高原鼠兔的经济损害水平及防治指标研究

 ２００７－２００８年在肃南县大河乡大岔村的高寒草甸和高寒草原对高原鼠兔的经济损害水平及防治指标研究的结果表明,高原鼠兔种群数量与其危害所造成草原牧草减产量（地上植物）及经济损失呈正相关关系,相关系数为：r＝０．９７６５;高原鼠兔的有效洞口数（X）与牧草减产量（M）的线性回归方程为：M＝－１６．９６０３＋０．９１８０X在１３３０ｈｍ^２ 范围内用Ｃ 型肉毒梭菌生物毒素进行防治,核算单位面积防治成本为２５．０５元／ｈｍ^２;试验期间,高原鼠兔的实际鼠密度高达５１０有效洞口／ｈｍ^２,经济损害水平为１３０有效洞口／ｈｍ^２;实际经济损失率高达３２．９％,而经济允许损失率只有１１．２％。根据经济允许损失率测算的有效防治指标为１８５有效洞口／ｈｍ^２。     

3种除草剂与肥料混施对海滨雀稗及交播黑麦草生长的影响

2009-2010年在江苏小洋口乡村俱乐部进行田间试验，旨在明确除草剂嗪磺隆、磺酰磺隆、敌草隆与复合肥混施后对海滨雀稗（Paspalum vaginatum）及交播黑麦草(Lolium perene)生长的影响。结果表明，海滨雀稗休眠前单施嗪磺隆0.027 kg ai/hm2、磺酰磺隆0.01 kg ai/hm2及与复合肥250 kg/hm2（含N∶P∶K为18∶6∶12）混施，对海滨雀稗草坪叶色及返青无影响。施敌草隆1.6 kg ai/hm2，2周内草坪叶片轻度失绿，草坪返青正常。敌草隆与肥料混施后，2周内草坪叶片中度失绿，来年返青比对照迟5 d。草坪完全返青后单施嗪磺隆0.027 kg ai/hm2及与肥料混施，药后3周黑麦草死亡，海滨雀稗叶色及密度正常。单施磺酰磺隆0.01 kg ai/hm2及与肥料混施，药后3周黑麦草死亡，海滨雀稗叶片极轻微至轻微失绿。5~6周全区草坪叶色及密度正常。施敌草隆1.6 kg ai/hm2后2周黑麦草死亡，海滨雀稗叶片中度失绿伴密度轻微受损。药后7周全区草坪叶色渐趋正常，但密度低于对照。敌草隆与肥料混施后2周黑麦草死亡，海滨雀稗叶片严重失绿，6周局部死亡，9周全区草坪叶色渐趋正常，密度显著低于对照。     

在碱茅和芦苇草地中防除刺儿菜药物筛选试验结果

在碱茅和芦苇人工草地中喷施不同量的甲黄隆、绿黄隆和阔叶净均可有效防除有害杂草刺儿菜（Ｃｉｒｓｉｕｍｓｅｔａｓｕｍ）。刺儿菜的株防效和鲜重防效均与施药量呈正相关。以喷施甲黄隆（２５％）２２．５ｇ／ｈｍ２或绿黄隆（２５％）４．５ｇ／ｈｍ２最好．     

草坪杂草化学防除研究初报

防除草坪中双子叶杂草用７２％的２，４－Ｄ丁酯０．７５￣０．９８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或７２％的２甲４氯１．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，株防效为８６．２％￣９６．９％；防除草坪中单子叶杂草可根据草坪的建植年限及草坪草的高度选用１２％的恶草灵３．６￣４．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或１２．５％的拿扑净０．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，防效为８６％￣９４．９％；同时防除单、双子叶杂草用恶草灵复配剂３．２￣４．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或拿扑净复配剂１．７     

