Application of an emulsifiable mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin against root knot nematodes and soilborne fungi for greenhouse tomatoes in Italy

A mixture of 1,3-dicloropropene 60.5% w/w and chloropicrin 33.3% w/w (Telone C35 EC) may be registered in Italy for soil drip fumigation. Five experiments on greenhouse tomatoes in Northern, Central and Southern Italy compared the effectiveness of this mixture in comparison with methyl bromide to find the optimum application rate in soils infested by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici, Sclerotium rolfsii, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita. Its efficacy against F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici and M. incognita was confirmed when applied to soils at 100, 200, 300 and 400 l ha⁻¹ (132.4, 268.4, 402.6 and 536.8 kg ha⁻¹) under gas-tight films with 15–45 mm of application water (900–1200 mg Telone C35 EC l⁻¹). In sandy soils, with slight F. radicis lycopersici infections and with heavy nematode (M. incognita) attacks, the mixture, drip applied at 900 mg l⁻¹ during late summer (fumigation: late summer; transplant: late-summer/autumn; last harvest: early spring), performed well up to 132.4 kg ha⁻¹ (100 l ha⁻¹). In sandy loam soils with slight F. radicis lycopersici infections and severe infections of F. lycopersici and galling nematodes (M. javanica), 268.4 kg ha⁻¹ (200 l ha⁻¹) of the mixture applied at 900 mg l⁻¹ as a drip provided yields similar to those of methyl bromide treated plots both in spring and summer cycles. In sandy loam soils, the diseases (F. lycopersici, F. radicis lycopersici) were controlled at rates 268.4 kg ha⁻¹ (containing 90 kg ha⁻¹ of chloropicrin), but the mixture was ineffective against Sclerotium rolfsii occasionally observed in sandy loam soils. In both sandy and sandy loam soils, no significant relationships were found between the rates of mixture applied (132.4, 268.4, 402.6 and 536.8 kg ha⁻¹) and the degree of nematode infestation.     

与尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病相关的抑病型土壤研究进展

由尖孢镰刀菌引起的枯萎病是制约作物生产的世界性重要土传维管束病害,危害的作物种类多,损失严重,生产中尚无经济有效的防治方法。抑病型土壤是指对土传作物病害有抑制作用的一类土壤,具有有益微生物种群结构稳定、对土传病害防效持久等特点,因此国内外专家进行了许多卓有成效的研究。本文对尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病相关抑病型土壤的形成因素、作用机制等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对今后尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病抑病型土壤研究的重点方向及应用前景进行了分析和展望,以其为下一步深入研究尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病抑病型土壤的微生物种群结构、有益微生物种类构成、抑病型土壤的构建方法及复合微生物菌肥研制提供新的参考。     

Preventing spread of Fusarium wilt of Hiemalis begonias in the greenhouse

To develop strategies to manage Fusarium wilt of Hiemalis begonias (Begonia×Hiemalis), caused by Fusarium foetens, studies were conducted to understand how the disease might be spread in the greenhouse. Inoculum density studies showed that as few as 100 conidial ml⁻¹ were sufficient to cause significant disease indicating that shared irrigation systems need strict sanitation along with bench tops, pots, and trays. The role of fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.) in vectoring F. foetens within a greenhouse was studied using nylon tent cages with diseased and healthy Hiemalis begonias. Fungus gnats were released into half of the cages. In cages where fungus gnats were present only healthy plants became diseased, indicating the effectiveness of fungus gnats in spreading Fusarium wilt. The pathogen was also isolated from adult fungus gnats. In vitro studies showed that two commercially available H₂O₂-based compounds, ZeroTol^® (2.0% peroxyacetic acid and 27.0% hydrogen peroxide), and SaniDate^® (12.0% peroxyacetic acid and 18.5% hydrogen peroxide), were effective in causing 100% spore mortality at rates that would allow their use in irrigation water. Seven cultivars of Hiemalis begonias (Begonia×Hiemalis) grown in soil infested with F. foetens were highly susceptible. No other Begonia species showed typical symptoms of chlorosis and wilt, but two cultivars of Rex begonia (Begonia rex) exhibited significant stunting in repeated trials.     

