坡面径流含沙量随雨强和坡长的动态过程

坡面径流的含沙特征是研究坡面侵蚀产沙的重要内容。为了研究坡面径流含沙特征及动态过程,揭示坡面径流含沙量随雨强和坡长的复合关系。采用人工模拟降雨的方式,通过不同坡长和雨强的组合试验,基于跨雨强和跨坡长的综合性分析思路,对特定坡度(20°)下,5个坡长(1,2,3,4,5m)13个降雨强度的试验监测数据进行了分析。结果表明:(1)坡长不同,含沙量与雨强的相关性不同,以2,3,4m坡长含沙量随雨强增加的规律性最明显,5m坡长的相关性最差,1m坡长的直线相关性较好,但增长斜率很小,由此可推得,研究坡面径流含沙量随雨强变化时,以2~4m坡长的试验槽较为适宜;(2)含沙量随产流历时总体上呈现出波动递减的趋势。含沙量波动特征值在2~4m坡长范围内波动性小而波动频率大,在1,5m坡长的波动性大但频率小。坡面径流含沙量变化的频率远大于河川径流含沙量的变化频率,即稳定性较差;(3)含沙量与主要水文要素和水力学特征参数的拟合都呈现出极显著相关性,流速、流量和剪切力是影响含沙量波动的重要因素。     

坡面土壤剥蚀率及其与水流含沙量的关系研究

为研究天然降雨条件下坡面土壤剥蚀率及其与水流含沙量的关系,通过在野外15°径流小区分多层多区段同时布设不同稀土元素进行连续天然降雨试验.结果表明:距坡顶4 m坡段内的土壤剥蚀率在首次产流初期相对较大;随着坡面下部细沟的出现,距坡脚2 m的坡段内,水流剥蚀逐渐以细沟流剥蚀为主,土壤剥蚀率在整个坡面内最大;坡面各段土壤剥蚀率的变化过程同降雨强度的变化趋势基本一致;在次降雨过程及全年的降雨中坡面各段土壤剥蚀率随水流含沙量的增加呈幂函数递增.     

坡面降雨径流侵蚀输沙的不平衡特性研究

针对降雨和床面大糙度共同作用下坡面降雨径流侵蚀不平衡输沙特性研究薄弱的问题,采用室内模拟降雨试验的方法,研究不同降雨强度和坡长条件下的坡面降雨径流侵蚀输沙特性。结果表明：（1）坡面为裸坡、坡度为10°条件下,径流含沙量随坡长的增加呈增大趋势,当坡长由1 m增加至8 m时,同一雨强下径流含沙量增大3.28~7.15倍;径流含沙量随雨强的增大而增加,当雨强由40 mm/h增大至120 mm/h时,同一坡长下径流含沙量增加1.41~2.97倍。（2）分析降雨径流侵蚀条件下,水动力学参数对坡面径流挟沙能力的影响发现,水流挟沙能力与流速的3次方成正比,与水力半径和沉速的乘积成反比,得到降雨条件下的水流挟沙能力计算公式。（3）研究坡面降雨径流侵蚀输沙的不平衡特性表明,雨强与恢复饱和系数之间呈幂函数关系,给出坡面不平衡输沙模型并进行验证,表明该模型可以较好地模拟坡面降雨径流侵蚀输沙沿程变化。研究结果可为预测坡面径流侵蚀输沙沿程变化及完善坡面径流侵蚀机理提供参考。     

极端降雨条件下秸秆覆盖坡面水流流速空间分布

坡面流流速是地表水文和水土保持研究的重要参数。极端降雨条件下,秸秆覆盖坡面水动力过程复杂,探明其流速分布规律对坡耕地土壤侵蚀预报具有重要意义。该研究的模拟降雨试验在黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室降雨大厅内进行。试验土槽宽0.25 m,长8 m,深0.3 m,底部填装黏壤土（31.8%黏粒,43.3%粉粒,24.8%砂粒）,土壤表面均匀铺设长5～7 cm小麦秸秆。试验雨强为160 mm/h2,共设置3种坡度（5°、10°和20°）和3种秸秆覆盖率（0、2和8 t/hm2）,分别在沿着坡长方向距坡顶1.15、3.15、4.15和5.15 m处设置采集点;采用电解质示踪法测量坡面水流流速,分析秸秆覆盖率对坡面流流速及其空间分布规律的影响。结果表明,极端降雨条件下质心法适用于秸秆覆盖坡面流速测量,3种秸秆覆盖率下测量流速分别为0.071～0.352 、0.033～0.110 和0.017～0.117 m/s;秸秆覆盖可削弱雨滴对坡面流的扰动,增大下垫面的粗糙度,流速随覆盖率的增大而减小。3种坡度下坡面流流速测量结果分别为0.017～0.352、0.027～0.323和0.033～0.272 m/s,流速随坡度与坡长的增加而增大;沿坡长方向流速变化率逐渐减小,流速最终趋于稳定;由于秸秆对水流的阻碍作用,高秸秆覆盖率坡面达到最大稳定流速的距离减小。秸秆覆盖坡面与裸坡面的水流流速存在显著的线性关系。秸秆覆盖影响坡面流流态,层流的临界雷诺数取值应小于500。研究结果对理解极端降雨条件下覆盖坡面土壤侵蚀机理具有重要意义。     