O通量特征及排放贡献

：２００３年５月－２００４年４月,利用静态箱－气相色谱法对生长季与非生长季三江平原小叶章湿地N₂O 通量特征及排放贡献进行了研究。结果表明,生长季N₂O 呈脉冲式排放,通量介于０．００５～０．１１１ｍｇ／（ｍ^２·ｈ）,５月较低通量与降水较多有关,６月通量骤然增加与冻层融通有关,７－８月与降水少及蒸发旺盛有关,９月与土壤中较多氮有关。N₂O 通量与５ｃｍ 地温呈显著正相关（P＜０．０１）;非生长季N₂O 表现为“吸收－排放”,通量介于－０．００１５～０．０４９７ｍｇ／（ｍ^２·ｈ）。N₂O 通量与气温、土壤融化时间均呈指数关系（P＜０．０１）,说明在冻结期,温度仍是控制微生物活性的主要因素,而在融化期,温度和冻层融通是导致N₂O 通量迅速增加的重要原因。总之,生长季N₂O 排放量为２０５．５４ｍｇN₂O／ｍ^２,为N₂O 的“源”,非生长季N₂O 排放量为－２６．９７ ｍｇN₂O／ｍ^２,为N₂O 的“汇”,全年N₂O 排放量为１７８．５７ｍｇN₂O／ｍ^２,为N₂O 重要释放“源”。     

生长季与非生长季小叶章湿地N2O通量特征及排放贡献

 ：２００３年５月－２００４年４月,利用静态箱－气相色谱法对生长季与非生长季三江平原小叶章湿地N₂O 通量特征及排放贡献进行了研究。结果表明,生长季N₂O 呈脉冲式排放,通量介于０．００５～０．１１１ｍｇ／（ｍ^２·ｈ）,５月较低通量与降水较多有关,６月通量骤然增加与冻层融通有关,７－８月与降水少及蒸发旺盛有关,９月与土壤中较多氮有关。N₂O 通量与５ｃｍ 地温呈显著正相关（P＜０．０１）;非生长季N₂O 表现为“吸收－排放”,通量介于－０．００１５～０．０４９７ｍｇ／（ｍ^２·ｈ）。N₂O 通量与气温、土壤融化时间均呈指数关系（P＜０．０１）,说明在冻结期,温度仍是控制微生物活性的主要因素,而在融化期,温度和冻层融通是导致N₂O 通量迅速增加的重要原因。总之,生长季N₂O 排放量为２０５．５４ｍｇN₂O／ｍ^２,为N₂O 的“源”,非生长季N₂O 排放量为－２６．９７ ｍｇN₂O／ｍ^２,为N₂O 的“汇”,全年N₂O 排放量为１７８．５７ｍｇN₂O／ｍ^２,为N₂O 重要释放“源”。     

不同氮用量下小麦/玉米/大豆周年体系的干物质积累和产量变化简

 通过２０１１,２０１２连续两年田间定位试验,研究了“小麦／玉米／大豆”套作体系在不同氮用量下（小麦,０,６０,１２０,１８０,２４０ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ^２,记为ＷＮ_１、ＷＮ_２、ＷＮ_３、ＷＮ_４、ＷＮ_５;玉米,０,９７．５,１９５,２９２．５,３９０ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ^２,记为ＭＮ_１、ＭＮ_２、ＭＮ_３、ＭＮ_４、ＭＮ_５;大豆ＳＮ_１、ＳＮ_２、ＳＮ_３、ＳＮ_４、ＳＮ_５）的干物质积累和产量变化。结果表明,施氮显著提高了作物地上部干物质积累量和籽粒产量（P＜０．０１）。小麦各时期的干物质积累量和籽粒产量都随氮用量增加而呈增大趋势,收获期干物质积累量以ＷＮ_４处理最高,为２０６１０ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２,产量以ＷＮ_５ 处理最高,为８１７６ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２,但ＷＮ_３、ＷＮ_４、ＷＮ_５ 间无显著差异。玉米拔节期、喇叭口期和吐丝期的干物质积累量随氮用量增加而先增大后减小,在ＭＮ_３时达最大;玉米成熟期干物质积累量和产量随氮用量增加而增大,在ＭＮ_５ 处理最高,分别为１３１４３ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２和６９７６ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２,但ＭＮ_４、ＭＮ_５ 间差异不显著。大豆在盛花期、收获期的干物质积累和籽粒产量随氮用量增加而呈先减少再增大的变化趋势,收获期干物质积累和籽粒产量以ＳＮ_４ 处理最高,分别为５４５７ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２ 和１９７７ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２,但ＭＮ_４、ＭＮ_５ 间差异不显著。小麦／玉米／大豆周年体系的总籽粒产量和产值随氮用量增加而增大,在Ｎ_５处理最高,分别为１１９５９ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２ 和２７２８８ 元／ｈｍ^２,但总产值减去氮投入的产值效益在Ｎ_４ 时最高,为２５１９６元／ｈｍ^２,Ｎ_３、Ｎ_４、Ｎ_５ 间无显著差异。小麦、玉米、大豆的产值占体系周年总产值的比重分别为３２％,５５％,１３％,因此,小麦／玉米／大豆周年体系中玉米为主要作物,其次是小麦,再次是大豆。适宜施氮量小麦为１２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２,玉米为１９５～２９２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２,大豆可据苗情不施或适当追施氮肥,周年体系氮肥用量应为２５５～３８２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２。     

