不同氮效率小麦品种氮素吸收利用对CO2浓度升高的响应

以小麦氮低效品种小偃6号和氮高效品种小偃22为材料,通过盆栽试验,利用开顶式气室在3种施氮水平(0、150和300 mg N/kg土)下,分析了两个品种小麦干物质和氮素积累、氮素干物质和籽粒生产效率、氮素收获指数以及花前营养器官贮存氮素在花后向籽粒的转运量和转运率对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。结果表明,施氮可增加小麦成熟期干物质和氮素累积量,提高氮素收获指数以及花前贮存氮素的转运量和转运率,但降低了氮素籽粒和干物质生产效率。与背景CO2浓度相比,在一定施氮条件下,CO2浓度升高对小麦以上指标具有正向效应,但两个品种对CO2浓度升高响应的敏感程度存在一定差异,氮素收获指数、氮素籽粒生产效率、花前营养器官贮存氮素转运率表现为小偃22敏感性高于小偃6号;干物质和氮素累积量、花前贮存氮素转运量则在150 mg/kg土施氮水平下小偃6号敏感性较高,在300 mg/kg土施氮水平下小偃22敏感性较高,而氮素干物质生产效率表现正好相反。综合来看,在施氮条件下,CO2浓度升高可促进小麦干物质累积、氮素吸收和利用以及花前贮存氮素向籽粒的转运,且在较高施氮水平下氮高效品种表现更为明显。     

干旱胁迫对芸豆籽粒干物质积累的影响及动态模型的建立

为研究干旱胁迫对芸豆籽粒干物质积累的影响,并建立动态方程,以奶花芸豆2242为材料,设计了一个三因素盆栽实验,进行不同生育时期、不同程度、不同时间的干旱胁迫。结果表明：不同干旱胁迫处理,籽粒干物质积累均受到一定程度的影响。不同时期,苗期最终表现为等量补偿效应,始花期和结荚期表现为部分补偿效应,说明在苗期可适当进行干旱胁迫,而在始花期和结荚期进行干旱胁迫则会影响干物质积累量。不同强度,籽粒干物质积累规律为正常供水＞中度干旱＞重度干旱。不同时间,胁迫5 d＞胁迫10 d。籽粒干物质动态变化均为“S”型曲线,可用Logistic模型描述,并用特征参数描述积累过程特征,且拟合效果较好,决定系数均达0.98以上。     

覆盖栽培模式对冬小麦花后旗叶 光合特性及产量的影响

为探究旱地小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培增产的光合特性和干物质积累转运的特征,在甘肃省半干旱雨养农业区以“陇中2号”为材料,研究了秸秆带状覆盖栽培（BS）、地膜覆盖栽培 （PF）和无覆盖露地栽培（CK）3种栽培模式下冬小麦花后旗叶光合特征、叶绿素荧光动力参数、干物质积累转运及产量的差异。结果表明：与CK相比,BS和PF显著提高了花后旗叶光合势、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比率,且BS在生育后期优于PF。BS整个生育期的净光合速率、气孔导度均高于CK,而PF仅生育前期发挥正效应,生育中、后期出现了负效应。BS生育前中期胞间CO₂浓度、生育中后期旗叶瞬时水分利用效率均高于PF和CK,前者分别高出2.8%~8.2%和6.7%~11.3%,后者分别高出30.3%~44.8%和27.5%~39.3%。PF在灌浆中期以前,BS在整个花后生育期显著提高了小麦花后旗叶F_v/F_m、F′_v/F′_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR,降低了NPQ。BS较PF和CK显著提高了花后干物质输入籽粒量和对籽粒粒重的贡献率,2个指标分别增加2.6%、1.0%和14.2%、8.6%。BS显著增加了单位面积穗数,提高了产量,较CK增产35.4%。说明秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善旱地冬小麦花后光合效率,促进干物质积累转运,从而达到增产的效果。     

