新陆早74号棉花器官同伸关系及棉铃空间分布的初步研究

[目的]分析新陆早74号棉花各器官发生规律及蕾铃空间分布情况,探明该品种的生育特点及规律。[方法]设2个试验点,试验品种出苗后,每点各选10株棉花,调查整个生育期。[结果]新陆早74号第一果节蕾与同位主茎叶的同伸关系为n-1.97～n+1.60(n为主茎叶龄),第一果节花与同位主茎叶的同伸关系为n-7.9～n-5.7(n为主茎叶龄);该品种总体结铃表现为中、下部成铃率稍高,下、中、上部结铃分别占整株收获铃数的34.29%、33.17%、32.54%;棉株第一果节成铃率88.94%,结铃稳定,第二果节结铃率为11.06%。[结论]该研究可为新陆早74号大面积推广种植及合理化配套栽培技术探索提供理论依据。     

新陆早51号棉花器官同伸关系及棉铃空间分布

分析2个试验点新陆早51号棉花各器官的发生规律及蕾铃空间分布情况,探明该品种的生育特点及规律,为该品种的大面积推广及科学制定配套栽培技术提供理论依据。结果表明,新陆早51号第1节蕾与同位主茎叶的同伸关系为(n-2.0)~(n+1.5)(n为主茎叶龄),第1节花与同位主茎叶的同伸关系为(n-8.1)~(n-6.1);该品种总体结铃表现为中、下部成铃率高,下、中、上部结铃分别占整株收获铃数的48.0%、32.7%、22.6%;棉株第1节成铃率为73.6%,结铃稳定,第2节结铃率为26.4%。     

超高产棉花器官同伸关系及棉铃空间分布特征的初步研究

[目的]超高产棉花器官同伸关系及棉铃空间分布特征,[方法]选用了3个棉花品种,观察叶、蕾、花等器官同伸关系及棉铃空间分布.[结果]初步得出超高产棉花果枝第1果节现蕾与主茎叶同伸关系为n+1.5～n-1.2;第一果节开花与主茎叶同伸关系为n+6.2～n+8.8(n为果枝同位主茎叶叶龄).[结论]超高产常规品种棉花中下部内围铃所占比例高达90;以上,是超高产棉田棉铃的主体,上部铃占10;左右,上部及外围铃是实现超高产的潜力所在;超高产杂交棉中部铃比例占50;以上,下部铃和上部铃相当,叶枝成铃4.3;,外围铃的比例近40;,抓住上部及外围成铃是创高产的关键.     

棉花新品种新陆早42号高产田蕾铃空间分布特点

分析新陆早42号单株生育进程及蕾铃空间分布状况,明确该品种的生育特点及规律,为大面积推广种植及配套栽培技术提供理论依据.试验设2个试验点,棉花出苗后,每点各选10株棉花,调查生育期.研究结果:新陆早42号结铃分布均匀,上、中、下部结铃分别占整株收获铃数的30.99%、31.76%、33.14%;棉株第1果节成铃率66.91%,结铃稳定,第2、3果节结铃率分别为7.96%、0.42%.     

优质棉花新品种——新陆早6号

<正> 新陆早6号,是由新疆兵团农七师农科所以8S—174品系为母本,由美国引进高强力品种贝尔斯诺为父本进行有性杂交,经过多年人工定向培育选择而成。通过3年的试验、示范、推广,新陆早6号表现早熟、高产、稳产、优质、抗逆的品种特性。于1997 年 11月经新疆农作物品种审定委员会审定,命名为新陆早6号。     

棉花新陆早84号中后期田间管理技术

棉花新陆早84号出苗齐、匀、壮,苗期对低温耐受力强。本文通过对新陆早84号棉花品种特征、水肥需求规律进行研究,总结新陆早84号生长中后期田间管理对水、肥需求规律,并通过合理水肥运筹及对光、热、气资源的利用,塑造机采棉高产群体及株型,进而达到高产、稳定、低成本的目标。     

新陆早53号膜下滴灌丰产栽培技术

新陆早53号属早熟陆地棉品种,早熟性、丰产性好,纤维品质优良,高抗枯萎病、耐黄萎病,适宜机械采收。采用膜下滴灌机采栽培模式,北疆棉区4月中旬播种,精量点播,保苗24万~27万株/hm2;6月中旬滴头水,生育期滴水7~9次,每次滴量450~675 m3/hm2,滴水间隔12~14天,9月初停水,总滴量4 200~4 500 m3/hm2;随水施肥为主;化调3次,一般在1~2叶、6~7叶及打顶后进行,缩节安用量视长势而定;7月上旬打顶,株高控制在75 cm左右;坚持病虫害综合防治原则。     

不同土壤质地对棉花成铃时空分布及产量的影响

2008-2009年在黄河流域棉区,采用池栽方法研究了3种土壤质地对棉花成铃时空分布及产量的效应.结果表明,土壤质地对棉花成铃时空分布和产量有一定影响.与黏土和壤土相比,棉花种植在沙土上,尽管在中下部果枝上的成铃数较少,但占总铃数的比例较高;在果枝内围果节上的成铃数较少,但占总铃数的比例也较高;伏前桃和伏桃占总桃数的比...     

