TaqMan探针-荧光定量PCR筛查奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的研究

为研究奶牛场生鲜乳中的相关致病菌,以江苏省奶牛生产性能测定中心为平台对江苏南通、盐城和宿迁3个地区的3家奶牛场2019年5-10月份DHI数据进行分析,将奶牛SCC作为参考预警值。依托奶牛疾病检测联合创新实验室,通过牛奶致病菌快速检测荧光定量PCR法,初步了解其中主要致病菌种,再分离、培养、鉴定奶样中主要的致病菌,结合药敏试验给出具体治疗建议。结果表明从试验奶样分离出的主要致病菌为大肠杆菌、黏质沙雷氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、克雷伯氏菌、乳房链球菌、无乳链球菌等,通过药敏试验可知喹诺酮类和头孢菌素类抗菌药物对检测出的几种主要致病菌引起的奶牛乳房炎具有较好抑制作用,便于牧场及时治疗患病奶牛。该结果说明体细胞数(SCC)作为DHI检测的一项重要指标,对奶牛乳房炎起到第一预警作用;快速检测荧光定量PCR法可快速了解生鲜乳中含有的主要致病菌,从而推测导致奶牛乳房炎的致病菌,便于分离、培养、鉴定主要致病菌;TaqMan探针-荧光定量PCR可简化测定流程、缩短时间、明确主要致病菌,可提高牧场生产效率,为牧场的生产管理提供便捷。     

奶牛乳汁体细胞数的快速检测及其临床意义

本文用新型便携式体细胞计数仪C-Reader对奶牛乳汁体细胞数(SCC)进行快速、精确地检测,同时对乳样中的病原菌进行分离鉴定,旨在指导奶牛乳房炎的诊断、预防及治疗。选用北京及河北地区10个奶牛场的111头奶牛共428份奶样,进行SCC计数。SCC20万/mL的奶样占63.6%,SCC介于20万/mL～50万/mL的奶样占13.1%,SCC50万/mL占23.3%。检测的111头奶牛中,60头奶牛患有隐性乳房炎,头发病率54.1%,乳区发病率23.3%。隐性乳房炎SCC变化范围50.6万/mL～984.3万/mL。对隐性乳房炎乳样进行致病菌分离培养,其阳性率高达82.0%。共鉴定出100株致病菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌64株,表皮葡萄球菌11株,大肠杆菌8株,链球菌10株,其他菌7株。结果表明,C-Reader计数仪能够快速准确地检测北京及河北地区的奶牛隐性乳房炎,其病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。     

乳房炎对中国荷斯坦牛测定日泌乳性能及体细胞数变化的影响

旨在研究乳房炎及病原菌组成对中国荷斯坦牛测定日泌乳性能及体细胞数变化的影响.本研究于2009年9月对江苏某奶牛场140头成年中国荷斯坦泌乳牛进行乳房炎检测和DHI测定,同时对隐性乳房炎阳性乳区进行病原菌分离鉴定,并分析了不同乳房炎类型和隐性乳房炎病原菌组成对测定日泌乳性能和乳中SCC变化的影响.结果表明,该牛场临床乳房炎、隐性乳房炎和正常奶牛比例分别为10.00％、51.10％和37.90％,其中隐性乳房炎以大肠杆菌和链球菌混合感染最多(19头,占26.00％),其次为链球菌单独感染(17头,占23.30％).由1种细菌单独感染的比例为26头(占36.11％),2种或2种以上细菌混合感染为44头(占61.11％).乳房炎类型对测定日产奶量、乳糖含量、体细胞数和体细胞评分4个指标影响达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),临床乳房炎和隐性乳房炎奶牛日产奶量和乳糖含量极显著低于正常奶,同时体细胞数和体细胞评分极显著高于正常奶,而临床乳房炎奶和隐性乳房炎奶在所有检测指标上均无显著差异,但临床乳房炎奶比隐性乳房炎奶体细胞数高出约100万·mL-1.不同病原菌组成类型对乳中体细胞数和体细胞评分有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对其它性状无显著影响(P＞0.05).混合感染奶牛测定日产奶量极显著低于单独感染奶牛(P＜0.01),同时乳中体细胞数显著高于单独感染奶牛(P＜0.01).乳房炎类型对乳中SCC的变化趋势有显著影响(P＜0.01),正常奶牛维持较低SCC的能力较强,隐性乳房炎奶牛在下一泌乳月体细胞增加的可能性较大.不同隐性乳房炎病原菌组成类型对乳中SCC的变化无显著影响.奶牛生产中隐性乳房炎发病率高,危害性也最大,不同病原菌混合感染引起的隐性乳房炎对测定日产奶量和乳中体细胞数影响最大.该结果为奶牛场采取合理措施,降低隐性乳房炎发生率提供了参考.     

