Increased emergence of spring wheat after inoculation with Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate 2E3 under field and laboratory conditions

Inoculation at the time of planting with Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 2E3 increased the emergence of spring wheat by 8% and 6% at two different sites in northern Utah. Isolate 2E3 strongly inhibited the growth of the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum on artificial media. A second isolate of P. chlororaphis (strain O6) also inhibited fungal growth on artifical media but did not increase emergence of the spring wheat at the same field sites. Inoculation of winter wheat by 2E3 did not promote emergence when planted into field soil sterilized by fumigation with methyl bromide. Under laboratory conditions, emergence of spring wheat in sterilized soils from both sites was at least 90%. In the soils that were not sterilized, emergence was below 25% in soil from one site and below 50% in soil from the other. Treating seeds with 2E3 significantly improved emergence in a sterile soil-containing matrix that had been inoculated with the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum. Consequently, we propose that increases in wheat emergence can be attributed to the suppression by 2E3 of pathogenic organisms present in the native field soils. A strain of Rhizoctonia solani, shown to the pathogenic on winter wheat, was isolated from one of these soils.     

Influence of soil type and indigenous pathogenic fungi on bean hypocotyl rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG4 HGI in Cuba

Calcisol, ferralsol and vertisol soils, representative of different bean production areas of Villa Clara province in Cuba, were selected to determine the impact of soil type on bean hypocotyl rot severity caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG4 HGI (isolate CuVC-Rs7). In inoculated autoclaved soil, hypocotyl rot was most severe in calcisol soil, followed by ferralsol soils and then vertisol soils. In inoculated natural soils, disease severity was lower in vertisol and calcisol soils and higher in ferralsol soil, indicating that biological factors are suppressing or stimulating the pathogenic efficiency of R. solani. Native binucleate Rhizoctonia AGF, Sclerotium rolfsii and R. solani AG 4 HGI were isolated from bean plants grown in natural calcisol, vertisol and ferralsol soils, respectively. Subsequent studies about the interaction between these fungi and R. solani indicated that they were involved in the variability of disease severity caused by R. solani. The addition of R. solani AG4 HGI (isolate CuVC-Rs7) into each autoclaved soil inoculated with binucleate Rhizoctonia or S. rolfsii resulted in a reduction of disease severity caused by this pathogen while in soils inoculated with native R. solani AG4 HGI, disease severity increased. Irrespective of fungal interactions, calcisol was always the most disease conducive soil and vertisol the most disease repressive soil. The mechanisms by which native pathogenic fungi could influence disease severity caused by R. solani are discussed.     

Alleviation of drought stress in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by co-inoculation with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Rhizobium tropici

A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the influence of Rhizobium when co-inoculated with each of two Paenibacillus polymyxa strains, singly and in mixture on growth, nitrogen content, phytohormone levels and nodulation of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under three levels of drought stress. Stress was applied continuously by the control of matric potential (ψ_m) through a porous cup. Bean plants cv. Tenderlake were grown in pots with Fluvic Neosol eutrophic soil under three different ψ_m (S₁ −7.0; S₂ −70.0 and S₃ < −85 kPa). The seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici (CIAT 899) and each of P. polymyxa (DSM 36) and P. polymyxa Loutit (L) singly and in mixture (CIAT 899 + DSM36 + Loutit). Co-inoculation of bean with Rhizobium and both Paenibacillus strains resulted increased plant growth, nitrogen content and nodulation compared to inoculation with Rhizobium alone. This was particularly evident at the most negative ψ_m (S₃ < −85 kPa) we used. Drought stress triggered a change in phytohormonal balance, including an increase in leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content, a small decline in indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) and a sharp fall in zeatin content in bean leaves. The content of endogenous Cks decreased under water stress, possibly amplifying the response of shoots to increasing ABA content. We hypothesize that co-inoculation of bean with R. tropici (CIAT 899) and P. polymyxa strains (DSM 36) and Loutit (L) mitigates some of the negative effects of drought stress on bean.     