韭菜根系分泌物对苦瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用

为探究韭菜根系分泌物对苦瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用,本研究以‘山东雪韭6号’韭菜和苦瓜枯萎病菌为试验材料,水培法收集韭菜根系分泌物,采用菌丝生长速率和孢子萌发法研究韭菜根系分泌物对苦瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用;利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）鉴定根系分泌物组成成分,筛选可能的主效化感物质,进一步通过体外抑菌试验验证其化感作用,明确主效化感物质。结果表明,随着韭菜根系分泌物浓度的升高,苦瓜枯萎病菌的菌落直径和孢子萌发数均呈先降后升的趋势,当分泌物浓度为3.22 mg/mL时,抑制作用最大,满足化感作用低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的特性。通过GC-MS鉴定出韭菜根系分泌物中的主要成分为酚类、酯类、烷烃类、醇类、烯类、芳香类,可能的化感物质为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、2,2°-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)。通过体外抑菌试验证实这3种物质对苦瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发都有不同程度的化感抑制作用,且抑菌效果为2,4-二叔丁基苯酚>邻苯二甲酸二丁酯>2,2°-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚),明确其为化感物质。由此可知,韭菜根系分泌的主效化感物质对苦瓜枯萎病菌有显著的化感抑制作用,这为苦瓜间套轮作韭菜防控苦瓜枯萎病和研制植物源抑菌剂提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

芽胞杆菌JK05的鉴定及其对香蕉、玉米的促生和生防潜能研究

解淀粉芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和苏云金芽胞杆菌等是重要的有益微生物,被广泛应用于植物病虫的生物防治。前期分离获得1株芽胞杆菌JK05,对其形态、生理生化特征、16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列进行分析,将其鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌植生亚种Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum。对峙培养实验结果显示,JK05菌株对多种植物病原镰刀菌具有拮抗作用。植物生长促进实验表明,JK05菌株对香蕉和玉米生长具有明显促进作用。盆栽实验结果显示,JK05菌株对香蕉枯萎病具有良好的防治效果。采用特异引物对JK05菌株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,其可扩增到表面活性素（surfactin）、丰原素（fengycin）、伊枯草菌素A（iturin A）等抗生素合成基因。综上,JK05菌株具有良好的生防潜力,有望应用于生物农药和微生物肥料。     

含氨基酸水溶肥料对2株芽孢杆菌的激活作用

含氨基酸水溶肥是一种新型绿色肥料,具有肥效快、无残留、改善作物品质和提高作物抗逆性等优点。将其作为有机载体制备菌肥,对芽孢杆菌生长和繁殖是否具有影响,尚未见报道。本研究分析不同浓度的“绿农林”含氨基酸水溶肥溶液对芽孢杆菌菌株X05和QB61生长繁殖、拮抗代谢物产生以及对番茄、香蕉生长和香蕉枯萎病防效的影响。结果表明：在1~50 g/L供试含氨基酸水溶肥溶液中培养24 h,芽孢杆菌X05和QB61细胞数量增长为初始菌量的86~2900倍,而在清水中培养24 h,细胞数量未发生明显变化;X05和QB61在50 g/L的含氨基酸水溶肥溶液中培养48 h,上清液对香蕉枯萎病菌的生长具有显著的抑制作用,而在其他浓度的含氨基酸水溶肥溶液和清水中培养48 h,上清液均无抑制作用;与单独施用芽孢杆菌X05或QB61处理相比,施用添加芽孢杆菌X05或QB61的含氨基酸水溶肥处理的番茄和香蕉幼苗生长显著增强,同时香蕉枯萎病发病指数分别降低33.4%和32.2%。以上结果表明,供试氨基酸水溶肥可促进芽孢杆菌X05和QB61的生长和繁殖,并使其产生拮抗代谢物,两者混合施用对番茄和香蕉具有更好的促生效果,并可提高芽孢杆菌对香蕉枯萎病的防效。因此,供试的含氨基酸水溶肥与上述的芽孢杆菌组合具有良好的应用前景。     

Detection of genetic variation among Indian wheat head scab pathogens (Fusarium spp./isolates) with microsatellite markers

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is responsible for extensive damage of wheat in humid and semi-humid regions of the world. Presently, FHB of wheat is a minor disease in India but due to global climate change, there is a chance that moist conditions and high humidity resulting from more rainfall during mid-anthesis could increase the susceptibility of wheat to Fusarium infection. For the present study, 27 isolates of three Fusarium spp. viz., Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from naturally infected wheat sampled from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Wellington (Tamil Nadu) during 2000–2003. Genomic DNA was isolated from fresh mycelia using the CTAB method. Fusarium spp./isolates were analyzed with four newly developed microsatellite markers (MS-Fg1353, MS-Fg6808, MS-Fg307 and MS-Fg3654) and six previously published microsatellite markers (MS-Fg97, MS-Fc1, MS-Fg103, MS-Fg30, MS-Fg75 and MS-Fg90). All markers amplified a DNA fragment of variable length for different Fusarium spp./isolates. Microsatellite markers, MS-Fg103, MS-Fg103 did not amplify F. oxysporum and F. verticillioides isolates, respectively. MS-Fg307 amplified a fragment of 200 bp with F. graminearum isolates of Wellington. This study has shown that there is considerable genotypic variability among Fusarium spp./isolates causing FHB of wheat in India.     

