4个矮化自根砧短枝富士品种套袋与不套袋果实品质比较分析

为研究双矮栽培模式下套袋、不套袋管理对短枝富士苹果品质的影响,以嫁接在M9T337矮化自根砧上的4个短枝富士品种为试材,检测不同栽培条件下的果实品质和香气物质成分。结果表明,套袋果实的可溶性固形物含量和总糖含量均低于不套袋果实;苹果酸和琥珀酸是苹果中的主要酸组分,不同的短枝富士品种表现出不同的差异;4个短枝型富士品种的主要香气成分均为酯类,占总香气成分的77.71%~96.49%,是典型的酯香型苹果品种;‘烟富6’、‘沂源红’、‘宫崎短枝’3个品种,套袋和不套袋管理情况下主要香气成分均是乙酸己酯;‘龙富短枝’品种套袋果实的主要香气成分为乙酸己酯,而不套袋果实的主要香气成分为2-甲基丁酸己酯。     

榅桲实生苗抗寒性和AFLP遗传多样性分析

为更好地了解查榅桲的生长发育规律和品种划分,搜集新疆喀什、新疆阿克苏、陕西西安、山东曲阜、福建明溪、北京和智利9个不同种源的榅桲果实,取其种子进行层积、育苗,对所得实生苗的生长动态、抗寒性和AFLP遗传多样性进行初步探讨,并得出以下主要结论：（1）榅桲实生苗生长可划分为4个阶段——出苗期、生长初期、速生期和生长后期,其中处于速生阶段苗木的株高和地径生长量均达到全年总量的70%。（2）不同产地榅桲枝条的细胞伤害度随着温度的降低而增加。但智利榅桲枝条的相对电导度（4℃时高达63.31%）显著高于其他产地榅桲,抗寒性最差;新疆阿克苏2种类型的榅桲（苹果型和梗瘤型）的相对电导度（-16℃时分别是27.03%和47.17%）低于其他地区的榅桲,抗寒性较好。（3）应用AFLP技术筛选出的10对分辨率高的引物组合共扩增出310个总位点,其中多态性条带210个,多态位点比率达69.41%,说明其分子遗传水平上的多态性丰富度不高。以相似系数值0.328作为划分标准,可将9种榅桲资源划分为2类。（4）根据NTSYSpc2.10分析,9份榅桲种质之间相似性系数在0.10~0.50,以相似系数值0.328作为划分标准,可将9种榅桲资源划分为2类。     

4个苹果属野生种果实香气成分HS-GC-MS分析

利用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱－质谱联用技术分析了八棱海棠(Malus robusta (Carr.) Rehd)、东北黄海棠(M. prunifolia)、武山变叶海棠(M. toringoides)及西府海棠(M. micromalus)果实香气成分,为苹果属野生资源的评价与利用提供基本资料。结果表明：4个苹果属野生种与对照苹果品种‘红星’、‘富士’相对含量最高的化合物均是(E)-2-己烯醛,共有的相对含量较高化合物有己醛、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛和乙醇;4个苹果属野生种共有的化合物有乙醇、己醇、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、己醛、(Z)-3-己烯醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛和4-苯甲酸-2H-吡喃-3-酮,但4者主要香气成分及其相对含量仍存在一定差异。尽管野生种与两个对照品种相对含量最高的化合物类别均是醛类,但它们之间香气成分类别及其相对含量仍存在差异。(E)-2-己烯醛可能是苹果属植物果实香气的典型成分,对其特有风味的形成可能具有重要作用。     

‘云抗 10号’ 红碎茶的香气成分组成研究

‘云抗10号’是目前云南省推广面积最大的无性系茶树品种。本研究旨在探明‘云抗10号’为鲜叶原料加工的红碎茶香气成分组成。采用GC-MS技术对‘云抗10号’红碎茶的香气成分进行分析。从中检测出7类42种化合物,包括醇类、醛类、酯类、碳氢化合物、酮类、酚类及杂氧化合物。相对含量较多的前10种化合物依次为:芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、2-已烯醛、橙花醇、α-萜品醇、3,7-二甲基-1,5,7-辛三烯-3-醇、α-乙酸松油酯、苯乙醛、2,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-甲基苯酚、1,2,4,5-四甲基苯,这10种化合物占了检测出总量的70.41%,是构成‘云抗10号’红碎茶赋香物质的基础。‘云抗10号’红碎茶主要的特征性成分是芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯,且含量较高,其香型表现为稍带甜香尚鲜爽的香气特征。     

5种欧丁香鲜花香气成分的比较研究

为探明欧丁香的主要香气成分及比较不同欧丁香品种间主要挥发性物质的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析5种欧丁香鲜花的芳香成分及其相对含量。从‘瓷蓝’中检测出49种芳香成分,从‘麦肯’中检测出41种芳香成分,从‘沙萱’中检测出49种芳香成分,烯萜类化合物是它们的主要芳香成分;从‘裘利’中检测出40种芳香成分,从‘莫斯加’中检测出46种芳香成分,烯萜类化合物和芳香烃类化合物为主要芳香成分。将‘瓷蓝’和‘裘利’、‘麦肯’和‘沙萱’、‘莫斯加’分为3种不同的香气类型,并推测出欧丁香的最主要香气成分为烯萜类化合物。     