DHI体系在奶牛生产中的作用效果分析

为了发挥DHI体系在奶牛生产管理中的作用,促进奶牛健康养殖和乳品质量的提高,本研究利用DHI技术对包头某奶牛场6个月的奶牛生产情况进行了分析。结果发现,该奶牛场奶牛的乳脂率较低,体细胞数较高,一些奶牛患有严重的临床性乳房炎或隐性乳房炎。奶牛营养状况差,泌乳高峰期到达时间晚,产奶量少,存在潜在的奶损失。针对上述问题,提出了相应的解决措施。     

大庆地区荷斯坦牛乳中体细胞数与产奶量相关性的研究

DHI(Dairy Herd Improvement，即奶牛群改良)是通过测试奶牛的奶量、乳成分、体细胞数并收集相关资料，运用先进的牛群管理软件分析之后，所形成的能反映奶牛场配种、繁殖、饲养、疾病以及生产性能等方面综合情况的信息报告。DHI信息报告所包含的内容非常多，体细胞数(Somatic Cell Count，SCC)就是其中非常重要一项。体细胞的主要功能是排除病菌感染。修复组织。鲜牛奶中的体细胞数是判断乳房炎轻重程度的参考指标。     

牛场奶牛乳房炎的发病因素探究及其判别分析方程的建立

利用2011年1月至2014年12月山东地区某牛场的奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)数据库及其乳房炎发病记录为数据集,通过sas统计分析软件,对胎次、泌乳天数、采样季节、采样年份、体细胞数、产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率与乳房炎发病记录做逐步判别(Stepdisc)和glm相关性方差分析。结果显示:胎次、泌乳天数、采样季节、采样年份和体细胞数与乳房炎的发生显著相关。因此,综合与奶牛乳房炎发病密切相关的胎次、泌乳天数、采样季节、采样年份和体细胞评分建立了直观、相对准确的判定奶牛乳房炎发生的判别分析方程Y_0(未患乳房炎)和Y_1(患乳房炎),通过比较Y_0和Y_1的大小对未知个体牛是否患有乳房炎做出初步判断。此判断虽然不能对乳房炎的发生做出确诊,但能够帮助奶牛场管理者对奶牛群体进行宏观监测,从奶牛群体中筛选出发生乳房炎概率较大的作为重点监测对象。由此奶牛场能够尽早发现乳房炎,节约乳房炎检测成本,为乳房炎的及时控制与治疗提供科学理论依据,对DHI的推广和DHI报告的充分利用也具有重要意义。     

丹参酮乳房注入剂对奶牛乳房炎的临床治疗试验

为了观察中兽药制剂丹参酮乳房注入剂对奶牛乳房炎的临床治疗效果,试验将甘肃某公司奶牛场的40头乳房炎奶牛随机分为丹参酮乳房注入剂高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组及双丁对照组,每组10头,每日乳室灌注2次(早晚各1次),连续灌注7 d为一个疗程,进行乳样体细胞数(SCC)计数,并结合临床诊断结果以丹参酮乳房注入剂进行临床治疗。结果表明:奶牛连续灌注丹参酮乳房注入剂1个疗程之后,奶牛乳房炎的临床症状大部分消失,乳汁外观正常,产奶量恢复,体细胞数降至正常范围(50万个/m L以下)。说明丹参酮乳房注入剂对奶牛乳房炎有很好的治疗效果,且效果明显优于双丁注射液。     