干旱对不同抗旱性冬小麦旗叶光合及主茎干物质转运的影响

以冬小麦品种长武134(抗旱性强)和陕253(抗旱性弱)为材料,研究干旱对旗叶净光合速率和叶绿素含量、主茎及其组成节间花前积累干物质的转运及其对穗粒重贡献的影响.结果表明,干旱条件下长武134主茎穗粒重降幅小于陕253;干旱缩短了小麦花后旗叶光合速率高值持续期(PAD)和叶绿素含量缓降期(RSP),长武134受影响程度较小.长武134除穗下节外,其余各节间及茎杆干物质转运量及对籽粒贡献率降幅均大于陕253;干旱提高了陕253穗下节和倒二节干物质转运率,降低了倒三节和下部节干物质转运率,茎杆干物质转运率无明显变化;长武134除穗下节外其余各节间及茎杆干物质转运率均明显低于对照,而且距离穗部越远的节位降低幅度越大.上述结果表明,干旱条件下不同节位干物质转运能力变化与距离穗远近有关,花前茎杆干物质转运并不能补偿籽粒产量的损失,花后旗叶光合功能期延长是小麦抗旱高产的主要原因.     

不同旱地春小麦新品种（系）干物质积累和产量形成的特点

为了探明不同旱地春小麦新品种(系)干物质积累与分配规律及其产量形成特点,以2016年甘肃省春小麦区域试验中07001-2-5、06044-3-7-12、06004-5-3、06005-4-1、04013-1-3-5、甘春25号和西旱2号等7个参试品种(系)为材料,研究和比较了不同春小麦新品种(系)干物质积累运转及产量形成的规律。结果表明:随着生育进程的推进,不同春小麦新品种(系)的叶面积指数在抽穗期达到峰值。小麦成熟期的干物质积累量和籽粒干物质分配量均以06044-3-7-12最大,明显较对照西旱2号高10.08%和12.84%。干物质分配比例籽粒茎秆+叶鞘+叶片穗轴+颖壳。甘春25号、06044-3-7-12和06004-5-3花后干物质积累量分别较对照显著高出33.39%、24.46%和14.37%。花后干物质同化量对籽粒的贡献率占到72.84%～83.60%,其中甘春25号最高,较西旱2号显著高出4.43%。不同旱地春小麦新品种(系)的籽粒千粒重和产量均以甘春25号最高,其次是新品系06044-3-7-12,分别比西旱2号增产6.15%和3.17%,差异显著。可见,在本试验条件下,各小麦干物质积累量在籽粒中的分配比例最高;花后干物质积累量和对籽粒的贡献率均高于花前。其中,甘春25号花后干物质积累量显著高于其它新品种(系),对籽粒的贡献率较其它品种(系)高出2.89%～29.38%,千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于其它新品种(系)。     

干旱对关中地区不同年代小麦品种旗叶光合特性的影响

以陕西关中地区70年间大面积推广的冬小麦品种为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着小麦品种的更替,抗旱性逐步增强,干旱胁迫下20世纪50年代以前品种五指麦、碧蚂1号比适宜水分条件下分别减产18.2%、38.3%,而90年代后品种小偃22仅减产2.3%。不同品种小麦收获前期旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度受干旱影响均有所下降,但旗叶胞间CO2浓度则表现为增加趋势,碧蚂1号、小偃22号花后各阶段旗叶气孔导度平均降低了5%、18%,旗叶胞间CO2浓度则提高了9%、8%,说明干旱胁迫下花后旗叶净光合速率的降低并非是由气孔导度降低引起的。     

花后干旱对春小麦籽粒淀粉含量及淀粉形成关键酶活性的影响

为了研究花后干旱对春小麦籽粒淀粉形成影响的机理,缓减春小麦花后干旱危害,以宁夏春小麦宁春4号和宁春47号为供试材料,在盆栽条件下,人工模拟花后干旱,测定了春小麦籽粒淀粉含量及淀粉形成关键酶活性。结果表明:花后干旱胁迫显著降低春小麦籽粒淀粉含量,使宁春4号和宁春47号的直链淀粉下降9.78%~30.07%,支链淀粉下降9.02%~19.92%,淀粉总含量下降9.25%~22.82%;干旱使两品种的淀粉形成关键酶(ADPG-PPase、UDPG-PPase、SSS和SBE)活性下降,从而对淀粉品质产生影响。因此,应采取相应栽培技术缓解花后干旱危害,提高春小麦产量和品质。     

