发酵饲料在反刍动物生产中的应用研究进展

在国内饲料端禁抗的背景下,寻找具有提高动物生产性能和免疫力、降低料重比的优质饲料成为研究热点。与常规饲料相比,发酵饲料能够提高动物的生产性能和免疫力,降低料重比,调节瘤胃菌群平衡。文章从发酵饲料的种类、作用机制、营养价值及其在反刍动物养殖中的应用等方面进行综述,以期为青藏地区发酵饲料的开发及其在牦牛养殖中的应用推广提供参考。     

生物发酵饲料现状及在水产养殖上的应用

利用微生物发酵技术生产的生物发酵饲料含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素、酶制剂、有机酸、活性制剂等成分,这种饲料最大的特点是有无抗作用。采用生物发酵饲料替代添加抗生素的饲料,不仅有助于减少水产养殖病害的发生,还可以减少环境污染,促进水产更加健康地生产,从而提高水产养殖的经济效益。为此,本文介绍了生物发酵饲料的定义、机理功能、发酵工艺及其发展现状,探讨了其在水产养殖中的应用情况,分析了其应用前景,旨在为水产养殖饲料的选择提供一些参考。     

生物发酵饲料在无抗养猪生产上的应用研究进展

生物发酵饲料作为"第四代活的饲料",近年来备受畜牧行业的关注,也是国家实行饲料全面禁抗后的替抗研究手段之一.生物发酵饲料立足于去除原料抗营养因子、改善饲料营养价值、提高饲料养分消化利用率、产生有益微生物代谢产物,达到维护动物肠道健康、提升动物机体免疫力、促进动物生产性能、减少动物粪污排放和环保健康养殖的目的.生物饲料在...     

禁抗背景下发酵饲料在畜禽养殖中的运用

随着中国步入饲料“禁抗”时代,养殖企业、饲料生产厂家纷纷展开了饲料替抗研究,越来越多的养殖场选择使用发酵饲料替代抗生素,利用发酵饲料促进消化、抑制病原微生物生长、减少氨气排放、发酵脱毒等功能增强畜禽疾病抵御能力,增大畜禽采食量,提高肉用畜禽平均日增重,提升畜禽产品品质,节约饲养成本,创造更高的畜禽养殖效益。该文分析发酵饲料的制作原理,阐述禁抗背景下利用发酵饲料替代抗生素的原因,分析禁抗背景下发酵饲料对畜禽养殖的影响,提出禁抗背景下发酵饲料的应用要点,旨在为畜禽养殖中发酵饲料的科学应用提供借鉴,在有效降低抗生素应用量的基础上,增强畜禽养殖业发展的平稳性、持续性。     

生物发酵饲料在养猪增效降本中的作用

饲料营养包括生理营养、维持营养、生长营养、繁殖营养、免疫营养、抗病营养等,直接影响生产业绩和猪群健康,因此,营养管理在养猪增效降本中发挥重大作用.而生物发酵饲料是畜禽养殖中发挥防非、替抗、降本、增效综合功能的关键.大量理论研究与临床实践证明,优质生物发酵饲料在保黏膜、护肠道、抗应激、除毒素方面等发挥着重要的作用,能大大...     

生物发酵饲料与生猪健康养殖

在非洲猪瘟形势依然严峻、饲用抗生素全面禁用和环境保护压力持续增加的背景下,如何保障生猪健康优质安全生态养殖成为行业面临的巨大挑战。生物发酵饲料可以通过益生菌发酵改变饲料底物的理化性质、获得益生性中间代谢产物和扩大培养饲用的微生物体,从而改善饲料利用效率、提高生产性能、保障机体健康、改善猪肉品质,最终达到饲料资源开发、生猪健康养殖和优质猪肉生产的目的。本文主要综述了发酵菌株与饲料资源开发利用、发酵改善饲料品质的机制,以及发酵饲料在改善猪生产性能、肠道健康和猪肉品质等方面的应用,为生物发酵饲料在生猪健康生态养殖中的应用提供理论依据。     

我国生物发酵饲料研究与应用进展

本文明确了生物饲料的定义和分类,对我国生物饲料的现状及应用中存在的问题以及不同种类生物饲料研究与应用进展进行了综述,并重点对生物发酵饲料菌种、发酵饲料原料与工艺、酶解饲料、菌酶协同发酵饲料、地源饲料发酵应用技术与模式研究进展以及发酵饲料在动物养殖中的应用进行了总结;此外,从特色功能菌株的筛选、菌株组合效果、生物发酵饲料价值评价指标以及生物饲料质量安全预警监测等方面指出了生物饲料研究发展趋势,为生物饲料产业的健康发展指明了方向。     

