我国蔬菜生产机械化现状及发展对策

我国蔬菜生产综合机械化水平约为20%，远远低于粮食作物，但是蔬菜生产机械化发展面临“三难”：蔬菜农艺复杂，农机研制难；蔬菜种植规模小，农机作业难；装备技术储备少，用户选购难。为此，本文在分析国内外蔬菜生产装备技术现状和发展趋势的基础上，提出科学合理的发展对策和建议。     

蔬菜机械化生产亟需强化农机农艺融合

作为传统的劳动密集型产业,长期以来蔬菜生产从育苗到收获都依赖大量人工,而采用机械化作业能够有效缓解用工难这一问题。国外蔬菜机械化生产以欧洲和美国为代表,从20世纪40年代就已开始,并随着其机械化程度的不断提高,从蔬菜生产的整地施肥直至收获全程都配有机械。目前,我国蔬菜生产机械化水平整体还很低,很多作业环节的研究还处于起步阶段,其中蔬菜种类繁多、种植方式复杂多变是制约蔬菜机械化生产的一个重要因素。为了促进蔬菜机械化生产,本期业界观察特别邀请专家从加强农机农艺融合的角度分析了我国蔬菜机械化生产的现状和问题,并给出了促进蔬菜生产农机农艺融合的几点建议。     

湖北省蔬菜机械发展现状及应对策略探析

介绍了湖北省蔬菜机械现状,从技术储备、农机农艺融合、种植模式等方面分析了蔬菜机械发展现状,以及存在问题。同时,项目组根据分析指出问题的由来,并提出相关建议,希望通过提高蔬菜机械化、标准化生产,为蔬菜产业健康发展提供技术保障。     

台州市蔬菜规模化发展现状与对策

为了解浙江省台州市蔬菜规模化发展情况,通过实地走访、座谈会等形式对台州蔬菜种植规模、机械化设施化水平、科技应用、市场销售情况进行调研。调研结果表明,台州市西兰花、茭白、红茄、西瓜、甜瓜规模化发展较好,但规模化生产蔬菜占全市蔬菜比例较低,蔬菜人均产量低,机械化程度低,设施大棚较简易,蔬菜交易环节较多。建议加大力度引导蔬菜规模化种植,加大科技研发与推广,提升机械与设施装备水平,规范市场管理,以期为台州市蔬菜规模化生产和长远发展提供参考依据。     

从“寿光模式”浅谈北京市设施蔬菜机械化发展现状及未来

“十四五”时期，北京市要大力发展设施农业，并提出设施机械化率要达到55%。然而当前除耕整地环节外，其他生产环节机械化水平普遍偏低，亟待采取有力措施提高设施蔬菜生产整体机械化水平。通过对寿光市典型设施蔬菜种植基地、蔬菜种植农户、山东省农机生产制造企业的实地走访调研，深入梳理分析，从设施宜机化、产业集群化、品种专业化、生产机械化和服务社会化等方面进行借鉴，对北京市设施蔬菜的现状及未来发展方向进行了对比总结，并从提升装备支撑水平、综合机械化水平和社会化服务水平方面提出对策建议，为北京设施蔬菜机械化发展提供经验借鉴。     

本期导读

正柴立平等对山东安丘大葱全程机械化生产与传统人工作业模式的成本收益进行测算,大葱机械化种植每公顷可节省人工成本20 790元左右,节约育苗用地0.113hm~2,诠释了机械化推动蔬菜规模化经营的重要作用。金月等结合多年研发茎叶类蔬菜生产装备技术的经验,提出露地和设施两种茎叶类蔬菜标准化机械栽培模式,从农机农艺融合、生产装备配置角度总结出一套     

本期导读北大核心

柴立平等对山东安丘大葱全程机械化生产与传统人工作业模式的成本收益进行测算,大葱机械化种植每公顷可节省人工成本20 790元左右,节约育苗用地0.113hm~2,诠释了机械化推动蔬菜规模化经营的重要作用。金月等结合多年研发茎叶类蔬菜生产装备技术的经验,提出露地和设施两种茎叶类蔬菜标准化机械栽培模式,从农机农艺融合、生产装备配置角度总结出一套     

江苏无锡市惠山区蔬菜机械化的问题及发展对策

本文阐述了江苏无锡市惠山区蔬菜机械覆盖率低、机种少而单一、田间设施不配套、农机农艺不融合等问题,提出了农机与农艺及设施融合、开发推广适用机械、开展全程机械化与农机社会化服务等对策措施,为蔬菜机械化、省力化生产及可持续发展提供思路。     

设施蔬菜小型机械各类机具推介

正蔬菜设施栽培属于精耕细作,劳动强度大,人工成本高,所以机械化的应用、普及尤为重要。用机械进行设施栽培生产,对提高设施种植水平,促进我市设施蔬菜基地建设、发展都市农业将起到至关重要的作用。武汉市设施蔬菜生产发展迅猛,2013年武汉市政府新建"7万亩设施蔬菜基地",对设施蔬菜生产机械化也提出了更新、更高的要求。围绕"7万亩设施蔬菜基地"建设,武汉市农机科研、推广单位在市     

山地蔬菜移栽农机农艺结合技术

蔬菜种植行业属于劳动力密集型行业,移栽是蔬菜生产中劳动力消耗较大的环节之一,使用蔬菜移栽机移栽蔬菜可减少劳动力的投入,降低生产成本。但由于蔬菜具有多样性与特殊性,移栽环节一直是蔬菜机械化生产的瓶颈。为掌握适宜机械移栽的农艺程序,使农机与农艺相适应,文章从育苗、移栽两个方面介绍山地蔬菜移栽农机农艺结合技术,以期通过机械移栽在大幅提高移栽进度的同时确保蔬菜移栽质量,从而提高农机的区域适应性。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.