香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种smy1基因的功能分析

Smy1是一种参与调控真菌生长的驱动蛋白。本研究克隆了香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种（Foc 4）驱动蛋白基因smy1,并采用同源重组技术获得smy1敲除的野生型Foc 4的smy1敲除突变体。通过测定突变体菌丝形态、生长速度、产生孢子量、对香蕉苗的致病力及对氰烯菌酯的敏感性,用于研究smy1在香蕉枯萎病菌的生长发育及对氰烯菌酯抗药性中的作用。结果表明,与野生型Foc 4相比,smy1敲除突变体生长缓慢、菌丝畸形、产孢量增加,对巴西蕉苗的致病力减弱,但对氰烯菌酯的抗性水平变化不大。由此推断smy1基因可能在Foc 4的生长发育、产孢以及致病力等方面具有重要作用。     

拮抗香蕉枯萎病镰刀菌木霉菌株的分离筛选

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的,目前尚缺乏有效的防治方法,木霉菌是重要的植物病害防治菌,广泛分布于自然界。木霉菌具有广泛的适应性,能杀伤多种重要的植物病原菌且作用机制多种多样。笔者从广东湛江、海南儋州等地152份土样中分离出330株木霉,通过对峙法对木霉菌进行体外拮抗作用测定及评价,选出10株对尖孢镰刀菌有较好拮抗效果的木霉菌;并测定无菌土中木霉与病原菌的种群动态变化,结果表明木霉在土壤中对病原菌有一定的抑制作用。     

Methyl bromide alternatives for weed and soilborne disease management in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Two field trials were conducted to examine the efficacy of methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives in the control of Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen (Fusarium wilt) in fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Various treatments compared combinations of soil fumigants and herbicides based on methyl bromide, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, metam sodium, dazomet, and pebulate. The data show that consistently 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin at both doses in combination with the herbicide pebulate can be considered alternatives to methyl bromide in fresh market tomato. These treatments had excellent purple nutsedge and Fusarium wilt control, and marketable tomato yields were similar to that for methyl bromide plus chloropicrin.     

不同遗传背景香蕉品种间轮作控制香蕉枯萎病的效果分析

香蕉种质资源丰富,不同香蕉品种对各个枯萎病生理小种的耐受性不同,利用遗传背景差异大、抗性不同的香蕉品种进行轮作可能达到防控香蕉枯萎病的效果.本研究选取华南地区常见的香牙蕉、粉蕉、龙牙蕉、贡蕉等栽培蕉类型作为研究材料,通过对24个香蕉品种的遗传多样性进行分析,结合生产应用,筛选遗传背景不同并且具有一定抗枯萎病的品种,进行...     

香蕉枯萎病菌分子检测研究进展

香蕉枯萎病是全世界香蕉产业共同面临的毁灭性病害,但目前生产上仍缺乏适宜的抗病品种和有效的治疗措施。因此,借助快速准确的枯萎病菌检测技术及时明确病原菌以控制该病的传播和蔓延显得尤为重要。本文回顾了近年来国内外香蕉枯萎病菌分子检测技术的发展历程,归纳和总结了DNA指纹图谱、普通PCR、多重PCR、荧光定量PCR及等温扩增技术在该病菌检测中的研究进展,分析了不同检测技术的优缺点,并指出可能存在的问题和研究发展方向,为该病的分子检测技术优化和防控策略制定提供参考。     

8种香蕉种质对枯萎病的抗性比较与分析

采用室内接菌、病区种植的方法,研究8种香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种 （Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, Foc 4）的抗性水平,评价其抗性级别。苗期抗性评价结果表明：GCTCV-119、GCTCV-217为高抗;桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218为抗;GCTCV-105、GCTCV-215为中抗;桂蕉1号为感;巴西蕉为高感。田间抗性评价结果为：GCTCV-119、GCTCV-217为高抗;GCTCV-215为抗;GCTCV-105、桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218为中抗;桂蕉1号、巴西蕉为高感。连续种植3年,桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218的发病率呈下降趋势,GCTCV-105发病率较稳定,发病率保持在9.7%~12.0%,所有抗病品种（系）宿根3年后,根据相对发病率评价均表现为抗;而感病品种桂蕉1号及巴西蕉发病率则逐年上升,宿根蕉发病率均在98.2%~100%。     