盐胁迫环境下接种根际促生细菌对白蜡树根际生物学特征及其生长的影响

[目的]探讨不同盐胁迫生境中接种根际促生细菌(PGPR)对白蜡树根际的作用效果,为明确PGPR对白蜡树耐盐性的改善效果以及盐胁迫环境下PGPR的推广应用提供理论依据。[方法]通过盆栽试验,研究不同盐胁迫(轻度、中度、重度)及其接种阴沟肠杆菌(PGPR)对白蜡树根际生物学特征与生长的影响。[结果]盐胁迫显著降低了白蜡树根际微生物数量、微生物量碳、氮含量和脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性,且其降幅随盐胁迫梯度的增加而增大;当接种PGPR后,白蜡树根际微生物数量、微生物量碳、氮含量和脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性均呈上升趋势,其中轻度盐胁迫接种PGPR处理的细菌数、放线菌数和微生物总量达最高,分别较对照显著提高14.64%,24.01%和17.04%,而脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶活性与对照差异不显著,但显著高于其他处理。同时,白蜡树的根体积、根系总吸收面积与活跃吸收面积随着盐胁迫程度的加剧呈递减趋势,但接种PGPR后,对应的根系指标均有增加,其中轻度盐胁迫接种PGPR处理的活跃吸收面积显著高于对照15.97%。此外,同对照相比,不同程度盐胁迫均显著降低了白蜡树的地径、株高,而接种PGPR却显著提高了地径、株高,其中轻度盐胁迫接种PGPR处理的地径、株高与对照差异不显著,但显著高于其他处理。[结论]轻度盐胁迫下(盐分含量0.2%)接种阴沟肠杆菌能显著改善白蜡树根际生物学特征,并促进白蜡树生长,其作用效果显著优于中度、重度盐胁迫下接种阴沟肠杆菌。     

Polyphasic characterization of Brazilian Rhizobium tropici strains effective in fixing N2 with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is native to the Americas, and Rhizobium etli is the dominant microsymbiont in both the Mesoamerican and the Andean centers of genetic diversification. Wild common beans are not found in Brazil, although the legume has been cropped in the country throughout time and all but one of the rhizobial species that nodulate it (Rhizobium gallicum) have been broadly detected in Brazilian soils. However, the majority of the effective rhizobial strains isolated so far from field-grown plants belong to R. tropici. This study describes the analysis of symbiotic and non-symbiotic genes of 15 effective R. tropici strains, isolated from four geographically distant regions in Brazil. With RFLP-PCR of the 16S and 23S rRNA genes and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA, two clusters were observed, one related to R. tropici type A and another to type B strains. Diversity in ribosomal genes was high, indicating that type A strains might represent a new species. High intraspecies diversity was also observed in the rep-PCR analysis with BOX, ERIC and REP primers. However, in the RFLP-PCR analysis of nifH and nodC genes, all R. tropici showed unique combinations of profiles, which might reflect an evolutionary strategy to maximize N₂ fixation.     

New insights into the origins and evolution of rhizobia that nodulate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Brazil

It is generally accepted that there are two major centers of genetic diversification of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): the Mesoamerican (Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and north of Peru, probably the primary center), and the Andean (southern Peru to north of Argentina) centers. Wild common bean is not found in Brazil, but it has been grown in the country throughout recorded history. Common bean establishes symbiotic associations with a wide range of rhizobial strains and Rhizobium etli is the dominant microsymbiont at both centers of genetic diversification. In contrast, R. tropici, originally recovered from common bean in Colombia, has been found to be the dominant species nodulating field-grown common-bean plants in Brazil. However, a recent study using soil dilutions as inocula has shown surprisingly high counts of R. etli in two Brazilian ecosystems. In the present study, RFLP-PCR analyses of nodABC and nifH genes of 43 of those Brazilian R. etli strains revealed unexpected homogeneity in their banding patterns. The Brazilian R. etli strains were closely similar in 16S rRNA sequences and in nodABC and nifH RFLP-PCR profiles to the Mexican strain CFN 42^T, and were quite distinct from R. etli and R. leguminosarum strains of European origin, supporting the hypothesis that Brazilian common bean and their rhizobia are of Mesoamerican origin, and could have arrived in Brazil in pre-colonial times. R. tropici may have been introduced to Brazilian soils later, or it may be a symbiont of other indigenous legume species and, due to its tolerance to acidic soils and high temperature conditions became the predominant microsymbiont of common bean.     