Flumetralin and dimethyl piperidinium chloride alter light distribution in cotton canopies by optimizing the spatial configuration of leaves and bolls

Plant growth regulators(PGRs) are frequently used to adjust cotton growth and development. The objectives of this study were to determine how PGRs affect plant morphology, light distribution and the spatial distribution of leaves and bolls within the cotton canopy. The field experiments were carried out at Shihezi(Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China) in 2014 and 2015. The experiment included two PGR treatments:(i) flumetralin(active ingredient(a.i.), N-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-aniline) and(ii) mepiquat chloride(a.i., 1-dimethyl-piperidiniuchloride) plus flumetralin. No PGR(manual topping) was applied in the control treatment. The chemically-topped plants were taller and had more main stem internodes than the manuallytopped plants. Furthermore, the PGRs significantly reduced the length of fruiting branches in the upper canopy, resulting in a more compact canopy. The maximum leaf area index was significantly greater in the chemically-topped treatments than that in the control. In particular, the PGRs increased leaf area index by 25% in the upper canopy. The leaf area duration was also longer in the chemically-topped treatments than in the control. Compared with the control, the chemically-topped treatments increased canopy diffuse non-interceptance by 35.75% in the upper canopy layer, while reducing the fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation by 14.45% in the upper canopy layer. Light transmittance in the upper and middle canopy layers was greater in the chemically-topped treatments than in the control, which increased boll numbers in both the upper canopy and the middle canopy. However, the chemically-topped treatments resulted in less light-leakage through the lower canopy layer during the late growth stages, which had a tendency to increase boll numbers in the whole canopy. In summary, the PGRs optimized canopy shape, light distribution and the spatial distribution of bolls and leaves.     

内源激素对棉蕾铃脱落的影响

试验研究了不同生长时间的皖安庆大铃2号、GP75、秘鲁棉和陕白引矮株等4种棉蕾铃中内源激素含量及棉蕾铃脱落率.结果表明,棉蕾铃中内源激素与脱落率具有强相关性,不同内源激素也具有交互作用,棉蕾铃中细胞分裂素(ZR)、生长素(IAA)、茉莉酸类茉莉酸(JA)和脱落酸(ABA)等内源激素含量与脱落率呈显著相关.     

有机肥分期配施对超高产棉铃经济性状时空分布的影响

在有机肥和无机肥配施条件下，以中熟高抗枯萎病苏棉8号为材料，研究了有机肥全部基施、1／2基施1／2花施和全部花施对棉花产量和棉铃经济性状时空分布的影响。结果表明，有机肥1／2基施1／2花施比有机肥全部基施和全部花施总铃数、铃重、皮棉产量分别提高6．16％～10．15％、1．96％～4．93％和8．27％～15．32％，伏桃、早秋桃、晚秋桃以及中部果枝内外围棉铃经济性状的时空分布明显改善。说明本试验条件下有机肥1／2基施1／2花施是创棉花超高产最好的施肥运筹。     

Spatial distribution of bolls affects yield formation in different genotypes of Bt cotton varieties

To optimize the spatial distribution of cotton bolls and to increase the yield, the relationship between yield components and boll spatial distribution was investigated among different Bt (Bacillus thuringensis) cotton varieties. A five-year field experiment was conducted to reveal the reasons for the differences in lint yield and fiber quality across three Bt cotton varieties with different yield formations from 2013 to 2017. The lint yield of Jiman 169 (the average yield from 2013–2017 was 42.2 g/plant) was the highest, i.e., 16.3 and 36.9% higher than Lumianyan 21 (L21) and Daizimian 99B (99B), respectively. And the differences in boll weight among the three cultivars were similar to the lint yield, while the others yield components were not. So the increase in lint yield was mainly attributed to the enlargement in boll weight. However, the change in fiber quality was inconsistent with the lint yield, and the quality of L21 was significantly better than that of Jimian 169 (J169) and 99B, which was caused by the diversity of boll spatial distribution. Compared with 99B, the loose-type J169 had the highest number of large bolls in inner positions; the tight-type L21 had a few large bolls and the highest number of lower and middle bolls. And approximately 80.72% of the lint yield was concentrated on the inner nodes in Jiman 169, compared with 77.44% of L21 and 66.73% of 99B during the five-year experiment. Although lint yield was significantly affected by the interannual changes, the lint yield of J169 was the highest and the most stable, as well as its yield components. These observations demonstrated the increase in lint yield was due to the increase in boll weight, and the large bolls and high fiber quality were attributed to the optimal distribution of bolls within the canopies.     

