草莓ABA结合蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

为进一步研究ABA结合蛋白在草莓抗逆性方面的作用,本文通过CTAB法提取五叶草莓总DNA,根据NCBI数据库中的ABA结合蛋白受体的基因序列信息,设计特异引物,克隆得到4426 bp的ABA结合蛋白基因。序列分析表明该基因全长4662 bp,编码1393个氨基酸,核苷酸序列比对表明,该序列与GenBank中其他物种的CHLH序列有极高的同源性,核苷酸序列比较相似率在77%~90%,氨基酸相似性在63%~73%。     

无花果ACC合成酶基因克隆及序列分析

为进一步利用基因工程手段调控无花果乙烯的合成,以无花果果肉为材料提取基因组DNA,根据已报道的无花果ACC合成酶基因序列设计引物,采用PCR技术扩增得到一条约600 bp的特异片段,将该片段克隆到pGM-Teasy vector上经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定。序列分析结果表明,基因全长590 bp,编码196个氨基酸,该序列与GenBank上已登陆的Masui Dauphine-ACS1的cDNA序列同源性达99%,氨基酸同源性达98%。结果表明,成功克隆到了无花果ACS基因片段。     

黑曲霉木聚糖酶结构基因和5'调控区基因克隆及其分析

以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)A3的基因组DNA为模板,根据已报道的xynB基因序列设计简并引物,在合适的PCR反应条件下有效地扩增出了xynB的结构基因及其5＇调控区序列片段,并克隆到pBS-T载体上,序列测定表明,该目的片段全长1 611 bp.通过序列分析:结构基因部分长744 bp,其中含有一个66 bp的内含子和18个氨基酸的信号肽序列;xynB基因的cDNA序列大小为678 bp,编码225个氨基酸,与GenBank上检索的木聚糖酶基因的核苷酸序列同源性最高达98%,氨基酸序列同源性达99%.在翻译起始点上游92 bp和118 bp处找到转录起始位点和类"TATA"box的核心启动子区特征元件以及"CAAT"box,表明所克隆的调控区序列具有真核生物启动子特点,这为构建木聚糖酶高效表达载体,用于工业育种奠定了基础.     

野芥芥酸合成酶基因fae1的克隆与序列分析

根据GenBank中脂肪酸延长酶基因fae1序列(AY 888037)设计了PCR扩增引物,以野芥总DNA为模板进行扩增得到了特异扩增条带.测序结果表明,该片段长1 651 bp,序列分析表明其氨基酸编码区为55～1 575 bp,不含内含子序列,共编码506个氨基酸.该基因序列已提交GenBank,登录号为FJ870905.BLASTn分析结果表明,野芥中fae1基因与其他芸薹属品系的fae1基因核苷酸同源性为76%～98%;BLASTp分析结果表明,野芥中的FAE1与油菜中FAE1存在32个位点差异,其中部分差异可能导致了芥酸含量的不同.     

牦牛SRY基因克隆与分子特征

SRY(Sex-determining region on the Y chromosome,SRY)基因位于哺乳动物的Y染色体,对性别形成起着决定性作用.对高原牦牛SRY基因的编码区进行克隆和分子特征分析,以期从分子水平了解牦牛的性别形成机制.以雄性高原牦牛血液为材料,从基因组DNA中扩增SRY基因编码区(单外显子)序列,将其克隆至pGEM-T easy载体并测序.同时,将牦牛SRY基因编码区与奶牛进行序列比对;对牦牛SRY蛋白与其他物种SRY蛋白进行序列比对;采用在线生物软件对牦牛SRY蛋白的特性和结构进行预测.牦牛SRY基因(GenBank:EU547257)编码区长687 bp,编码229个氨基酸.克隆获得的牦牛SRY基因编码区与奶牛该序列存在2个碱基的变异,造成1个氨基酸的变异;各物种SRY蛋白具有较高的同源性;牦牛SRY蛋白(GenBank:ACB 29799)主要由亲水性氨基酸构成,同源建模预测的SRY HMG区域的3D模型显示,SRY HMG区域三维结构呈由三个α-螺旋组成的"L"型.首次从高原牦牛基因组中克隆了SRY基因,并进一步揭示了其分子特征,为从分子水平人为的控制牦牛性别奠定了重要基础.     