黄牛血清流变学7项主要指标的测定

应用锥板式粘度计和红细胞电泳仪对３１头健康黄牛血液流变学７项指标进行测定。结果：全血粘度０．２ｃｍ＝ｓ·３．０９±３．３９ｍＰａ·ｓ，０．５ｃｍ／ｓ时３．６６±３．２９ｍＰａ·ｓ，２ｃｍ／ｓ时４．８８±３．３５ｍＰａ·ｓ，５ｃｍ／ｓ时５．３８±３．１７ｍＰａ·ｓ，２０ｃｍ／ｓ时５．５１±２．１２ｍＰａ·ｓ，５０ｃｍ／ｓ时４．８４±２．３０ｍＰａ，１００ｃｍ／ｓ时３．４２±０．９７ｍＰａ·ｓ；全血比     

湖南稷子和长叶雀稗染色体核型分析

报道了湖南稷子（Ｅｃｈｉｎｎｏｃｈｌｏａ ｆｒｙｎｅｂｔａｃｅａ）和长叶雀稗（Ｐａｓｐａｌｕｍ ｌｏｎｉｆｏｌｏｕｍ）二个种的核型，其中Ｐ．ｌｏｎｇｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ为首次报道。结果如下：Ｅ．ｆｒｕｍｅｎｔａｃｅａ，２ｎ＝６ｘ＝５４；ｐ．ｌｏｎｇｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ．２ｇ＝４ｘ＝４０。     

0.03%吡嘧磺隆·五氟磺草胺颗粒剂(药肥混剂)制备方法及田间药效试验

0.03%吡嘧磺隆·五氟磺草胺颗粒剂(药肥混剂)防除移栽水稻田杂草具有很好的除草效果,尤其是对水稻田恶性稗草、鸭舌草和异型莎草等具有很好的防效.与常用的药剂拌肥料撒施相比,0.03%吡嘧磺隆·五氟磺草胺颗粒剂(药肥混剂)是一种高效、简便快捷、省工省时的方法,而且对水稻增产显著.     

Enteric helminths of juvenile and adult wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in eastern Kansas

Viscera of 49 wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) collected in the spring of 2001 and 23 wild turkeys collected in the fall and winter of 2001-02 from 12 counties in eastern Kansas were examined for enteric helminths. Four cestode species, two trematode species, one nematode species, and one acanthocephalan species were identified. Two cestode and two trematode species present in the spring sample also were present in the fall and winter sample. Parasite prevalence was similar to previous studies of enteric helminths of wild turkeys except for the low numbers of nematode species and individuals recovered in the present study.     

天津地区冷季型绿化草坪初春杂草种群构成及优势度分析

于2015年和2016年4月初对天津地区9个不同区县23个不同草坪样点进行了北方冷季型绿化草坪杂草的发生调查。结果表明:本地区初春草坪杂草共有14科37种。其中,多年生杂草占45.9%,一年生杂草占54.1%,菊科杂草占43.2%,阔叶杂草占94.6%;用重要值和相对丰度两项指标进行杂草发生强度的量化分析,结果均表明:天津地区早春最常见和危害程度最大的八大杂草是苦荬菜(Ixeris polycephala Cass.)、附地菜(Trigonotis pedunclaris(Trev.)Benth.)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)、旋覆花(Inula japonica Thunb.)、泥胡菜(Hemistepta lyrata Bge)、打碗花(Calystegia hederacea Wall)、车前(Plantago asiatica L.)和独行菜(Lepidium apetalum Willd.),一年生和多年生杂草各4种,均为阔叶杂草。影响杂草发生因素的初步分析结果表明,草坪草种类、建植年限以及管理水平都对杂草的发生具有重要影响。     