土壤微生物对紫茎泽兰生长与竞争的反馈: 不同灭菌方法的比较

土壤微生物去除是验证土壤微生物反馈调节入侵植物竞争排斥本地植物群落的重要手段。为了确定土壤微生物反馈效应的最佳土壤微生物去除方法,以及土壤微生物对紫茎泽兰与本地植物竞争中的反馈作用,本试验比较了添加蛭石和未添加蛭石下,3种常见土壤微生物灭菌方式(干热灭菌、湿热灭菌、辐照灭菌)处理的紫茎泽兰单优群落根际土壤对紫茎泽兰与本地植物香茶菜生长的影响。结果表明:与未灭菌处理土壤相比,3种灭菌处理土壤均显著抑制了紫茎泽兰和香茶菜的生长;添加蛭石灭菌的土壤相对于未添加蛭石的灭菌土壤显著促进了2种植物的生长;灭菌土壤添加蛭石的情况下辐照灭菌土壤的两种植物的生物量显著地高于干热灭菌和湿热灭菌土壤两种植物的生物量,其中辐照灭菌下紫茎泽兰的生物量分别比干热灭菌和湿热灭菌条件下增加30.8%和66.5%,香茶菜生物量分别显著增加109.5%和63.4%。辐照灭菌土壤添加蛭石的处理方式最接近真实地反映土壤微生物对植物生长的反馈效应。进一步进行辐照灭菌土壤添加蛭石处理与未灭菌土壤添加蛭石处理的紫茎泽兰与香茶菜混种的盆栽试验,结果显示,土壤微生物显著增强了紫茎泽兰对香茶菜的竞争优势,相对竞争优势度增加16.0%,说明土壤微生物在紫茎泽兰竞争排斥本地植物的入侵过程中具有正反馈偏利调节作用     

不同生长环境下黄顶菊浸提液对多年生黑麦草萌发与生长的影响

为阐明黄顶菊入侵机制,本文在调查不同生境下黄顶菊居群特征的基础上,进一步采用植株浸提液生物测试的方法研究了不同生境、生长密度及替代植被下黄顶菊对多年生黑麦草的化感潜力。结果表明:黄顶菊的化感作用强弱与其入侵能力存在一定相关性,黄顶菊浸提液的化感潜力随浓度升高而增强;不同植株组织浸提液的化感潜力存在显著差异,表现为地下部分明显低于地上部分;不同生境下黄顶菊浸提液的化感潜力顺序为水边>果园>路边,50 g.L 1茎叶浸提液对多年生黑麦草发芽率化感效应敏感指数分别为2.83(水边)、1.31(果园)和0.71(路边);不同密度黄顶菊的茎叶化感潜力顺序为高、中密度区显著大于低密度区,50g.L 1浓度浸提液对多年生黑麦草发芽率化感效应敏感指数分别为3.91(高密度)、4.89(中密度)和0.29(低密度);根部浸提液的化感潜力顺序则相反。不同替代植被下茎叶浸提液的化感效应为混种>单种,而根系浸提液的化感效应敏感指数则差别不大。因此,黄顶菊不同组织器官化感活性物质分配不同,同时其化感效力能够适应环境条件而发生变化,这可能是造成黄顶菊在不同环境中入侵效果差异的原因之一。     

Reduction in dose of chemical fertilizers and growth enhancement of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) with application of rhizospheric competent Pseudomonas aeruginosa LES4

Pseudomonas aeruginosa LES4, an isolate of tomato rhizosphere was found to be positive for several plant growth-promoting attributes like production of indole acetic acid, HCN and siderophore, solubilization of inorganic phosphate along with urease, chitinase and β-1-3-glucanase activity. In addition, it showed strong antagonistic effect against Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum. P. aeruginosa LES4 caused halo cell formation and other morphological deformities in mycelia of M. phaseolina and F. oxysporum. Root colonization was studied with Tn5 induced streptomycin resistant transconjugants of spontaneous tetracycline-resistant LES4 (designated LES4^tetra+strep+) after different durations. The strain was significantly rhizospheric competent, as 17.4% increase in its population was recorded in sesame rhizosphere. Seed bacterization with LES4 resulted in significant increase in vegetative growth parameters and yield of sesame over non-bacterized seeds. However, application of LES4 with half dose of fertilizers resulted in growth equivalent to full dose treatment, without compromising with the growth and yield of sesame. Moreover, the oil yield increased by 33.3%, while protein yield increased by 47.5% with treatment of half dose of fertilizer along with LES 4 bacterized seeds, as compared to full dose of fertilizers.     

