酶法高透光率青梅汁生产工艺的研究

以永泰青梅为原料,以制取高透光率青梅汁为目标,采用正交试验方法研究了酶加入量、酶解时间和酶解温度对青梅汁黏度和透光率的影响。结果表明,果胶酶酶解青梅浆的最佳工艺条件是:酶用量0.05%,酶解温度45℃,酶解时间1.5h,其中果胶酶用量是影响青梅汁透光率的主要因素。     

果胶酶澄清蜜柚汁的工艺优化

以琯溪蜜柚为主要原料,研究果胶酶对蜜柚汁的澄清工艺,通过单因素试验和正交试验,对其澄清工艺进行了优化。结果表明,采用果胶酶澄清蜜柚汁时,酶解的最佳工艺条件为果胶酶添加量0.05%,最适pH值3.5,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间2.0 h。在此酶解工艺条件下,蜜柚汁透光率达77.8%以上,澄清度明显提高。酶解后产品风味独特,基本保留鲜蜜柚汁营养成分。     

红树莓山药复合保健饮料的研究

以红树莓为主料,山药、木糖醇为辅料,黄原胶为稳定剂,开发一款具有抗衰老、抗炎症及保护心血管等保健作用的复合饮料。首先,以出汁率为评价指标,用果胶酶酶解红树莓,依次通过单因素试验和L_9(3~4)正交试验,确定了红树莓的最佳酶解条件,即酶添加量0.35%,酶解温度30℃,酶解pH值3.0,酶解时间120 min。进一步以感官品质作为评价指标,通过单因素试验,确定红树莓汁、山药浸提液、木糖醇和黄原胶的添加量。在此基础上,采用四因素三水平L_9(3~4)正交试验,优化了饮料的最佳配方,即红树莓汁添加量25%,山药浸提液添加量12%,木糖醇添加量8%,黄原胶添加量0.02%。     

果胶酶澄清葡萄汁的工艺研究

采用果胶酶澄清葡萄汁工艺效果研究,通过单因素与正交试验确定最佳工艺条件,结果表明,果胶酶澄清葡萄汁的最佳工艺为酶用量0.04g/L、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间50min,用此工艺条件澄清的葡萄汁透光率在83.7%以上,可溶性固形物含量基本不变。     

果胶酶澄清石榴汁的工艺优化

以新疆石榴原汁为材料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验筛选果胶酶澄清石榴汁的工艺条件。结果表明,果胶酶澄清石榴汁最佳工艺为:果胶酶添加量64.32 U/100 m L,酶解时间35 min,酶解温度45℃,经该工艺条件澄清后石榴汁的透光率为91.39%,花色苷含量为89.74 mg/100 g。     

果胶酶和纤维素酶对尤力克柠檬出汁率的影响

以尤力克柠檬为材料,利用果胶酶和纤维素酶酶解柠檬浆,研究2种酶对尤力克柠檬出汁率的影响,确定柠檬最佳酶解工艺为:果胶酶用量0.2%,纤维素酶0.5%,酶解时间4h,酶解温度45℃,出汁率73.45%。     

酶解对青梅汁澄清效果的影响

采用单因素试验,分别研究了果胶酶和纤维素酶澄清青梅汁的最佳工艺条件。设计复合酶澄清青梅汁的4因素3水平正交试验,以透光率和出汁率为指标,确定澄清青梅汁的最适工艺条件为:果胶酶用量为0.07%,纤维素酶用量为0.08%,酶解时间为3.5h,酶解温度为40℃,青梅汁的透光率和出汁率分别为79.43%和77.29%。     

复合酶法提取青梅汁的工艺研究

以普宁青梅为原料,以获取率高出汁率为目标,采用正交试验方法研究果胶酶和纤维素酶的用量、酶解时间、酶解温度。结果表明,青梅汁的最佳酶解工艺条件为果胶酶用量2.00 U/kg,纤维素酶用量0.50 U/kg,酶解时间3.0 h,酶解温度30℃,出汁率为76.14%。。     

利用果胶酶澄清余甘果汁的研究

以新鲜余甘果为原料,用果胶酶作为澄清剂,研究果胶酶用量、酶解温度、酶解时间和果汁pH值对余甘果原汁澄清效果的影响,确定用果胶酶澄清余甘果汁的最佳条件。结果表明,果胶酶法澄清余甘果汁的最佳工艺条件是:果胶酶用量0.16%,酶解温度55℃,酶解时间80min,果汁pH值为4.5。     

响应面法优化石榴汁酶解澄清工艺的研究

采用三元二次中心组合响应面法研究了石榴汁酶解澄清工艺中果胶酶用量、酶解温度和酶解时间对石榴澄清汁透光率和花色苷含量的影响,建立了相应的数学模型,确定了最佳酶解条件.结果表明,对石榴汁透光率影响作用大小的顺序为:果胶酶用量>酶解温度>酶解时间;最优酶解工艺条件为:pectinex BE XXL果胶酶加酶量0.98 mL/...     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.