小,更有利于种子的生长;活动鸭嘴开启最大角度为14°,满足鸭嘴开口角度要求。因此所设计的鸭嘴式成穴器具有结构新颖、简单,对提高谷物播种机的播种效率、降低空穴率有着重要意义。     

铺膜点播机的维修与保养

1主要结构及工作原理1.1主要结构该机由机架、施肥装置、铺膜装置、膜上穴播和覆土装置组成。排肥装置由地轮驱动、链轮传动、肥箱、排肥器、排肥管等组成;铺膜装置由开沟器、挂膜架、膜辊组成;膜上穴播装置由播种滚筒、取种器、播种鸭嘴组成;覆土装置由圆盘覆土器和挡土板组成。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。