深圳市公园绿地暖季型草坪春夏季杂草的调查

对深圳地区暖季型草坪台湾草及假俭草春夏季草坪进行普查，发现春夏季草坪杂草共66种，分属22科55属，其中台湾草草坪杂草63种，假检草草坪杂草38种。阔叶杂草种类占全部杂草种类的79％。通过抽样、统计，分析了台湾草、假俭草草坪精细管理区、粗放管理区春夏季杂草的优势种和对草坪构成危害的主要杂草种类。结合秋季草坪杂草的调查，总结了深圳地区草坪杂草的发生规律。     

山东省小麦田杂草组成及群落特征

采用倒置“W”型九点取样法对山东省小麦田杂草进行了调查,明确了山东省小麦田田间杂草的种类组成及群落结构。调查结果表明:山东省小麦田杂草共有 69种,隶属于21科,54属,其中禾本科、菊科和十字花科杂草种类最多,禾本科杂草为15种,菊科杂草11种,十字花科杂草8种,优势杂草有播娘蒿、荠菜、猪殃殃、雀麦、麦瓶草、小花糖芥、麦家公、看麦娘、节节麦和打碗花等10种,这10种杂草是构成山东省各地区小麦田杂草群落的优势种,此外区域性优势杂草有15种,一般性杂草有44种。从杂草区域分布来看:山东省7个区域中鲁西南平洼区的物种丰富度、物种多样性和均匀度指数均最高,其次是鲁南山区和鲁中山区,而鲁西北平原区和鲁北滨海区的辛普森指数最高。经聚类分析,山东省小麦田杂草群落分为4组:鲁西南平洼区和鲁南山区群落结构类似为一组,此组杂草种类和数量均多,发生重;胶东丘陵区、胶潍河谷平原区和鲁中山区群落结构类似为一组,此组杂草种类和数量介于中等,发生较重;鲁西北平原区和鲁北滨海区与其他地区差异较大,单独划为两组,这两组杂草发生种类和数量均少,跟其他组差异均较大。     

高寒区农茬口对当归田杂草群落特征的影响

农田杂草危害是高寒区当归生产的主要限制因子。采用田间调查和统计鉴定相结合的方法,研究了甘南藏族自治州卓尼县培育的马铃薯和油菜茬口当归栽培田杂草群落动态,以当归重茬为对照,旨在揭示茬口特性对当归田杂草消长动态的影响,为筛选适宜栽培当归的农茬口和田间杂草防控提供科学依据。结果表明,在试验茬口当归田共发生杂草15种,隶属9科15属,主要优势种群为锦葵、欧洲千里光、苦苣、繁缕、刺儿菜和甘露子。当归田杂草种类、密度、多样性和生物量因茬口和季节的不同而异,季相消长跃变程度更大,随季节延后杂草多样性下降,优势种杂草利用资源的相似性更高,锦葵和欧洲千里光随当归返青而滋生,随当归生长发育而迅速蔓延,成为占优势的恶性杂草,对当归的危害性最大,导致杂草群落稳定性降低,在当归重茬和马铃薯茬田单生优势度更为突出,优势杂草潜在恶化危害性增大,但在油菜茬田杂草生长量最小,与当归生长竞争势较弱,使当归始终占据优势生态位,说明油菜茬口较利于当归栽培,但根据恶性杂草物候特征及早防除更为关键。     

珠江三角洲地区春季草坪杂草群落组成及其特征

在春季用样方法对珠江三角洲5个城市32个样点草坪绿地杂草群落进行调查,并分析了不同样地杂草群落的发生规律。调查共发现84种杂草,属30科,68属。其中,水蜈蚣重要值最大,为20．332／6,其次是三点金,为11．369,6;狗牙根、崩大碗、香附子、天胡荽等杂草为珠江三角洲地区草坪绿地恶性杂草,其重要值均大于5．00％。广州市形成以水蜈蚣＋天胡荽＋狗牙根为主的杂草群落;珠海市以三点金＋狗牙根＋水蜈蚣为主;惠州市以水蜈蚣＋狗牙根十三点金为主;中山市以水蜈蚣＋崩大碗＋天胡荽为主;肇庆市以水蜈蚣＋香附子＋狗牙根为主。通过聚类分析可以将32个样点分成5个组。结果表明：在相似管理水平下,地理环境是影响杂草群落结构的最重要因素。     