发酵饲料及其在生猪生产中的应用研究进展

随着饲料“禁抗”政策的实施,大量研究表明,益生菌发酵饲料可作为抗生素替代品广泛应用于生猪养殖中。发酵饲料可提高饲料利用率,维持猪肠道菌群平衡,增强机体免疫力。本文综述了发酵饲料的类型及加工工艺,在生猪养殖上的明显优势和广泛应用,以及对养殖环境的影响,并对发酵饲料未来应用的趋势进行了展望。     

生物发酵饲料在养猪生产中的应用研究进展

随着我国畜牧业的快速发展,畜产品安全和"人畜争粮"的问题日益突出。生物发酵饲料作为近年来的研究热点,具有提高饲料营养价值及利用率、促进动物生长、保障动物健康和改善养殖生态环境等作用。本文就生物发酵饲料的作用机理及其在养猪生产中的应用效果进行综述,为其在养猪生产中的更广泛应用提供科学的理论依据。     

生物发酵饲料现状及在水产养殖上的应用

<正>生物发酵饲料是在普通饲料中加入微生物、复合酶菌种,通过发酵过程将饲料转化为易吸收的微生物菌体蛋白、生物活性小肽类氨基酸、微生物益生菌、复合酶制剂为一体的饲料。生物发酵饲料可以提高饲料的消化率和吸收率,进而提高饲料的营养水平和促进动物的生长发育;生物发酵饲料可以维持动物肠道内的菌群平衡,提高其免疫力;生物发酵饲料还有脱毒作用,可提高饲料的安全性。目前,生物发酵饲料的应用非常广安,本文将重点介绍生物发酵饲料在水产养殖中的应用。     

Ovarian activity in F1 prepubertal ewe lambs under tropical conditions

Seventy crossbred ewe lambs, born from Pelibuey (PB) dams mated with five sire breeds: White Dorper × PB (WD × PB), Black Head Dorper × PB (BHD × PB), Ile de France × PB (Ile × PB) Katahdin × PB (KT × PB) and Pelibuey (PB × PB), were used to determine age and weight to puberty, follicular populations during prepubertal development, ovulation rate at first ovulation and function of the first corpus luteum (FCL). Ewe lambs were maintained under grazing conditions and were supplemented with 300 g head^− 1 day^− 1 of a concentrate with 14% CP and 3.0 Mcal ME kg^− 1 of DM. From 145 days of age, monthly observations were performed by endoscopy to monitor follicular populations and luteal structures. Ovarian follicles were classified according to size into small (≥ 1 and < 3 mm), medium (≥ 3 and ≤ 4 mm) and large (> 4 mm). Additionally, weekly observations by ultrasonography were performed in four ewes per genotype to assess follicular populations. Luteal function from first ovulation was determined by circulating concentrations of progesterone. Ovulation rate was not affected by genotype (P > 0.05). All breed groups had the same pattern of follicular populations, where most of follicles were small, followed by medium and a small proportion of large follicles. Maximum diameter of follicles was similar for all genotypes during prepubertal development (P > 0.05), with an average range of 3.9 ± 0.20 to 4.4 ± 0.20 mm. The BHD × PB reached puberty at the youngest age of 240.9 ± 13.0 days, compared to all other genotypes (P < 0.05), 259.1 ± 11.7 for WD × PB, 279.3 ± 9.6 for KT × PB and 289.0 ± 15.3 days for PB × PB and 308.6 ± 11.9 days for Ile × PB ewe lambs. Ile × PB had greater weight to first ovulation (31.5 ± 1.19 kg) as compared to other breed groups (P < 0.01). The largest percentage of FCL was for KT × PB ewes (100%) (P < 0.05), followed by BHD × PB (88.9%), PB × PB (83.3), WD × PB (78.6%) and Ile × PB (77.8%). There were no differences in ovulation rate attributable to type of lambing from which ewe lambs came from (P > 0.05). BHD × PB ewe lambs reached puberty at an earlier age than other in this study. KT × PB ewe lambs had the highest percentage of FCL in their first ovulation. Breed of sire Ile de France increased weight to puberty and decreased FCL at first ovulation. In conclusion, the BHD × PB ewe showed puberty at an earlier age than other genotypes, while the KT × PB had the highest percentage of functional corpus luteum in their first ovulation. Ewe lambs coming from single lambings reach puberty at a heavier weight than those coming from multiple lambings. The ovulation rate in the first ovulation of ewe lambs is not affected by genotype and type of lambing.     

