日粮添加谷胱甘肽对草鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和体组成的影响

选用720尾初始体重(4.10±0.02)g的草鱼,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾.Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)100、200、300、400和500 mg/kg的日粮,试验期为8周,观察谷胱甘肽对草鱼生长性能、血液生化指标、营养组成及内脏器官相对重量的影响.结果显示:与对照组相比,各试验组第4周的增重率和特定生长率呈升高趋势,其中Ⅱ组的增重率和特定生长率显著升高(P<0.05);添加较高剂量GSH(≥300 mg/kg)试验组血清尿素氮含量降低,其中Ⅵ组显著降低(P<0.05);各试验组血清胆固醇含量和谷丙转氨酶活力升高,其中Ⅳ和Ⅵ组胆固醇含量显著升高(P<0.05),Ⅳ组谷丙转氨酶活力显著升高(P<0.05);各试验组全鱼粗蛋白质含量升高,其中Ⅴ和Ⅵ组显著升高(P<0.05);各组的干物质、粗脂肪和灰分含量以及内脏器官相对重量差异不显著.结果表明,日粮中添加一定量的GSH能够显著提高草鱼初期的生长性能,促进鱼体营养代谢,提高全鱼蛋白质含量,对内脏器官相对重量没有显著影响;但添加高剂量GSH可能对肝脏造成一定损伤.     

DHA induces adipocyte lipolysis through endoplasmic reticulum stress and the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a biologically active fatty acid that reduces the accumulation of lipids.However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process, particularly in fish, is not well understood.Recent studies show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response, which has been revealed to play an essential role in lipid metabolism. In this study, we explored the effect of DHA on ER stress and investigated the potential molecular mechani...     

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the canine chemokine receptor CCR9

The chemokine receptor CCR9, which interacts with the thymus-expressed chemokine TECK/CCL25, contributes to the localization of lymphocytes to the small intestine, and is implicated in the development of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, their role in canine IBD is unknown. The objective of this study was to isolate cDNA encoding CCR9 and to investigate CCR9 expression in normal canine tissues and lymphoid cell lines. The complete open reading frame contained 1104 bp, encoding 367 amino acids, with 85% and 81% identity to human and mouse homologs, respectively. CCR9 mRNA was detected in all tissues investigated with the highest expression level in the small intestine. CCR9 mRNA was also expressed in GL-1, a canine B cell leukemia cell line, but not in CLBL-1, a canine B cell lymphoma cell line. Immunoblot and flow cytometry analyses of these cell lines using an anti-human CCR9 monoclonal antibody revealed that CCR9 protein expression was detected only in GL-1, indicating the cross-reactivity of the antibody. Using the antibody, flow cytometry showed that the proportions of CCR9(+) cells were small (mean, 4.88%; SD, 2.15%) in the normal canine PBMCs. This study will be useful in understanding canine intestinal immunity and the immunopathogenesis of canine IBD.     

Molecular cloning of type I collagen cDNA and nutritional regulation of type I collagen mRNA expression in grass carp

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) are important Chinese freshwater fish, and in China, the faba bean has been used as the sole food source for grass carp to transform them into crisp grass carp. Because of this, crisp grass carp has become an economically important fish because of its increased muscle hardness. To study the nutritional regulation of type I collagen in faba bean‐fed grass carp, we isolated type I collagen alpha 2 (COL1A2) on the basis of our isolation of COL1A1. The COL1A2 cDNA was found to be 4899 bp in length and included a 4059‐bp coding sequence (CDS) and encoded a polypeptide of 1352 AA. The protein peptide molecular weight was 127.39 kD, and the theoretical isoelectric point was 9.37. The COL1A2 protein possessed five α‐helixes, eight β‐sheets, 16 regions of triple helical repeats, 21 low‐complexity regions, 10 function domains and two zinc‐binding sites; however, no calcium‐binding sites were observed. The mRNA expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 was assessed in eight tissues (muscle, hepatopancreas, intestine, gills, skin, fin, kidney and spleen) from grass carp and crisp grass carp by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR. Expression of COL1A1 in the muscle, intestines and skin of crisp grass carp was higher than that in grass carp, and expression of COL1A2 in the muscle, gills, fin and skin of crisp grass carp was higher than that in grass carp. In the muscle of crisp grass carp, expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 was higher than that in grass carp, which was further confirmed by real‐time PCR, and collagen content also was enhanced. These results demonstrated that type I collagen was closely related to the increased muscle hardness of faba bean‐fed grass carp.     