雨强和坡度对红壤坡面产流产沙及侵蚀动力过程影响

采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同雨强(40,66,80 mm/h)和坡度(5°,10°,15°)条件下,湖北省武汉市蔡甸区红壤坡面流速、产流产沙时空变化及水动力学过程。使用长2.5 m,宽0.5 m,高0.3 m的可调坡度径流土槽,每场降雨试验在槽子底端出口开始产流后持续60 min,每3 min收集一次径流泥沙样品。结果表明:相同坡度下,坡面平均产流率和产沙率均随雨强增加而增大;产流率在降雨初期波动增长,随降雨时间延长而逐渐稳定;产沙率在降雨初期急剧上升,随后稍有下降并逐渐趋于平稳。坡度从5°增加到15°,雨强为40,66,80 mm/h下的平均产流率依次增加24%,22%和15%,平均产沙率依次增加89%,60%和84%。随雨强或坡度增加,流速均增大,且雨强对流速的影响较坡度更大;流速沿坡长方向呈增大趋势,且细沟流速是细沟间的1.33～2.10倍。66 mm/h,10°条件下,坡面形成细沟并发生明显下切和溯源侵蚀。相同雨强下,径流剪切力随坡度增加而增大、达西—韦斯巴赫阻力系数随坡度增加而减小。坡面径流属于层流且为急流,水动力学参数和侵蚀产沙率的拟合方程表明,弗劳德数和流速可以较好地模拟坡面产沙率。研究结果可为南方红壤区水土流失治理提供参考。     

不同坡形坡面径流流速时空分异特征研究

通过室内模拟降雨试验分析了不同坡形坡面径流流速的时空分异特征,研究结果表明:同雨强、同坡度条件下,直线形坡的坡面流速最大,凸形坡的其次,凹形坡的最小,并且在同坡形条件下,坡面流速随雨强、坡度的增加而增加。另外,不同坡形坡面径流流速在空间上也存在一定的差异,坡面径流流速基本上沿着坡面向下逐渐增大,并且坡面上各段流速随坡度、雨强的增大而逐渐增大。     

不同坡形坡面径流流速时空分异特征研究

通过室内模拟降雨试验分析了不同坡形坡面径流流速的时空分异特征,研究结果表明：同雨强、同坡度条件下,直线形坡的坡面流速最大,凸形坡的其次,凹形坡的最小,并且在同坡形条件下,坡面流速随雨强、坡度的增加而增加。另外,不同坡形坡面径流流速在空间上也存在一定的差异,坡面径流流速基本上沿着坡面向下逐渐增大,并且坡面上各段流速随坡度、雨强的增大而逐渐增大。     

极端暴雨下裸地坡面径流及壤中流中碳素输移特征

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强(90、120、150 mm?h^-1)和坡度(5°、8°、15°、25°)条件下,南方风化花岗岩母质土壤红土层裸地降雨坡面径流和壤中流中总碳(Total carbon,TC)的流失量及流失过程,并分析了雨强和坡度对TC流失量的影响。结果表明,在坡面径流中,坡度和雨强的增大对碳素质量浓度变化过程影响较小,且流失率曲线与质量浓度曲线呈极显著相关关系,TC流失率变化主要受质量浓度的影响;在壤中流中,TC质量浓度曲线呈现出迅速上升达到最大值后缓慢下降直至平稳的趋势;在试验条件范围内,各坡度条件下,随着雨强的增大,坡面径流中TC流失量增大,而壤中流中TC流失量减小;在大雨强下,坡面径流中TC流失量与坡度没有明显的线性关系,而随着雨强的增大,坡度与壤中流中TC流失量线性关系明显增加;在试验雨强和坡度下,雨强对TC流失总量和坡面径流中TC流失量的影响较坡度更显著,而在壤中流中坡度的影响则更显著。径流中碳素流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系, R²＞0.800。结果可为我国南方风化花岗岩母质土壤裸坡径流中TC单位面积流失量的估算提供依据。     

坡面细沟流速与坡度关系的数值模拟

对于相同的净雨强过程,分别采用动力波模式(一维非恒定流方程组)和运动波模式计算了不同细沟宽度下沟内流速与坡度的关系.计算结果表明,动力波模式的最大流速对应的坡度约为35°,而运动波模式的最大流速对应的坡度约为45°.在坡面土壤的起动流速为恒定值的情况下,最大流速对应的坡度就等于细沟沟宽发展最大的坡度,即细沟侵蚀最活跃的坡度.     

人工模拟坡面产流试验研究

采用活动式人工模拟降雨试验装置,在室外对不同种类土壤、坡比、植被条件下的模型坡面产流进行了试验研究,重点分析了下垫面因子对坡面流流速的影响。结果表明:细沟流速随坡度的变陡而明显增大,坡面流速和细沟流速的比值随坡度的增加有明显变小的趋势,土壤理化性质、地表糙率的不同使坡面产流等也呈现出不同的特点。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.