萼脊兰Actin基因片段的克隆及序列分析

从萼脊兰叶片中克隆Actin基因,为研究其生理功能及其他基因在萼脊兰中的表达和调控奠定基础。根据GenBank中登录的植物肌动蛋白基因同源核苷酸保守序列设计简并引物,以萼脊兰叶片总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR技术得到了3个Actin基因片段。序列分析结果表明,3个Actin基因片段长度均为1062 bp,编码354个氨基酸,具有Actin基因的功能位点;与其他植物同源序列进行分析表明,其核苷酸序列的同源性在80%以上,氨基酸序列的同源性在96%以上。本研究中得到的3个基因序列是Actin基因的同源片段,分别命名为SeACT1、SeACT2和SeACT3,并在GenBank注册,登录号分别为JN981138、JN981139和JN981140。     

甜菜叶绿体rbcL基因的克隆与序列分析

rbcL基因编码1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶,在光合作用和光呼吸中均起重要作用。利用植物叶绿体基因组在进化中高度保守的特点,根据烟草、水稻和菠菜叶绿体基因组全序列设计合成引物,以甜菜叶绿体DNA为模板,PCR扩增了包含甜菜rbcL完整基因(GeneBank登录号为DQ067450)在内的一段序列,序列分析表明:该片段全长2023bp,其中包括1425bp的编码区序列,推测编码475个氨基酸。同源性比较显示,该基因编码区序列与烟草、菠菜、油菜、豌豆、水稻、玉米、矮牵牛、苜蓿、地钱、葡萄、猪毛菜及松树的rbcL基因核苷酸同源性为77.38%~96.45%,氨基酸同源性为85.53%~98.11%。因此,可以确定所克隆的基因为甜菜叶绿体rbcL基因。     

地方品种固始鸭γ-干扰素基因的克隆与分子进化分析

根据GenBank发表的鸭γ-干扰素cDNA基因序列,自行设计、合成1对引物,应用RT-PCR技术,无需用非特异性免疫原如ConA、PHA等刺激分离的脾淋巴细胞,直接提取总RNA,扩增固始鸭γ-干扰素基因(DuIFN-γ),并进行克隆和测序。测序结果表明,获得了DuIFN-γ全序列,其大小为515 bp,包含一个完整阅读框,编码164个氨基酸残基,推导的氨基酸有3个潜在的N-糖基化位点,有5个与二硫键形成有关的半胱氨酸。序列比较分析发现,克隆的固始鸭IFN-γ基因序列与GenBank中4条鸭IFN-γ基因序列中的3条序列(AF087134,AF100929,AJ012254)完全一致,而与另一条北京鸭核苷酸同源性为99.6%,有2个碱基发生非同义变异,氨基酸同源性为98.8%。固始鸭与人和其他种动物的IFN-γ基因序列分析和系统进化分析表明,IFN-γ基因存在种属的差异性,亲缘关系越近,同源性越高。DuIFN-γ基因的成功克隆为进一步研究固始鸭IFN-γ基因表达、生物学活性和应用奠定基础。     

蒙古羊卵巢组织差异表达基因ADAMTS1的电子克隆及RT-PCR验证

在单、双羔蒙古羊卵巢组织抑制性消减杂交的基础上,以其差异表达片段ADAMTS1基因序列为种子序列,采用GenBank的BLAST检索系统首先对蒙古羊的ADAMTS1基因序列片段进行了电子延伸,其次在获得蒙古羊AD-AMTS1基因的cDNA全序列后设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法进一步克隆了蒙古羊ADAMTS1基因。结果显示,试验所得序列与电子延伸序列的同源性为99.4%,序列长为2 420 bp包括836 bp 3'UTR区域和1 578 bp的完整开放读码框,共编码525个氨基酸。Blastn比对发现蒙古羊ADAMTS1基因序列与牛、猪和人的同源性分别为94%,87%,82%;对氨基酸序列进行blastp比对发现与牛、猪和人的同源性分别为91%,90%,87%。采用SMART程序预测其结构功能域发现蒙古羊ADAMTS1蛋白质有4个结构功能域:1个富半胱氨酸结构域和3个血小板反应蛋白。     

棉花肉桂醇脱氢酶基因的克隆与分析

肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)是木质素生物合成过程中的一个关键酶类。根据棉花纤维特异表达cDNA文库分析得到的肉桂醇脱氢酶基因EST序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术从棉花中克隆了一个CAD基因,命名为GhCAD5(GenBank登录号为FJ848868)。研究结果表明:GhCAD5全长1488bp,具有一个1068bp的开放阅读框,5′非编码区为140bp,3′非编码区为280bp,编码355个氨基酸,预测分子量约为38.403kDa,等电点为7.67。氨基酸同源性分析发现,GhCAD5与拟南芥AtCAD1和水稻OsCAD4的同源性较高。利用PCR方法克隆了GhCAD5基因的基因组序列,长度为1695bp,包含6个外显子和5个内含子。将GhCAD5的ORF连接于原核表达载体pET-28a中,经IPTG诱导,获得了相应蛋白的表达。棉花GhCAD5基因的克隆为进一步研究其生物学功能和应用奠定了基础。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.