乳样体细胞数与DHI其他主要指标的相关性研究

为了解呼和浩特市托克托县某奶牛场乳样体细胞数(SCC)的动态变化及体细胞数与奶牛群改良(DHI)其他主要指标间的相关性,试验利用2013年1—9月份的DHI测定数据资料,采用SPSS17.0统计软件分析了乳样不同范围的体细胞数对DHI其他相关指标的影响。结果表明:牛乳中的体细胞数与日产奶量、乳脂率、乳糖含量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。说明乳样体细胞数的变化对DHI其他主要指标确有一定的影响,且存在显著相关性。     

复方阿莫西林乳房注入剂对临床型奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果

为评价复方阿莫西林乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛临床型乳房炎的治疗效果,在甘肃某两个牛场选择70头自然发生的临床型乳房炎奶牛进行临床试验。将患病奶牛随机分为试验组(n=36头)和对照组(n=34头)。试验用药和对照用药分别为郑州百瑞动物药业有限公司和齐鲁动物保健品有限公司提供的复方阿莫西林乳房注入剂。每个感染乳区注入3 g药物,每12 h注射1次,连续用药3 d。在用药前、停药后7 d及14 d采集各组奶牛的奶样进行细菌学检测及乳汁体细胞计数。通过临床观察、细菌清除率及体细胞计数变化对临床疗效进行评价。停药后14 d,试验组和对照组的临床治愈率分别为58.3%和61.8%,细菌总清除率分别为94.12%和93.55%。两组奶样中的SCC在治疗后均显著下降(P<0.01)。两组临床疗效无统计学差异(P>0.05),表明试验用药对奶牛临床型乳房炎具有良好的治疗效果。     

基于DHI数据对奶牛隐形乳房炎的防控

通过对湖南省某奶牛场连续21个月的DHI数据中的体细胞变化进行统计分析,发现通过饲养调整及环境控制,其牧场体细胞得以改善和生产性能得以提高,即通过DHI(奶牛生产性能测定)测定牛乳汁体细胞(SCC),及时发现患有隐性乳房炎牛只,分析牛场引起隐性乳房炎的相关因素,采取相应的措施,调整饲养管理和改善环境,可有效降低乳汁的体...     

基于ARIMA模型对宁夏地区奶牛体细胞数的趋势预测

本研究通过对生产性能测定（DHI）数据的挖掘与分析建立预测宁夏地区奶牛体细胞数（SCC）的模型,为奶牛乳房炎的防制提供借鉴,使得DHI数据更加有效、及时地指导奶业的发展。对2011年9月~2016年2月宁夏地区奶牛平均SCC数据进行差分使其达到平稳化,采用季节ARIMA模型对数据进行分析、拟合和预测。利用R软件的auto.arima函数计算出合适的时间序列模型ARIMA（1,1,0）（1,1,0）_[12],其AIC为-3.67。Acf检验说明残差没有明显的自相关性;Ljung-Box测试显示所有的P值>0.5,表明残差为白噪声,说明此模型可用来对未来的24个月进行预测。再利用R软件的forecast函数对2016年3月~2017年2月的数据进行预测,作出预测图。从预测的结果可以看出,宁夏地区奶牛SCC整体呈现下降趋势。2017年1月SCC最少,预测值约为25.31万个/mL;2016年3月SCC最大,预测值约为43.96万个/mL。从结果也可看出,宁夏地区奶牛SCC均大于隐性乳房炎的临界值（>20万个/mL）,说明宁夏地区还应该加大对奶牛乳房炎的防制。同时,若能及时添加新的SCC数据,就能对该数据模型进行更新,使其预测值更接近真实值,对实际生产的指导意义更大。     

Predicting the Dairy Cow Somatic Cell Number of Ningxia Area Based on ARIMA Model