The relationship between dietary methionine and growth,digestion,absorption,and antioxidant status in intestinal and hepatopancreatic tissues of sub-adult grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Background: Methionine is an essential amino acid for fish. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary methionine on growth performance, digestive and absorptive ability, as well as antioxidant capacity in the intestine and hepatopancreas of sub-adult grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella).Results: Dietary methionine deficiency significantly decreased percentage weight gain(PWG), feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, as well as activities of hepatopancreatic glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and muscle glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in sub-adult grass carp(P 0.05). Furthermore, methionine deficiency significantly reduced activities of trypsin, lipase and amylase in the intestine, Na~+/K~+-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in three intestinal segments, and creatine kinase(CK) in the proximal intestine(P 0.05). However, an unexplained and significant increase in CK activity in the mid intestine was associated with dietary methionine deficiency. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in the intestine and hepatopancreas were significantly increased by methionine deficiency(P 0.05), whereas anti-hydroxyl radical capacity in the hepatopancreas and intestine, and anti-superoxide anion capacity in the intestine, were significantly decreased by methionine deficiency(P 0.05). Moreover, methionine deficiency significantly decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities, glutathione contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine, as well as glutathione peroxidase activity in the intestine(P 0.05), whereas it significantly increased activities of catalase in the hepatopancreas and glutathione-S-transferase in the hepatopancreas and intestine(P 0.05).(Continued on next page)(Continued from previous page)Conclusions: The present results demonstrated that dietary methionine deficiency induced poor growth, and decreased digestive and absorptive function and antioxidant capacity in the hepatopancreas and intestine of sub-adult grass carp. Methionine requirements for sub-adult grass carp(450-1, 170 g) based on PWG, intestinal trypsin, and hepatopancreatic anti-hydroxyl radical activities were estimated to be 6.12 g/kg diet(21.80 g/kg protein),6.99 g/kg diet(24.90 g/kg protein) and 5.42 g/kg diet(19.31 g/kg protein), respectively, in the presence of 1.50 g cysteine/kg(5.35 g/kg protein).     

Dietary nano-selenium alleviated intestinal damage of juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)induced by high-fat diet:Insight from intestinal morphology,tight junction,inflammation,anti-oxidization and intestinal microbiota

In recent years,high-fat diet(HFD)has been widely applied in aquaculture,which reduces the intestinal health of cultured fish.The current study evaluated the protective effects of nano-selenium(nano-Se)on intestinal health of juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)fed with HFD.A total of 135 experimental fish were fed with a regular diet(Con),a HFD(HFD)and a HFD containing nano-Se at 0.6 mg/kg(HSe)for 10 weeks.The results showed that dietary nano-Se significantly improved the survival rate and feed efficiency which were reduced by HFD in juvenile grass carp(P<0.05).Also,nano-Se(0.6 mg/kg)supplement alleviated intestinal damage caused by the HFD,thus maintaining the integrity of the intestine.Moreover,it significantly up-regulated the expression of genes related to tight junction(ZO-1,claudin-3 and occludin),anti-oxidization(GPx4a and GPx4b),and the protein of ZO-1 in the intestine of juvenile grass carp,which were depressed by the HFD(P<0.05).Furthermore,nano-Se supplementation significantly suppressed the expressions of genes related to the inflammation,including inflammatory cytokines(IL-8,IL-1β,IFN-γ,TNF-αand IL-6),signaling molecules(TLR4,p38 MAPK and NF-kB p65),and protein expression of NF-kB p65 and TNF-αin the intestine of juvenile grass carp which were induced by the HFD(P<0.05).Besides,dietary nano-Se normalized the intestinal microbiota imbalance of juvenile grass carp caused by the HFD through increasing the abundance of the beneficial bacteria,e.g.,Fusobacteria.Finally,dietary nano-Se increased the production of short chain fatty acids(SCFA)in the intestine,especially for butyric acid and caproic acid,which were negatively related to the increase of intestinal permeability and inflammation.In summary,supply of nano-Se(0.6 mg/kg)in HFD could effectively alleviate intestinal injury of juvenile grass carp by improving intestinal barrier function and reducing intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress.These positive effects may be due to the regulation of nano-Se on intestinal microbiota and the subsequently increased beneficial SCFA levels.     

