膜下长期滴灌土壤盐分的空间分布特征与累积效应

通过对不同土壤质地和不同滴灌年限两个方面对新疆棉田膜下滴灌盐分的运移与积累规律的研究,结果表明:对于不同土壤质地,壤土中的盐分分布大致呈抛物线型,在40～60 cm处盐分积累量达到最大值.粘土中盐分分布大致呈"S"型,在60～80 cm处土壤盐分积累达到最大值;不同滴灌年限中随着滴灌年限越长,棉田中地表盐分积累越少,而在40～60 cm的盐分积累则越多.分析认为棉田土壤仅通过膜下滴灌淋洗盐分是不够的,必须与一定的灌排水技术相配合才能很好地防止棉田次生盐渍化.     

基于HYDRUS-2D的滨海地区膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移模拟研究

以春玉米“郑单958”为供试作物,采用膜下滴灌灌水方式,设定2种不同灌水定额,分别是单次灌水定额20 mm和10 mm,测定试验区土壤水分、盐分含量,利用HYDRUS-2D模型对土壤水盐运移进行模拟,将模拟值与实测值进行对比分析,探究滨海地区盐碱化土壤水盐运移规律。结果表明：滴灌过程中,水平方向土壤盐分由膜下向膜边运移,膜下土壤淋洗效果好于膜边;竖直方向0~20 cm土壤水分、盐分变化幅度最大,土壤含盐量降低16.1%,淋洗效果明显;下层土壤盐分淋洗效果一般,土壤含盐量降低值仅为9.6%。土壤水分重分布过程中,0~20 cm土层土壤含水率和含盐量变化幅度比20~60 cm土层大。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层高灌水定额（20 mm）处理对土壤盐分的抑制作用分别比低灌水定额（10 mm）处理高26%、11%、19%,并且高灌水定额滴灌将土壤盐分淋洗到60 cm土层以下,而低灌水定额滴灌未能将土壤盐分淋洗到60cm土层以下。HYDRUS-2D模拟得到的土壤含水率与含盐量和实测值基本吻合,模型可靠。     

北疆常年膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分年内及年际变化特征研究

针对膜下滴灌棉田土壤次生盐渍化问题,从年内变化与年际变化两个方面,分析新疆典型绿洲区膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分演变特征。研究结果表明:在年内,土壤盐分整体随生育期的顺延而呈下降趋势,其中5月上旬(苗期)、7月中旬(花铃期)、9月中旬(收获期)土壤盐分呈现积盐趋势;膜下滴灌4~12 a的棉田土壤存在稳定积盐层,其深度大约在60~150 cm范围内,其盐分值基本保持在0.6%上下;60 cm以上土层基本处于脱盐状态,其盐分值保持在0.2%~0.4%左右,属于非盐化土壤;膜下滴灌15 a的棉田,土壤盐分随生育阶段变化幅度较大,呈现中度盐化土特征。在年际间,膜下滴灌最初1~6 a,土壤盐分呈现持续脱盐趋势,尤其20 cm以下土层脱盐效果较为明显;实施膜下滴灌6~7 a,土壤盐分变化趋于稳定状态,各棉田出现稳定积盐层,其深度大约在80~100 cm土层,积盐层盐分值大部分保持在0.25%上下,属于非盐化土。     

不同灌溉方式下棉田土壤盐分变化分析——以玛纳斯河中游典型灌区为例

采用田间取样、土样实验室分析以及统计分析等方法,对新疆玛纳斯河中游灌区漫灌、滴灌2种灌溉方式下棉田土壤含盐量在棉花全生长季的变化进行定量分析。结果表明:从土层角度分析,漫灌棉田0-100cm整个剖面土层以及各土层土壤平均盐分值低于滴灌棉田;漫灌棉花生长期内土壤盐分主要集中在40-60cm土层,而滴灌棉田土壤盐分主要集中在20-40cm土层;滴灌棉花生长期内各土层土壤盐分分布较漫灌棉田土壤盐分更均匀。从时间角度分析,漫灌棉田0-100cm整个剖面土层以及各土层盐分峰值出现的时间早于滴灌棉田;漫灌棉花生长期内各土层盐分峰值出现在5月或6月份,而滴灌棉田各土层盐分峰值出现在6月或7月份,6月或7月是漫灌、滴灌棉田垂直土层盐分分布比较均匀的时间。研究结论对减缓土壤盐渍化、指导灌溉施肥管理以及改善可持续土地利用的可能措施均有积极意义。     

膜下滴灌棉田冻融期土壤水分盐分变化特征

通过分析2014年11月—2015年3月北疆地区膜下滴灌棉田冻融期土壤盐分、水分与温度变化,探讨了不同土层水热盐在冻融期的变化和耦合关系。结果表明:冻融期土壤表层和深层含水量较高,中间层含水量较低;土壤剖面盐分在0~80 cm呈现层状分布,浅层土壤发生盐分明显累积,土壤盐分变异系数20 cm土层为0.525、40 cm土层为0.257、80 cm土层为1.041。在冻融期,土壤水分盐分沿剖面分布发生明显变化;土水势梯度、土壤温度梯度是冻融期土壤水分盐分迁移的主要因素,土壤水热盐之间变化具有高度的耦合性。     