Antifungal modes of action of metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl in phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans

The activity of the phenylamide fungicides metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl against phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans has been compared in several tests. Metalaxyl showed the highest activity amongst the four fungicides against mycelial growth of sensitive strains on agar media. Benalaxyl and cyprofuram showed the highest activity against resistant strains. RNA synthesis of sensitive strains, measured as [³H]uridine incorporation, was inhibited by about 80% (P. megasperma) and by about 40% (P. infestans) by all phenylamides at concentrations of 1 μg/ml. At higher concentrations inhibition remained at this level, indicating that only part of the RNA synthesis was inhibited. RNA synthesis of resistant strains was completely insensitive to metalaxyl and oxadixyl at concentrations as high as 200 μg/ml. Cyprofuram, however, at concentrations above 1 μg/ml (P. megasperma) and 10 μg/ml (P. infestans) was inhibitory and at 200 μg/ml this compound almost completely inhibited the phenylamide-sensitive part of the RNA synthesis of both strains. In contrast to the other phenylamides, benalaxyl affected [³H]uridine uptake into mycelium at concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml, and at 100 μg/ml inhibition of uptake was almost total with both sensitive and resistant strains of both Phytophthora species. Inhibition of [³H]uridine uptake obviously is a feature of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl. Endogenous RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei from sensitive strains of P. megasperma was inhibited at phenylamide concentrations as low as 0·1 μg/ml whereas that from resistant strains was not affected at concentrations as high as 100 μg/ml. Similarly, endogenous nuclear RNA polymerase activity of sensitive P. infestans strains appeared to be more sensitive to the phenylamides than that of resistant P. infestans strains. This suggests that resistance that developed in field strains of P. infestans has a basis similar to that of mutagen-induced resistance in laboratory strains of P. megasperma. Tests of the fungicidal activity of the phenylamides determined in a lucerne seedling assay (P. megasperma) and a detached potato leaf assay (P. infestans) clearly differentiated between sensitive and resistant strains. Resistance levels to cyprofuram and benalaxyl were as high as those to metalaxyl and oxadixyl, indicating that the additional effect of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl and the property of cyprofuram to inhibit RNA synthesis of resistant strains at higher concentrations are of limited practical importance for counteracting phenylamide resistance.     

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种的磷酸化应激诱导蛋白1（FoSTIP1）基因的克隆及表达分析

本研究克隆了尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, Foc4）转录因子FoSkn7一个候选的下游基因,结果表明该基因cDNA编码序列全长1737 nt,编码一个含578个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。对其编码的蛋白进行了结构域和进化分析,结果表明该蛋白质含有胁迫诱导蛋白（stress-in-ducible protein-1, STI1）结构域和多个三角形4肽重复序列结构域（tetratricopeptide repeat, TPR）。该蛋白质与尖孢镰刀菌番茄专化型的磷酸化应激诱导蛋白1（STIP1）亲缘关系最近,因此初步将其确定为Foc4的磷酸化应激诱导蛋白并命名为FoSTIP1。采用相对荧光定量PCR方法分析了该基因在野生型B2菌株入侵香蕉苗根部及在外源H₂O₂诱导情况下的表达变化,也分析了FoSKN7基因缺失突变体中该基因在外源H₂O₂诱导情况下的表达。结果表明在入侵香蕉苗根部及在外源H₂O₂诱导情况下,B2菌株中的FoSTIP1表达均有上调,而FoSKN7基因缺失突变体中FoSTIP1即使有H₂O₂诱导,其表达也远低于B2菌株中的FoSTIP1。推测FoSTIP1可能是FoSkn7的靶基因并参与了Foc4抗外源氧化胁迫。     

拮抗放线菌菌株FS-4发酵工艺筛选

FS-4是1株对香蕉枯萎病菌有较好拮抗作用的放线菌。以高氏一号培养基为基础,通过单因素和响应面实验进行了相关优化,对FS-4菌株的发酵工艺进行筛选。结果表明：0.5%蛋白胨,2.4%蔗糖,0.05%的磷酸氢二钾、氯化钠和硫酸镁,发酵温度28 ℃,初始pH为7为最佳培养基配方及最优发酵条件。发酵62 h后,发酵液中抑菌物质活性达到最高水平,对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑菌圈直径达到27.1 mm。     