早熟机采棉新陆早51号生育期气象因子对群体生育规律的影响

分析早熟机采棉品种新陆早51号各器官发生规律及与气象因子的变化规律,探明早熟机采品种的生育特点及规律,为因地制宜大力发展机采棉产业提供理论支持。选择长势均匀的连续10株棉花,对其整个生育期的株高、叶片及蕾铃的发生和脱落等生育进程进行调查。结果发现,新陆早51号在真叶发生过程中,出叶速度受温度及日照时数影响较大;以第3真叶叶展平速度最慢;在第4~10叶出叶速度差异不大,15叶以后,出叶速度稳步上升。株高随叶龄的增加,表现为慢-快-慢的增长过程,在各主茎叶展平期,株高日增长量呈二次曲线。该品种总体结铃表现为中、下部成铃率高,棉株第1果节结铃稳定。     

不同施氮水平对棉铃空间分布及产量的影响

[目的]通过研究不同施氮水平对陆地棉棉铃空间分布及产量的影响,明确该地区的最佳氮肥施用量.[方法]采用纯氮单因子随机区组设计,设5个施氮处理,进行田间小区试验.[结果]5个处理中N3处理的棉铃空间分布结构最优,上部果枝的结铃数和单铃重,比未施氮肥的N1处理分别增加了35.08;和17.44;,比施氮水平高的N5处理分别提高了5.25;和3.06;;外围单铃重分别比施氮水平最低和施氮水平最高的提高了3.24;和3.64;.此外,施肥处理均比未施肥处理的籽棉和皮棉产量有所提高,中等施氮量的N3增产幅度最大,达到13.01;;高施氮量的N5增产幅度最小,达到5.86;.[结论]中等施肥量有利于优化棉铃空间分布结构,是棉田获得高产的基础.由棉花产量和施氮量建立的氮肥效益方程获得棉花最高产量的施氮肥量为332.4kg/hm2,经济施氮量为290.1 kg/hm2,其相对应的最高产量为5 210.4 kg/hm2和经济产量为5200.5kg/hm2.     

不同开花期棉铃氮素累积和棉铃对位叶氮浓度对施氮量的响应

以美棉33B品种为材料,于2005年在黄河流域黄淮棉区的江苏徐州(117°11'E,34°15'N)和河南安阳(114°13'E,36°04'N)设置施氮水平(0、240和480 kg.hm-2)试验,研究不同开花期棉铃(伏前桃、伏桃、早秋桃和晚秋桃)氮素累积及棉铃对位叶氮浓度对施氮量的响应。结果表明:不同开花期棉铃氮素累积动态变化可用Logistic方程拟合。铃壳、棉籽、纤维及单铃氮素累积受施氮水平和开花期的影响。不同施氮水平下,以240 kg.hm-2处理最有利于氮素累积,而不施氮和施氮480kg.hm-2均不利于棉铃氮素累积。棉铃氮素累积特征参数(快速累积起止时间、快速累积持续期及平均累积速率)在伏桃时期最协调,氮素累积量最多;晚秋桃时期最不协调,氮素累积量最少;伏前桃和早秋桃介于上述两者之间。棉铃对位叶适宜的氮浓度有利于协调源库关系,促进棉铃氮素积累。     

氮磷钾配合对棉铃经济性状空间分布的影响

试验结果表明：氮、磷、钾配合能显著促进棉株地上部、地下部干物质的累积,但根冠比有所降低;ＮＰＫ,ＮＰ,ＮＫ 配合有利于单株成铃率的提高,且成铃空间分布均匀;而棉铃性状表现为铃重、衣分、衣指、子指、单铃种籽数增加,不孕籽数减少,纤维长度变化不大;另外,不同的氮、磷、钾配合形式对棉铃各性状空间分布的影响趋势基本一致,影响程度是ＮＰＫ＞ ＮＰ＞ ＮＫ＞ ＰＫ．