不同药剂防治西瓜枯萎病田间药效试验

使用3种微生物肥于西瓜定植前进行土壤撒施翻耕和定植后灌根处理,2种化学药剂于西瓜定植后灌根处理。试验结果表明,5种药剂处理均对西瓜枯萎病有防效,其中MF3微生物肥(隼人)可湿性粉剂的防治效果最好,防效达84.00%,西瓜枯萎病的发病率和病情指数显著低于其他处理;防治效果依次为MF3微生物肥(隼人)可湿性粉剂50%异菌脲悬浮剂MF1微生物肥(抗重茬菌剂)粉剂3%甲霜·噁霉灵水剂MF2微生物肥(土力根)粉剂。     

设施蔬菜苗期病害病原鉴定及化学药剂筛选

采用普查和定时系统调查的方法对十字花科(大白菜、青花菜、甘蓝、萝卜)、茄科(番茄、辣椒、茄子)、葫芦科(黄瓜、冬瓜、南瓜)等10种主要设施蔬菜苗期病害种类进行了调查,在此基础上采用形态学和分子生物学方法对病原进行鉴定,并对疫病、猝倒病、枯萎病、立枯病等4种主要苗期病害进行化学防治药剂筛选。结果表明:从10种蔬菜上采集的864份苗期病害病样中共分离出736株菌株,共计16个种,其中致病病原有13种,在各类蔬菜上可分别引起8~9种苗期病害,以传统病害猝倒病和立枯病为主,其次为根腐病、疫病、灰霉病;筛选出对立枯病防效显著的杀菌剂32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂和2.5%咯菌腈悬浮剂,对防治枯萎病有效的药剂70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、36%甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂和3%甲霜·噁霉灵水剂,对疫病防效显著的药剂68%精甲霜·锰锌水分散粒剂、25%甲霜·霜霉威可湿性粉剂、72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂、50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、50%氟啶胺悬浮剂、64%噁霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂、10%氰霜唑悬浮剂,以及防治猝倒病有效的药剂50%氟啶胺悬浮剂、64%噁霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂、10%氰霜唑悬浮剂、72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂、72.2%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂、50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、68%精甲霜·锰锌水分散粒剂和60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂等。     

几种药剂防治娃娃菜霜霉病药效试验

选用爱诺易得施可湿性粉剂、赛福可湿性粉剂、科佳悬浮剂、安洗水乳剂、广枯灵水剂、拔毒丁乳油对娃娃菜霜霉病进行了田间药效试验.试验结果表明,每次药后50%爱诺易得施可湿性粉剂750倍液和58%赛福可湿性粉剂500倍液的防效均达到80%以上,建议使用这2种药剂交替防治娃娃菜霜霉病.     

防治花生叶斑病药效比较试验

利用巴斯夫产品（60%百泰可分散粒剂、12.5%欧博悬浮剂）与常规药剂（70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、15%多效唑可湿性粉剂）对花生叶斑病进行防效比较试验。在长期天气异常,雨水多、气温低、光照不足的条件下,在大面积花生叶斑病蔓延快、危害重的情况下,清水对照区病指75.252,常规药剂处理区病指68.033,巴斯夫产品处理区病指2.513。巴斯夫产品防效较常规药剂高87.07%,增产效果明显。     

9种药剂对樱桃茎腐病的田间防效试验

为了筛选防治樱桃茎腐病的高效、低毒药剂,采用田间小区药效试验的方法,测定了9种药剂对樱桃茎腐病的田间防治效果。试验结果表明：化学药剂25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂1 500倍液防效最好,一年两地田间防治效果分别为90.79%、86.83%;化学药剂50%肟菌酯悬浮剂7 000倍液、80%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂4 000倍液、722 g/L霜霉威盐酸盐水剂800倍液和30%王铜悬浮剂800倍液也都有较好的防效,防治效果为78.50%～85.76%;生物药剂80%乙蒜素乳油800倍液防效能达到73.35%,6%春雷霉素水剂1 000倍液和0.5%香芹酚水剂1 000倍液防效较低,为12.01%～32.48%。因此,化学药剂吡唑醚菌酯、肟菌酯、烯酰吗啉、霜霉威盐酸盐和王铜等可以作为防治樱桃茎腐病的优选药剂,生物药剂乙蒜素也可以作为有效药剂进行推广应用。     