不同灌水处理对强筋小麦新麦19产量及品质的影响

在大田条件下研究了不同灌水处理对强筋小麦新麦19产量、干物质转运、水分利用效率、籽粒全氮含量和面团粉质拉伸参数的影响。试验于2009-2010年度,在新乡市农业科学院辉县试验基地一号地和辉县市孟庄镇高村同时进行。试验采用随机区组试验设计,三次重复。试验设5个处理：底墒水＋拔节水＋开花水,底墒水＋拔节水,底墒水＋越冬水＋孕穗水,越冬水＋孕穗水,越冬水＋起身水＋开花水＋灌浆水（对照）。结果表明：灌水处理对新麦19的产量、干物质转运、水分利用效率及籽粒品质性状有显著的影响,两地结果基本一致。“底墒水＋拔节水＋开花水”处理的产量最高,两地平均比对照增产5％,花后干物质积累量和转运率、水分利用率、降水利用效率、灌水利用率和品质性状均高于对照。“底墒水＋拔节水”处理的水分利用率最高,比对照高出6％以上。小麦全生育期灌两水以上时,随灌水量的增加籽粒品质将变劣;花后灌一水与花后不灌水处理的籽粒品质性状差异较小,二者均优于花后灌两水的处理。综合籽粒产量、品质、水分利用率多方面因素,在河南北部地区强筋小麦生产中适宜采用“底墒水＋拔节水＋开花水”的水分管理模式。     

花后干旱条件下冬小麦顺序和非顺序衰老同化物积累及转运特性

以小麦顺序衰老(正置茎)和非顺序衰老(倒置茎)茎为材料,比较研究了自然天气和干旱条件下小麦正置茎和倒置茎叶片绿叶面积、光合速率、蔗糖磷酸转运酶活性以及地上器官同化物积累和转运特性,旨为进一步研究小麦叶片非顺序衰老的生理生化机制提供思路和理论指导。试验表明:无论是自然天气条件还是干旱条件,温麦19、豫麦19和兰考矮早8倒置茎倒二叶的绿叶面积、光合速率和叶片干重均明显高于旗叶,表现出旗叶早于倒二叶衰老的特征;倒置茎花后同化物转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率、穗重以及叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性均明显高于正置茎。表明小麦叶片的非顺序衰老与花后同化物的快速转运有关,这种衰老方式对小麦籽粒的后期充实是有利的,并且对干旱条件有较强的适应能力。     

水分胁迫对糜子物质运转和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为探索不同生育期不同程度水分胁迫下糜子籽粒灌浆特性及产量形成特点,以榆糜2号为材料,采用盆栽试验,利用Richards方程对不同处理强、弱势粒的灌浆过程进行比较,进而分析研究了拔节期、孕穗期和开花成熟期中度(占田间最大持水量的40%~45%)、重度水分胁迫(占田间最大持水量的20%~25%)对糜子强、弱势粒灌浆特性与抽穗后物质积累和转运及产量形成的影响。结果表明:与对照(全生育期充足供水,占田间最大持水量的70%~75%)相比,重度水分胁迫下,籽粒的起始生长势R0降低,最大灌浆速率出现的时间Tmax延迟,灌浆后期时间缩短,灌浆中期和后期的贡献率下降,茎鞘向穗部的物质转运率降低,进而影响结实率和产量,其中孕穗期重度水分胁迫的穗粒数和穗粒质量比对照分别降低了44.62%和38.19%,是降幅最大的;中度水分胁迫加快了糜子灌浆进程,促进了糜子叶片和茎鞘向穗部的物质转运率,提高了结实率和籽粒充实度,提高了糜子产量,其中拔节期中度水分胁迫是增加幅度最大的,其穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量和穗粒质量比对照分别增加了24.17%、17.92%、7.19%、41.14%。因此,在适度水分胁迫下,协调并提高糜子籽粒的灌浆起始生长势和前期、中期的灌浆速率以及茎鞘向穗的物质转运率,对于保证和提高糜子产量有重要意义。     

Genetic analysis of resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis races 1 and 5 in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat

Tan spot of wheat, caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is a destructive disease worldwide that can lead to serious losses in quality and quantity of wheat grain production. Resistance to multiple races of P. tritici-repentis was identified in a wide range of genetically diverse genotypes, including three different species Triticum aestivum (AABBDD), T. spelta (AABBDD), and T. turgidum (AABB). The major objectives of this study were to determine the genetic control of resistance to P. tritici-repentis races 1 and 5 in 12 newly identified sources of resistance. The parents, F(1), F(2), and F(2:3) or F(2:5) families of each cross were analyzed for the allelism tests and/or inheritance studies. Plants were inoculated at the two-leaf stage under controlled environmental conditions and disease reaction was assessed based on lesion-type rating scale. A single recessive gene controlled resistance to necrosis caused by P. tritici-repentis race 1 in both tetraploid and hexaploid resistant genotypes. The lack of segregation in the inter- and intra-specific crosses between the resistant tetraploid and hexaploid genotypes indicated that they possess the same genes for resistance to tan necrosis and chlorosis induced by P. tritici-repentis race 1. A single dominant gene for chlorosis in hexaploid wheat and a single recessive gene for necrosis in tetraploid wheat, controlled resistance to P. tritici-repentis race 5.     

不同灌溉模式对中麦349生长发育的影响

在田间限量灌溉条件下,以小偃22为对照,研究了4种灌溉模式对中麦349干物质转移效率、籽粒灌浆速率、产量及其构成因素、土壤含水率等方面的影响.结果表明,不同灌溉后各营养器官干物质转移量及对籽粒的贡献率均降低,叶源的光合性能提高,花后光合产物向籽粒的分配量增加;籽粒灌浆期延长,中后期灌浆速率提高,粒重增大;穗数、穗粒教、千粒重以及产量均提高.相同灌溉模式下,中麦349较对照干物质转移量及对籽粒的贡献率均较大,但各灌溉模式干物质转移量及对籽粒贡献率均较对照下降幅度较大;对照模式下,中麦349较对照营养器官干物质向籽粒运输量大,对籽粒贡献率较大,产量较多次灌溉减产较少,耐旱程度较强.中麦349两水与三水处理无显著差异,以浇越冬水+拨节水+灌浆水产量最高,小偃22以浇越冬水+拔节水模式产量最高.在浇一水模式中,两品种均以浇拔节水产量较高.     

免耕覆盖对春小麦灌浆期干物质积累特性及最终产量的影响

以常规耕作处理作对照,研究了免耕覆盖下春小麦灌浆期间干物质积累分配特性和产量变化,结果表明,高、低秸秆覆盖量下春小麦灌浆期间干物质积累量比常规耕作分别高16.1%、9.8%,免耕秸秆覆盖为春小麦籽粒和产量形成提供了更充足的物质来源;与常规耕作比,免耕覆盖处理的春小麦在花后21-28 d时干物质积累量有个快速增加阶段;在干物质的运转分配中,免耕覆盖对春小麦灌浆期积累的干物质在各个器官间的分配比例影响较小。相对于常规耕作而言,免耕秸秆覆盖处理提高了春小麦产量,其产量的增加主要依赖于花前光合产物的积累,对花后光合产物调用较少。低覆盖量下春小麦较常规耕作增产11.68%,高量覆盖较常规增产18.52%。     

The potential for selecting wheat varieties strongly competitive against weeds

The competitive abilities of a wide range of genotypes of wheat (Trilicvm aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) against Lolium rigidum Gaud, (annual ryegrass) were examined 1o determine the potential for breeders to select strongly competitive varieties, Considerable potential within the wheat genome to breed varieties with greater competitive ability was demonstrated. In 1993, 250 genotypes from around the world were screened and in 1994 a subset of 45 (mainly Australian) genotypes were further examined. A uniform density of L. rigidum reduced grain yield of wheat by up to about 80% in 1993 and to 50% in 1994, depending on wheat genotype. Reduction in grain yield was correlated with L. rigidum dry matter. Wheats varied in competitive ability with source, and durum wheats were less competitive than T. aestivum. The ‘old’ standard wheat varieties (released between 1880 and 1950) suppressed the weed more than all the current varieties, with the exception of eight F₁ hybrids. A doubling of the crop seeding rate of 10 of the genotypes in 1994 reduced the biomass of L. rigidum by an average of 25% compared with the standard seeding rate. Ranking of competitive ability of varieties at high density was consistent at both seeding rates. The strongly competitive genotypes had high early biomass accumulation, large numbers of tillers, and were tall with extensive leaf display. The potential for breeding enhanced competitive ability in wheat is discussed.     