青海省不同地区燕麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确青海省不同地区燕麦田杂草的组成和群落结构,采用倒置“W”取样法对青海省不同地区燕麦田杂草进行了调查和物种多样性分析。结果表明,青海省燕麦田常见杂草有25种,隶属17科23属,其中以菊科、蓼科、十字花科和苋科为主,优势杂草有5种,分别是野胡萝卜、香薷、节裂角茴香、灰绿藜、猪殃殃。从杂草的分布区域来看,青海省4个区域中,平安区燕麦田杂草群落的物种丰富度最高,有21种杂草,而湟中县的Simpson优势度指数最高。经聚类分析,青海省4个区域燕麦田杂草群落可以分为3组,互助县和平安县杂草群落聚为一组,湟中县和海晏县燕麦田杂草群落结构各有特点,分别单独成一组。     

Prevalence and risk factors for Giardia and coccidia species of pet cats in 2003-2004

Prevalence and risk factors for feline coccidia and Giardia species infections were estimated for cats visiting 434 Banfield hospitals in 40 states in 2003-2004. Evaluated were 631,021 cats making 1,456,712 office visits (encounters) and having 211,105 fecal examinations. The overall fecal prevalences of coccidia and Giardia species were 1.4% and 0.58%, respectively. Cats at increased risk of coccidia infection were under 4 years of age, intact, and seen during the summer, fall, and spring months compared to winter. Cats at increased risk of Giardia species infection were under 4 years of age. Those at decreased risk were mixed breed and seen during the summer, fall, and spring. The highest regional risk of coccidia and Giardia species infection was for cats in the East South Central region and Mountain region, respectively, compared to the South Pacific region.     

The epizootiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in selected areas of Oregon.

A study was initiated to (1) determine species of gastrointestinal nematodes present in cattle in selected areas of Oregon, (2) examine seasonal abundance of these nematodes as an indicator of periods of transmission, and (3) determine when developmental inhibition occurs in the major genera of nematodes encountered. Four study sites were chosen: Corvallis, Langlois, near Fort Rock, and southeast of Klamath Falls on the Oregon-California border. Eight sets of three to four tracer calves each were introduced onto pasture at each site over a 2 year period with time of turn out onto pasture corresponding to late spring, mid-summer, late fall and late winter. At Corvallis, a distinct seasonality in parasite transmission was evident, peaking during the fall and winter. At Langlois, transmission was fairly constant throughout the year. No discernible patterns were evident at either Klamath Falls or Fort Rock. Eight nematode genera were found during the study. Ostertagia, Cooperia, Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus were present at all study sites and were the most common genera at each. Trichuris was found at all sites except Klamath Falls. Oesophagostomum was present in tracers only from Langlois and Corvallis while Haemonchus was found only at Klamath Falls and Fort Rock. Capillaria was only present at Klamath Falls. Where possible, specific transmission patterns for Nematodirus, Cooperia, and Ostertagia were determined for each site. Nematodirus was transmitted fairly steadily at both Langlois and Corvallis but was quite variable at Fort Rock. Developmental arrest was detected in this genus at all study sites during the fall and/or winter. Cooperia exhibited the most seasonally defined pattern of transmission, peaking during the fall and winter at Langlois, Corvallis and Klamath Falls. Hypobiotic larvae of Cooperia were present during the fall and/or winter only at Langlois and Corvallis. Peak transmission of Ostertagia at Langlois and Corvallis occurred during the fall and winter. At Fort Rock, transmission was lowest in the fall and increased in the winter. Hypobiotic larvae were evident in the fall and winter at Corvallis, Fort Rock and Klamath Falls. These data suggest Type II ostertagiasis may occur in late winter through spring in these areas. Hypobiotic larvae of Ostertagia were not detected at Langlois. The lack of appropriate environmental stimuli is one possible explanation for the apparent lack of hypobiosis at that site.     

四川省雅安市区常见草坪杂草的调查

从 19971998对雅安市区内冷季型草坪中的杂草进行了调查 ,从而确定冷季型草坪中常见杂草的种类及其出现的规律性。结果表明 ,常见的草坪杂草隶属 2 2科有 37种 ,其中 ,莲子草 (革命草 )(Alternantheraphiloxeroides)、酢浆草 (Oxaliscorniculata)、婆婆纳 (Veronicaagrestis)、车前 (Plan tagoasiatica)、缘毛卷耳 (Cerastiumfurcatum)、繁缕 (Stellariamedia)最为常见 ,它们同时为杂草中的优势种。 45月和 910月是杂草出现的高峰期 ,春末夏初草坪中的杂草种类多、数量大 ,危害最为严重。