陇东地区苹果轮纹病药剂防治试验

针对最近几年陇东地区苹果轮纹病发生严重,而防治药剂使用混乱的问题,结合前期工作,选择70%甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂、53%多菌灵·中生菌素可湿性粉剂、80%大生M-45(代森锰锌)可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂等药剂对苹果轮纹病进行防治试验。结果表明,70%甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂800倍液和53%多菌灵·中生菌素可湿性粉剂1 000倍液对苹果轮纹病具有较高的防效,采收期防效分别达到89.50%、90.15%,贮藏期防效分别达到94.55%、92.73%,显著高于其他药剂处理。     

梨斑点病田间防治药剂筛选试验

为了筛选高效安全药剂防治梨斑点病,以5年生‘翠冠’梨为试材,选择8种不同作用机理药剂和5种不同组合混配药剂,进行单一药剂防效筛选和混配药剂防效试验。结果表明:75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂3 000倍液、32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂4 000倍液、百泰(60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂)1 500倍液、80%大生M-45可湿性粉剂1 000倍液、科博(78%波尔·锰锌可湿性粉剂)1 000倍液5个处理防效较高,分别达80.90%、74.62%、79.33%、77.65%、82.20%,可作为防治梨斑点病的主要杀菌剂或保护剂交替使用;75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂3 000倍液+33%氨基酸寡糖素水剂3 000倍液、32.5%苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂4 000倍液+70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂600倍液、百泰1 500倍液+25%丙环唑乳油3 000倍液、80%大生M-45可湿性粉剂1 000倍液+25%溴菌腈乳油1 500倍液4个混配药剂处理防效分别达87.13%、89.26%、89.98%、81.84%,均显著或极显著高于对应的单一药剂处理,说明在选用防效较高的药剂作为主要防治药剂的同时,混配1种或1种以上其他药剂,有助于提高梨斑点病防治效果。     

几种药剂防治娃娃菜霜霉病药效试验

选用爱诺易得施可湿性粉剂、赛福可湿性粉剂、科佳悬浮剂、安洗水乳剂、广枯灵水剂、拔毒丁乳油对娃娃菜霜霉病进行了田间药效试验。试验结果表明,每次药后50％爱诺易得施可湿性粉剂750倍液和58％赛福可湿性粉剂500倍液的防效均达到80％以上,建议使用这2种药剂交替防治娃娃菜霜霉病。     

银法利等杀菌剂防治葡萄霜霉病试验研究

试验表明,银法利687.5 g/L悬浮剂、赛凡嗯霜·猛锌可湿性扮剂、霉敌烯酰·丙森锌可湿性粉剂均为防治葡萄霜霉病的良好药剂,防效显著,而且持效期较长;瑞毒霉可湿性粉剂的防效最快,最为明显,但是持效期较短;70%甲基托布津的防效较差.     

8种杀菌剂防治梨黑星病试验

田间防治试验结果表明,40%福星(氟硅唑)乳油9000倍液防效明显好于其他药剂,防效在95%以上;10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂6000倍液、30%己唑醇悬浮剂7500倍液、25%戊唑醇水乳剂2500倍液和40%腈菌唑悬浮剂9000倍液防效为88%～92%,并且田间表现出对梨黑斑病有一定的控制作用;50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂800倍液、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂800倍液和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液防效稍低。生产上建议在果树萌芽期彻底清除病芽梢,于花后10天开始施药,各药剂交替使用。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.