Through dairy herd improvement (DHI) data analysis to predict somatic cell count (SCC) of Ningxia area in time, which providing a reference for the prevention and treatment of mastitis in dairy cows, making the DHI data more effective and timely in guiding the dairy industry production. Using the difference method to make the average cow somatic cell data form September 2011 to February 2016 stabled, then used the seasonal ARIMA model to analysis, fitting and forecasting data. The auto.arima function of R software had been used to calculate the optimal time series that finally confirmed the model was ARIMA (1,1,0)(1,1,0)_[12], AIC was -3.67. The Acf test showed that the residual had no significant autocorrelation; Ljung-Box test showed that all P-value>0.5, indicating that the residual was white noise, and this model could be used to make predication for the next 24 months. The forecast function of the R software was used to predict the dairy cows SCC from March 2016 to February 2017, and the forecast map was drawn. The predicted results showed that the SCC of the entire Ningxia area were showing a downward trend. The SCC would be the least in January 2017,and the predictive value was about 253 100 per mL. It would be the largest in March 2016, was about 439 600 per mL. The results also showed that the dairy cows SCC in Ningxia was higher than the critical value of 20 million of subclinical mastitis. It suggested that the prevention and treatment of dairy cow mastitis need to be strengthened in Ningxia area. At the same time, if the data of the dairy cows SCC was added in timely, the data model should be updated to make it more close to the true value, which would be more meaningful to the actual instruction.     

中药防治奶牛乳房炎的研究进展

乳房炎是奶牛的一种常见病,是导致牛奶产量和质量下降的主要原因之一。目前,奶牛乳房炎的防治多以抗生素为主,但抗生素的滥用不仅导致了乳汁中病原菌耐药性的产生,同时也造成了乳汁中抗生素的残留。中药由于无残留、无毒副作用和较少出现耐药性等特点而备受科研学者的关注。本文主要从奶牛乳房炎的危害、中药防治奶牛乳房炎的研究现状和作用机理三个方面探讨了当前中药防治奶牛乳房炎的研究进展,旨在为临床上奶牛乳房炎的防治提供客观的参考。     

应用DHI对某奶牛场奶牛生产性能的综合分析

[目的]为了解奶牛的生产性能.[方法]应用奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)体系,2006年10～11月对武汉市某牛场所有产奶牛的生产情况进行测定和分析.[结果]表明:该场牛群所产奶中体细胞数高,产奶牛中有12%患有临床乳房炎,产犊间隔长,存在繁殖问题和饲料问题,针对测检和分析中发现的问题,提出了相应的改进措施.[结论]为牛场...     

利用DHI报表对宁夏某奶牛场生产性能总体情况的分析

DHI测定是奶牛场精细化管理的工具,它不仅反映奶牛的产奶性能,饲养管理与健康水平,还能根据报表信息对奶牛场的育种与繁殖情况进行评价从而改进管理措施,利用好DHI报表信息可以提高奶牛场的技术管理水平和经济效益。本研究通过采集宁夏某奶牛场12个月的DHI报表数据,分析乳脂肪、乳蛋白、尿素氮、体细胞数、泌乳持续力等关键性指标,对该奶牛场的生产性能、经营管理、育种繁殖状况进行综合评定。结果表明：该牛场的泌乳高峰日到达较晚;牛群乳房炎在冬季发生率较高;群体尿素氮含量处于正常范围（10-18mg/dL）,对奶牛的繁殖性能影响较小;泌乳持续力较高、奶牛群体平均泌乳天数较长引起的繁殖问题较严重。针对测检和分析中发现的问题,提出了建议的改进措施。     

奶牛健康监测与评价

牛奶的安全问题与奶牛的健康息息相关,只有健康的奶牛才能生产出健康的牛奶.牛群健康管理需要随时观察、定时检测,做到“未病先防”.因此,建立奶牛健康预警系统尤其重要,通过对单个敏感指标（乳体细胞数、牛乳pH、电导率、直肠温度、产奶量等）的变化和行为学观察及体况评分、运动评分、健康指数可以及时发现亚健康牛,减少疾病造成的损失,确保原料奶的品质安全.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的调查分析

采用体细胞计数(SCC)法对杨凌某奶牛场中60头不同胎次和泌乳时间奶牛隐性乳房炎进行检测,对引起乳房炎的可能诱因进行调查分析,研究该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律,为本病的防控提供参考。结果表明,受检奶牛隐性乳房炎的检出率为43.3%。1胎～2胎奶牛隐性乳房炎检出率为40.0%,3胎～4胎为46.7%,隐性乳房炎的检出率有随胎次增加而升高的趋势;泌乳时间少于200 d的泌乳牛隐性乳房炎检出率为27.6%,200 d～300 d的为36.4%,300 d～400 d的为41.7%,超过400 d的为50.0%,提示奶牛隐性乳房炎有随泌乳期升高的趋势。本调查显示,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生与胎次和泌乳时间有显著的相关性,饲养管理和卫生条件是乳房炎发生的重要诱因。     

Intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis of dairy cows with a combination of lincomycin and neomycin, or penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin

AIM: To compare clinical and bacteriological cure rates of clinical mastitis following treatment with intramammary preparations containing either lincomycin and neomycin or penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. METHODS: Cases of clinical mastitis were sourced from four seasonal-calving dairy herds in the central Waikato region of New Zealand during the first 120 days of lactation. Affected quarters were infused three times at 12 h intervals with either 333 mg lincomycin plus 100 mg neomycin (lin/neo; 197 glands),or 1,000 mg penicillin plus 500 mg dihydrostreptomycin (pen/DHS; 207 glands). Milk samples were collected for bacteriology from each quarter immediately before and approximately 21 days after initiation of treatment. Additionally, a composite milk sample from each cow was collected, on average, 54 days after enrolment for assessment of milk yield, composition and somatic cell count (SCC). The probability of bacterial cure was initially analysed using Chi-squared analysis, and factors that were associated (p<0.2) were offered to a reverse stepwise logistic regression model. Continuous variables (e.g. milk solids production and log10 SCC) were analysed using general linear models. RESULTS: A total of 404 quarters diagnosed with clinical mastitis, from 282 cows in the first 120 days of lactation, were included. Streptococcus uberis, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 56.5%, 18.8% and 10.0% of the bacteriologically positive quarters. There was no difference in the bacteriological cure rate (76.7% vs 76.7%, OR=0.94; p>0.8), the log10 SCC (2.1, SE 0.1, vs 2.0, SE 0.1; p>0.3) or milk production (1.2, SE 0.1, vs 1.2, SE 0.1, kg milksolids/cow/day; p>0.7) between lin/neo vs pen/DHS treatments, respectively. However, the proportion of cows re-treated following initial treatment was higher for the lin/neo compared to pen/DHS-treated group (16.3% vs 5.2%, OR=3.46; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: No difference in bacteriological cure rate, milk production or SCC was evident between lin/neo and pen/DHS intramammary treatments for clinical mastitis in dairy cows during the first 120 days of lactation. KEYWORDS: Dairy cow, mastitis, intramammary, antibiotic, treatment, somatic cell count.     

Efficacy of intramuscular treatment of beef cows with oxytetracycline to reduce mastitis and to increase calf growth

Spring-calving multiparous Angus x Hereford cows were used to determine the efficacy of intramuscular treatment with oxytetracycline to reduce the incidence of mastitis-causing bacteria, decrease milk somatic cell counts (SCC), and increase calf growth. During 2 yr, milk samples were collected from each quarter from a total of 319 cows at 8 to 14 d after calving and at weaning, to determine the presence of bacteria and SCC. A California mastitis test (CMT) was performed on milk from each quarter of each cow at the initial sample collection. Cows with a CMT score of 1, 2, or 3 in at least one quarter, were randomly assigned to receive either an intramuscular injection of oxytetracycline (n = 63) or the control vehicle (n = 60), and cows with a CMT score of 0 or trace in all four quarters were not treated (n = 196). Calf weights were determined at birth, early lactation, and weaning. The number of somatic cells in milk and the percentage of quarters that were infected increased as CMT score increased (P < 0.01). The presence of mastitis-causing bacteria at calving increased (P < 0.05) the incidence of infection at weaning. The presence of mastitis-causing bacteria at weaning was associated with increased SCC for quarters and average SCC for cows (P < 0.01). Average SCC per cow at weaning increased (P < 0.05) as the number of infected quarters per cow increased. Treatment did not alter (P > 0.10) the percentage of cows or quarters infected with mastitis-causing bacteria or SCC of cows or quarters at weaning. Average SCC per cow was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with calf weights at early lactation, but not with weaning weights of calves. Treatment did not influence (P > 0.10) calf weights at early lactation or at weaning. Cows with one or more dry quarters after calving had calves that weighed less at early lactation and weaning than cows with four functional quarters (P < 0.01). Intramuscular oxytetracycline treatment of beef cows that had CMT scores of 1 or greater after calving did not reduce intramammary infection rates or increase calf weights at weaning.