In situ sprouting and regulation of fresh-seed dormancy in Spanish type groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Two hundred groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm accessions and 21 cultivars belonging to the Spanish group (ssp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) were screened for pod loss due to sprouting of seed in the field. Some cultivars were also tested for germination of the fresh-seed with or without testa and treated or untreated with ethrel or abscisic acid (ABA). Large variation in pod loss due to in situ sprouting of seed, and fresh-seed dormancy (FSD) was found among the accessions and cultivars. Fresh-seed dormancy index (FSDI) varied from 2% in Chico to 88% in ICGS 44 (the check with high FSD). Cultivars with an FSDI value of less than 10% showed more pod loss in situ than the cultivars with high FSDI. Thus pod loss due to in situ sprouting increased with a decrease in FSDI. Cultivar SB XI did not show any in situ sprouting or pod loss. A direct relationship (r, 0.86^**) existed between fresh-seed germination of accession/cultivar in the laboratory and the percentage of its plants with sprouted seed in the field. Seed of two Spanish cultivars ICGS 11 (dormant) and GG 2 (non-dormant) when tested for germination after treatment with ethrel or ABA at various seed development stages showed different germination response to these chemicals. Seed of GG 2 showed up to 40% germination even at an early stage (S₁) of seed development, whereas the seed of ICGS 11 responded to the ethrel only at maturity (S₄). Regulation of FSD appeared to be more under the control of the testa than the cotyledons. The variation in the degree of in situ sprouting can be used for breeding Spanish cultivars with various desirable levels of FSD.     

海洋细菌AiL3菌株防治香蕉枯萎病研究

采用室内盆栽和大田小区试验对海洋细菌AiL3菌株防治香蕉枯萎病作用及对香蕉的促生效果进行测定.结果表明:菌株处理后盆栽试验和大田试验中的香蕉苗叶片数、株高、光合速率和蒸腾速率等均明显高于对照;AiL3菌株盆栽试验处理6个月后对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果达100％,大田小区试验菌株处理8个月后对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果分别为72.71％和46.32％.表明AiL3菌株对香蕉植株有一定的防病促生作用.     

香蕉枯萎病菌菌株致病力分化及其原因研究

以田间表现出枯萎病症状的香蕉和粉蕉组织中分离获得的13株尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)为试验材料,分别测定了不同菌株对香蕉(巴西蕉)和粉蕉(广粉一号)的致病力以及在不同培养液中产生的细胞壁降解酶的活性和毒素含量。结果表明:不同菌株对香蕉和粉蕉的致病力存在明显差异;相关性分析显示,不同菌株产细胞降解酶活性与相应菌株侵染引起的寄主病情指数无相关性,产镰刀菌酸的含量与寄主病情指数呈极显著正相关(r=0.9326)。认为香蕉枯萎病菌菌株间产镰刀菌酸能力的不同是导致其致病力出现分化的主要原因之一。     

Coleoptile length variation of near-isogenic Rht lines of modern CIMMYT bread and durum wheats

A set of 10 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and six durum wheat (T. turgidum L.) genotypes near-isogenic for either the Rht1 or Rht2 dwarfing genes were analyzed for plant height, kernel weight, coleoptile length and grain yield. Coleoptile length was measured at three different temperatures and plant height, kernel weight and grain yield determined in six different environments. Durum wheat, regardless of stature, produced longer coleoptiles than bread wheat at higher temperature. Within the non-Rht isolines, plant height and coleoptile length were independent characters. The tall durum wheats tended to be taller than their bread wheat counterparts, indicating an absence of minor genes for reduced height. However, a number of bread wheat cultivars showed relatively small height increases following removal of the Rht gene and substantially greater increases in coleoptile length. Coleoptile length was more highly correlated (r²=0.53, P<0.01) with seed weight among the non-Rht isolines compared to cultivars containing either Rht1 or Rht2. Grain yield and plant height were positively correlated among the semi-dwarf Rht isolines in 5 of 6 environments. No equivalent relationship existed among the non-Rht materials. Grain yield (standard sowing depth 3 cm) and coleoptile length were generally not significantly correlated within each isogenic grouping.

Plant breeders should be able to select short statured, non-Rht1 or non-Rht2 hexaploid bread wheat with better emergence characteristics. The non-Rht genotypes developed from the bread wheat cultivars Seri 82 and Culiacan 89 were identified as meeting these criteria. Wheats such as these could offer significant advantages to farmers in environments where deep sowing into stored soil moisture is practiced.