耐性植物秸秆覆盖对荠菜生长及镉积累的影响

[目的]研究秸秆覆盖对富集植物重金属积累的影响,筛选能促进荠菜生长和镉积累的镉耐性植物.[方法]通过盆栽试验研究镉污染条件下,覆盖4种镉耐性植物(扬子毛茛、通泉草、邻近风轮菜和车前)秸秆对荠菜生长及镉积累的影响。[结果]覆盖扬子毛茛、通泉草、邻近风轮菜和车前秸秆后,荠菜的地上部分生物量、总生物量和叶片叶绿素含量值均低于未覆盖处理。覆盖扬子毛茛、通泉草、邻近风轮菜和车前秸秆的荠菜总生物量则较未覆盖分别降低了34.04%,49.85%,40.27%和18.39%。只有覆盖邻近风轮菜秸秆提高了荠菜根系镉含量,而覆盖扬子毛茛和通泉草秸秆则提高了荠菜地上部分镉含量(较未覆盖分别提高了18.61%和12.87%)。然而,覆盖4种耐性植物的荠菜根系、地上部分及整株镉积累量均低于未覆盖。[结论]在盆栽条件下,覆盖镉耐性植物(扬子毛茛、通泉草、邻近风轮菜和车前)秸秆不能提高荠菜对镉污染土壤的修复能力。     

刺萼龙葵土壤种子库特征及其对替代控制的响应

土壤种子库在退化生态系统植被的恢复和演替中起重要作用,为明确外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵（Solanum rostratum Dunal.）土壤种子库特征,评价植物替代控制刺萼龙葵的效果,调查了河滩及农田边缘两个典型生境中的刺萼龙葵土壤种子库特征,分析了刺萼龙葵种子在土壤中的垂直分布与季节变化动态,并利用多种多年生禾本科与豆科牧草对刺萼龙葵进行替代控制研究,以期为刺萼龙葵生态调控提供理论依据。结果表明：1）两个生境中共鉴定出23种植物,禾本科和菊科为优势科;河滩及农田边缘刺萼龙葵种子总储量分别达347粒·m^-2和2 600粒·m^-2,占整个种子库的2.46%及35.16%。2）河滩生境中刺萼龙葵种子多集中于表层（0~2 cm）土壤,占种子总量的64.3%,且随土层深度的增加而减少;而农田边缘生境0~2 cm、2~5 cm和5~10 cm 3层种子数量差异不大（P>0.05）,分别占种子总量的32.7%、38.2%及29.1%。3）两个生境中刺萼龙葵种子主要集中于4月份采集的土样中,分别为273粒·m^-2（河滩）和1 970粒·m^-2（农田边缘）,显著高于6月份与8月份采集的土样种子数（P<0.05）;4）从替代控制第2年起,刺萼龙葵的密度、生物量及土壤种子储量即被控制在较低水平,均显著低于同期对照（P<0.05）,沙打旺+苇状羊茅+冰草+羊草组合对刺萼龙葵控制效果最佳,同时还可获得牧草鲜重20 396.1 kg·hm^-2,干重7 710.6 kg·hm^-2（2017年）,经济效益可观。5）刺萼龙葵种子库与刺萼龙葵密度（P<0.01）、生物量（P<0.05）呈正相关,牧草产量与刺萼龙葵种子库储量、密度、生物量均呈负相关,但相关性不显著（P>0.05）;降雨显著影响刺萼龙葵种子库储量（P<0.05）,可用幂函数模型y=2.619x^0.001（R²=0.822,F=18.486,P=0.013）描述二者之间的关系。