The influence of graded levels of available phosphorus on growth performance,muscle antioxidant and flesh quality of young grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Growth, muscle composition, meat quality characteristics and antioxidant capacity in muscle of young grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)(initial weight 282.9 ± 3.3 g) fed graded levels of phosphorus(1.0,2.5, 3.8, 5.6, 7.8 and 9.5 g/kg diet) for 8 wk were investigated. Results indicated that percentage weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were improved with optimal phosphorus supplementations(P 0.05). Muscle protein content and water holding capacity were significantly elevated, while moisture, lipid and ash contents were significantly decreased with dietary phosphorus to a certain level(P 0.05). The meat shear force value and hydroxyproline content were not influenced by different levels of phosphorus. Muscle anti-hydroxyl radical, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase activities and glutathione content were significantly improved(P 0.05). Conversely, anti-superoxide anion, glutathione reducase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased(P 0.05) with dietary phosphorus to a certain level. These results indicated that suitable dietary phosphorus improved growth performance, meat quality and muscle antioxidant capacity. Dietary available phosphorus requirement of young grass carp for percentage weight gain was4.0 g/kg diet.     

Implications of vitamin D for flesh quality of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella):antioxidant ability,nutritional value,sensory quality,and myofiber characteristics

Background Muscle represents a unique and complex system with many components and comprises the major edible part of animals. Vitamin D is a critical nutrient for animals and is known to enhance calcium absorption and immune response. In recent years, dietary vitamin D supplementation in livestock has received increased attention due to biological responses including improving shear force in mammalian meat. However, the vitamin D acquisition and myofiber development processes in fish differ from...     

Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of quinocetone in crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) following the same experimental conditions

The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of quinocetone (QCT) in crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were compared after oral administration of QCT (50 mg/kg body weight) at water temperature of 24 ± 1 °C. Similar QCT plasma concentration–time profiles were found in the three species of cyprinid fish at the same dosage regimen and water temperature, which were all fitted two‐compartment open pharmacokinetic model. However, different pharmacokinetic parameters were observed in crucian carp, common carp, and grass carp. The absorption rate constants (K_a) of QCT were 1.65, 1.40 and 1.74/h, respectively and absorption half‐lives (t_1/2kα) were 0.42, 0.49, and 0.40/h, respectively. The distribution half‐life (t_1/2α) was 2.83, 0.67, and 0.88 h, respectively, and elimination half‐lives (t_1/2β) of QCT were 133.97, 63.55, and 40.76 h, respectively. The maximum concentrations (C_max) of QCT in plasma were 0.315, 0.182, and 0.139 μg/mL and the time to peak concentrations (T_p) were 1.45, 0.96, and 1.08 h, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration‐time curves (AUC) were 12.35, 5.99, and 4.52 μg·h/mL, respectively. The distribution volumes (V_d/F) of QCT were calculated as 117.81, 128.71, and 220.10 L/kg, respectively. The tissue analysis showed that a similar regularity was obtained in the three species of cyprinids with a single dose of 50 mg/kg body weight after oral administration at the same water temperature. The tissue concentration of QCT in each fish was in order of liver>kidney>muscle, while the residues of QCT in the three species of cyprinid fish were in order of crucian carp>common carp>grass carp.     