滴灌棉田土壤水分测点最优布设研究

为寻求滴灌棉田土壤剖面水分测点的最优布设方案,2009年在棉花生育期内采用取土烘干法对膜下滴灌棉田不同位置、不同深度土壤质量含水率进行连续监测。利用监测数据分析了膜下滴灌棉田土壤剖面内不同观测点垂直方向上各层次土壤含水率之间的相关关系,并利用R型谱系聚类法对剖面内各观测点8个土壤层次的土壤含水率变量进行分类,筛选出适合膜下滴灌棉田墒情观测的土壤水分测点布设方案。最后利用2007年试验数据对提出的水分测点布设方案进行验证,结果表明,水平方向上距滴灌带0 cm、32.5 cm和50 cm处3个观测点,各观测点垂直方向上0~10 cm、20~30 cm、40~50 cm和60~80 cm深处4个层次12个测点的土壤含水率能较好地反映整个剖面的土壤水分信息,可作为膜下滴灌棉田土壤水分探头的布设点。     

冻融对北疆盐碱地长期滴灌棉田土壤盐分的影响

为了解北疆积雪覆盖条件下,冻融作用对盐碱地膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分分布及变化的影响。采用时空变异法,以连续应用膜下滴灌0、4、6、8、10、15 a 6块棉田初春土壤盐分的变化为例进行分析。结果表明,"冻层滞水"及积雪消融入渗对80~100cm深度土体中盐分具有天然淋洗作用,冻融前后土壤盐分分布呈"广口杯"状。4月5日至14日在水分(直接驱动力)运动影响下,60~80 cm土层含盐量降低,其中一部分随毛管水向上蒸发,滞留于0~40 cm土壤;另一部分受重力水作用向下淋洗,80 cm以下土层含盐量升高。滴灌0 a地块0~140 cm土体内储盐量为29 063.00 g,滴灌15 a后,降至5 778.86 g。冻融对盐分的淋洗作用在应用滴灌年限较短地块表现得相对明显,即土壤中含盐量越高,淋洗作用越显著;冻融后滴灌0 a棉田0~140 cm土体储盐量降低8 941.33 g,滴灌15 a棉田降低614.62 g。提出冻融循环对土壤中盐分的天然淋洗作用是北疆盐碱地长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分降低的重要因素之一。     

喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征分析

土壤盐渍化是喀什葛尔河流域农业发展面临的主要问题之一。采用相关分析法与主成分分析法分析了喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征。结果表明:土壤盐渍化类型以硫酸盐渍土为主,盐渍化程度为重度及中度盐渍化;土壤总盐与SO24-、K+、Na+呈显著正相关,揭示了土壤盐分大小与SO24-、K+、Na+有关;表层的总盐、各盐分离子含量均高于其余土层,即土壤盐分垂直分布呈现表聚性;盐分离子按质量分数大小在土壤剖面基本上呈自上而下的垂直分异特点;盐分组成中,阳离子以K+和Na+为主,阴离子以SO42-为主;8月份表层、0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～80cm、80～100cm总含盐量均高于2月份。主成分分析结果表明,SO24-、K+、Na+作为研究区土壤盐渍化状况的特征因子。     

甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌条件下春玉米田水盐特征分析

通过对甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米种植条件下土壤水分、盐分的观测,分析了膜下滴灌春玉米生育期土壤水分、盐分动态变化及其产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:不同生育期,同一土层深度,土壤水分含量高低分布与土壤盐分含量高低分布相反,均表现出土壤不同深度盐分含量高的区域相应水分含量低,滴灌带之间土壤盐分积累较滴头之间显著;灌水定额480 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水分在土层纵向运移显著,深层渗漏明显,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水在土壤不同深度横向层面运移显著,有利于作物吸收利用;膜下滴灌能够在滴水过程中明显降低土壤表层0~40 cm盐分含量,土壤下层40~100 cm为盐分聚集区域;灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,春玉米产量构成和水分利用效率较高。从作物生长水盐环境及高效节水的角度出发,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理的效益最优。     

土壤冻融温度影响下棉田水盐运移规律

以新疆北部常年膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,探讨整个冻融过程中温度对土壤水盐运移规律的影响。研究结果表明：气温对土壤温度的影响随着土壤深度的增加而不断减小,滞后时间不断延长,并且气温对冻土的消融速度远远快于冻结速度,上层冻土消融速度快于下层。土壤水分受温度的影响较大,在冻结期,土壤水分从非冻结层向冻结层缓慢运移;在消融期,下层土壤水分在蒸发作用下不断向上运移。通过监测分析得知,温度间接影响盐分运移,在冻结期,土壤水分运移缓慢,土壤盐分运移变化较小;在消融期,土壤水分运移较为活跃,土壤盐分运移变化较大。在温度快速上升的情况下,土壤水分不断上移, 120～150 cm土壤盐分迅速向上扩散,上层土壤盐分不断增加,威胁膜下滴灌棉田可持续种植。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.