基于控墒补灌的春小麦滴灌制度研究

为优化北疆绿洲区滴灌春小麦的灌溉制度,采用控墒补灌法研究了不同灌水量对滴灌春小麦光合特征、干物质分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,拔节～开花期小麦株高、干物质积累量和叶面积指数均随着灌水量的增加显著（P＜0．05）升高。小麦旗叶各时期净光合（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）增加显著（P＜0．05）升高,而胞间CO2浓度（ Ci ）变化趋势相反;过量灌溉T5各时期 Gs均有所降低,Pn和Tr成熟期下降显著（ P＜0．05）;亏缺灌溉（T1） Pn峰值提前至孕穗期,各时期WUE均最低、LS最高。干物质向籽粒的分配、花前同化物转运率和对籽粒的贡献率随墒度随灌水量增加显著（ P＜0．05）降低。二次曲线拟合表明,灌水量为371 mm时可取得7450 kg·hm－2的高产,灌溉频率约每7 d灌1次是本地区春小麦的最佳灌溉方案。     

Impact of drought stress on yield,photosynthesis rate,and sugar alcohols contents in wheat after anthesis in semiarid region of Iran

Owing to the importance of after anthesis water deficit in Mediterranean regions (such as Iran), this study has focused on harmful impact of after anthesis drought stress on grain yield (GY), photosynthesis, and some physiological characteristics of wheat. To this aim, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used in greenhouse conditions in Razi University in Kermanshah city of Iran, during 2010–2011 growing season. Two bread wheat genotypes, “Zagros” (tolerant to drought) and “Marvdasht” (sensitive to drought) were grown in normal water supply condition (100% of field capacity) and drought stress from anthesis until maturity (50% of field capacity). The results indicated that after anthesis water deficit considerably reduced grain and biological yields, thousand grain weight (TGW) and a number of grains per spike (NGS) among different traits in genotypes. Under well-watered and drought-treated conditions, genotypes in terms of all evaluated traits had considerable variations. Water deficit caused more reduction of net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), relative water content (RWC) of leaf, chlorophyll a, b (Chl), and soluble proteins content in sensitive genotype; values were respectively 66.3, 73.2, 14.6, 32.1, 46.2, and 25.6%. Better performance of tolerant genotype under water deficit was associated with a great ability in production of some osmoprotectants as inositol, glycerol, and erythritol sugars. Rather adaptation of tolerant genotype to water deficit may be attributable to having maximum soluble protein, sugar alcohols, Chl content, RWC, gs and Pn in drought stress, and with respect to the results, wheat might not be able to synthesize mannitol. Transfer of gene(s) producing mannitol may cause more improvement of growth performance of wheat under stresses.     

Identification of a Novel Fusarium Head Blight Resistance Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 7A in Tetraploid Wheat

ABSTRACT Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive diseases of durum (Triticum turgidum sp. durum) and common wheat (T. aestivum). Promising sources of FHB resistance have been identified among common (hexaploid) wheats, but the same is not true for durum (tetraploid) wheats. A previous study indicated that chromosome 7A from T. turgidum sp. dicoccoides accession PI478742 contributed significant levels of resistance to FHB. The objectives of this research were to develop a genetic linkage map of chromosome 7A in a population of 118 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the durum cv. Langdon (LDN) and a disomic LDN-T. turgidum sp. dicoccoides PI478742 chromosome 7A substitution line [LDN-DIC 7A(742)], and identify a putative FHB resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 7A derived from LDN-DIC 7A(742). The population was evaluated for type II FHB resistance in three greenhouse environments. Interval regression analysis indicated that a single QTL designated Qfhs.fcu-7AL explained 19% of the phenotypic variation and spanned an interval of 39.6 cM. Comparisons between the genetic map and a previously constructed physical map of chromosome 7A indicated that Qfhs.fcu-7AL is located in the proximal region of the long arm. This is only the second FHB QTL to be identified in a tetraploid source, and it may be useful to combine it with the QTL Qfhs.ndsu-3AS in order to develop durum wheat germ plasm and cultivars with higher levels of FHB resistance.