绵羊Nanog启动子克隆及其表达活性的检测

通过比对人、鼠、兔和牛的Nanog启动子保守区设计引物,PCR扩增绵羊Nanog基因启动子序列并分析其调控位点。将其连接到去掉自身CMV启动子的pAcGFP1-N1载体上,构建一个由Nanog启动子带动的真核表达载体(SNanog-pAcGFP1-N1),即构建一个能由该启动子序列带动并产生绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的真核表达载体,并用脂质体法转染入终末分化细胞(小鼠成纤维细胞和绵羊成纤维细胞)、胚胎干细胞和小鼠胚胎,检测其表达活性。结果显示:成功克隆出1 836bp Nanog启动子序列,通过分析发现该序列含有SP1结合位点、CAAT框、TATA框等功能区;当转染SNanog-pAcGFP1-N1重组质粒后,小鼠胚胎和小鼠胚胎干细胞中能检测到绿色荧光,且在转染72h后达到最大荧光强度,而在小鼠成纤维细胞和绵羊成纤维细胞中不能观察到GFP。结果表明:本试验成功克隆获得绵羊Nanog启动子,所构建的真核表达载体具有在多能干细胞中特异性表达活性。     

荷斯坦奶牛IFN-α基因的克隆表达和抗病毒活性分析

本研究通过 PCR从荷斯坦奶牛基因组 DNA中克隆了 IFN- α(Bo IFN- α)基因 ,PCR产物双酶切后与载体 PQE30连接 ,构建重组质粒 PQE30 /Bo IFN- α,进行测序和诱导表达。测序结果表明 ,荷斯坦奶牛 IFN- α基因全长为 4 98个核苷酸 ,含一个ORF,编码 16 6个氨基酸的成熟蛋白 ,与所报道的 Bo IFN- αA亚型只存在一个点变异。表达产物经 SDS- PAGE和 Western blot分析 ,表达出 2 0 KD的融合蛋白 ,表达量占菌体总蛋白的 2 2 % ,表达产物以包涵体形式存在 ,约占沉淀蛋白的 32 %。包涵体提取物经尿素变性、透析复性后初步纯化 ,重组牛 IFN- α(r Bo IFN- α)初提物在牛肾细胞 (MDBK) /水泡性口炎病毒 (VSV)和鸡胚成纤维细胞 (CEF) /VSV细胞系上的活性分别为和 1.0～ 2 .3× 10 6 U/mg和 1.3～ 2 .6× 10 5U/mg,对传染性牛鼻气管炎病毒 (IBRV)感染有一定的抑制作用 ,抗病毒活性为 7.8× 10 5U /mg。结果显示大肠杆菌可以高效表达具有生物学活性的 r Bo IFN-α。     

猪G蛋白偶联受体12(Gpr12)基因克隆鉴定及其表达分析

为研究猪G蛋白偶联受体12(G protein-coupled receptor 12,Gpr12)基因的序列和组织表达特征,探索Gpr12 mRNA在卵泡发育过程中的表达规律,本研究利用克隆测序技术获取猪Gpr12基因的编码区序列,并利用生物信息学方法分析Gpr12基因序列和蛋白的潜在特征;RT-PCR技术检测Gpr12基因的组织表达模式;荧光定量PCR技术检测Gpr12 mRNA在猪卵泡发育过程中的表达规律。结果表明:猪Gpr12基因编码区序列长1 005 bp,编码蛋白含有典型的7次跨膜结构域和DRY基序,存在多个潜在的磷酸化和糖基化修饰位点;Gpr12基因在所检测的组织和细胞中均有表达,且在脑、垂体和卵母细胞中高表达;随着卵泡的发育,Gpr12 mRNA的表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),表明Gpr12基因可能参与了猪卵泡发育的调控过程。     

An emerging role of vitamin D3 in amino acid absorption in different intestinal segments of on-growing grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Vitamin D₃(VD₃),an essential nutrient for animals,has been demonstrated to stimulate the uptake of certain amino acids.However,the role of VD₃ in the intestine,the primary site for digestion and absorption of nutrients,remains poorly characterized.Here,the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was studied to assess the influence of different doses of VD₃(15.2,364.3,782.5,1,167.9,1,573.8,and 1,980.1 IU/kg) on growth performance,intestinal morphology,dige...