不同乌龙茶品种(品系)鲜叶香气组分的初步研究

研究旨在分析不同乌龙茶品种（品系）鲜叶香气组分,揭示乌龙茶适制性品种（品系）的香气物质基础,为选育乌龙茶适制性品种以及加工高香型乌龙茶提供理论依据。采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取茶鲜叶香气,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定其香气组分,分析比较14 个乌龙茶品种（品系）的香气化学成分及含量。GC-MS分析结果表明,样品中共检测出香气成分140 种,共有的香气成分有25 种。各品种（品系）均以醇类含量最多（14 个样品平均相对含量为39.92%）,其次为脂肪酸类(22.71%)、醛类(15.67%)、酮类(5.74%)、脂类(4.00%)、杂氧化合物(2.83%)、碳氢化合物(2.27%),含量最少的是含氮化合物(0.20%)。可见,醇类、脂肪酸类和醛类对乌龙茶品种（品系）鲜叶香气起主要作用。     

果树品种-榅桲

榅桲英文quince,拉丁文名:Cydonia oblonga Mill,异名:C.vulgaris Pers。科属:蔷薇科榅桲属, 别名:木梨。榅桲属仅榅桲一种,是古老珍奇稀少的果树之一。1 榅桲的分布和用途榅桲原产于伊朗和土耳其,目前在世界各国皆有分布。木梨的含酸量和鞣质含量都很高,与其它水果相比,木梨的芳香成分无论在数量上还是在质量上均属上等,含有丰富的营养成分,其中蛋白质0.42%、糖13.6%、矿物质0.44%(其中钾201mg/ 100g,抗坏血酸13mg/100g)。在食品加工中常用于加工成果冻、水果糖浆、果酱及水果原浆、榅桲酒、榅桲精华液、保健性榅桲果汁饮料。榅桲营养丰富,鲜食时具有特殊的清香味。榅桲也是香料植物,可在北方干旱地区开发利用。现西北、华北有栽培,新疆、陕西分布较多,主要作砧木。在新疆,榅桲尚处在零星分散种植,还未形成生产规模。新疆的榅桲主要分布在天山以南,沿塔里木     

不同采收期‘黄金富士’苹果果实品质分析

研究旨在分析不同时期连袋采收‘黄金富士’苹果与常规采收‘富士’苹果的果实品质和香气组分差异,为适时采收不摘袋苹果提供理论依据。利用常规果实品质测定与固相微萃取(SPME)气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,分析果实品质和香气组分差别。结果表明:10月16—28日,随采收时间的延长,连袋采收‘黄金富士’果实可溶性固形物由12.1%增加到14.75%,Vc含量由1.92 mg/100 g增加到2.22 mg/100 g,可溶性总糖含量由10.26%增加到11.09%,而可滴定酸含量由0.318%下降到0.268%,硬度由8 kg/cm~2下降到7 kg/cm~2;于10月23日采收的果实中香气物质种类总数最多为29种,其中酯类物质种类和含量百分比均为最高,分别是15个和65.2%,醛类的特征成分2-己烯醛和醇类的特征成分正己醇百分比含量也为最高,分别占19.78%和4.94%,果实口感、风味最好。因此,适当延迟采收期有助于增加果实的糖度和风味物质种类,但会影响果实的硬度和贮藏性,生产上应根据生产和食用目的不同,在10月20日之后适期采收‘黄金富士’。     

11个苹果品种果实经济性状评价

为建立一套快速筛选出优良苹果品种的方法,选取伊犁河谷引种栽培的11个苹果品种,对其12项果实品质指标进行测定,应用标准化法对各项指标进行转化和主成分分析。11个苹果果实的各品质指标间存在不同程度的相关性,其中,单果重与果实纵径、单果重与果实横径、果实横径与果实纵径、维生素C与还原糖、果实纵径与硬度之间相关性极显著。对测定的12个果实品质评价指标进行主成分分析,提取出5个特征值大于1的综合指标,5个主成分的累积贡献率达到92.811%,基本概括了这些性状的总体信息量。第1主成分为外观因子,方差贡献率为44.207%;第2主成分为风味因子,方差贡献率为21.379%;第3主成分为营养因子,方差贡献率为12.841%;第4主成分为酸度因子,方差贡献率为8.906%,第5主成分为硬度因子,方差贡献率为5.478%。以5个主成分的方差贡献率为权重,建立了不同苹果品种果实品质的综合评价模型。综合品质排序结果显示,‘秦脆’、‘瑞阳’、‘伊美’、‘瑞雪’和‘锦秀红’的果实品质突出,可考虑作为适宜的优良苹果品种在伊犁河谷推广应用。     

15个不同葡萄品种果实香气成分的GC-MS分析

为了明确各葡萄香型的特征香气物质,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对葡萄15个品种果实(2个无香型、5个草莓香型、8个玫瑰香型)香气成分进行了检测和分析。结果显示:无香型葡萄维多利亚、摩尔多瓦的香气物质主要是醛类物质,香气物质中相对含量最高的为2-己烯醛;草莓香型葡萄申丰、巨峰、沪培2号、辽峰、硕丰的香气物质主要是醛类、醇类、酯类物质;玫瑰香型葡萄的香气物质主要是以醛类、萜烯类物质为主。醛类物质主要是2-己烯醛、正己醛;萜烯类物质主要是芳樟醇、二氢芳樟醇、α-萜品醇、橙花醇、香叶醇等物质。不同葡萄品种在香气物质、物质含量间存在差异。结果可为后期葡萄香气机理研究、育种与推广提供参考和理论依据。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.