Influence of dietary lysine level on whole-body protein turnover, plasma IGF-I, GH and insulin concentration in growing pigs

Four growing pigs (initial liveweight 25.9 ± 0.54 kg, final liveweight 43.0 ± 1.06 kg) were used to study the effect of dietary lysine level on nutrient digestibility, whole-body protein turnover, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH), insulin, glucose, and urea nitrogen (PUN). Four diets, containing 7.0 g (L1), 9.5 g (L2), 12.0 g (L3) and 14.5 g (L4) lysine per kg diet respectively, were formulated as experimental treatments. The animals and diets were allocated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Nitrogen (N) metabolism and whole-body protein turnover were measured by classical method and single-dose ¹⁵N end-product method, respectively. The blood samples were taken at the end of each experimental period. Results showed that N retention (NR) and N biological value (NBV) were significantly increased from L1 to L4 (P < 0.05). However, differences in NR and NBV between L2, L3 and L4 were not significant (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference on dry matter (DM) digestibility, organic matter (OM) digestibility and N digestibility between different treatments (P > 0.05). Whole-body protein synthesis, protein degradation and protein accretion increased markedly from L1 to L2 (P < 0.05), but did not increase further from L2 to L4. Whole-body protein accretion (y, g/kg W^0.75/d) increased with dietary lysine (x, g/kg) in a quadratic manner: y = − 0.09x² + 2.12x − 5.14 (r² = 0.96, n = 4, P < 0.05).The results also showed that differences in plasma IGF-I, GH, glucose and PUN concentration between different treatments were not significant (P > 0.05). Plasma insulin concentration (y, μIU/ml) was increased with dietary lysine (x, g/kg) in a quadratic manner: y = 0.23x² − 4.10x + 32.25 (r² = 0.99, n = 4, P < 0.05), but it was not found that plasma insulin concentration was related to NR. A significant correlation was found between NR (y, g/d) and plasma IGF-I (x, ng/ml): y = − 3.1 × 10^− 3x² + 1.31x − 122.28 (r² = 0.99, n = 4, P < 0.05).It was concluded that dietary lysine level had a significant influence on NR and whole-body protein turnover but not on plasma IGF-I and GH concentration. Plasma IGF-I may be an important factor controlling N metabolism of growing pigs. Further research was needed to study the mechanism.     

Cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of intravenous or epidural methadone in conscious dogs

Cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of intravenous or epidural methadone were compared. Six beagles were randomly assigned to group MIV (methadone 0.5 mg/kg IV + NaCl 0.9% epidurally) or MEP (methadone 0.5 mg/kg epidurally + NaCl 0.9% IV). Cardiopulmonary, blood gas and sedation were assessed at time (T) 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 min after drug administration. Compared to T0, heart rate decreased at T15–T120 in MIV (p < .001) and T15–T240 in MEP (p < .05); mean arterial pressure was reduced at T15–T60 in MEP (p < .01); respiratory rate was higher at T15 and T30 in both groups (p < .05); pH was lower at T15–T120 in MIV (p < .01) and T15, T30 and T120 in MEP (p < .05); PaCO₂ was higher at T15–T60 in MIV (p < .01) and T15, T30 and T120 in MEP (p < .01); sedation scores were higher at T15 and T30 in MIV and T15–T60 in MEP (p < .05). At T120 and T240, sedation score was higher in group MEP compared with group MIV (p < .01) In conclusion, cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of identical methadone doses are similar when administered IV or epidurally to conscious healthy dogs.     

Low‐density lipoproteins and milk serum proteins improve the quality of stallion sperm after vitrification in straws

Lipids and proteins can be used for sperm vitrification to preserve the integrity of sperm membranes or to increase the viscosity of the medium. This study evaluated the effect of low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) and milk serum proteins (Pronexcell) for stallion sperm vitrification. Hippex extender (Barex Biochemical Products, The Netherlands), plus 1% of bovine serum albumin and 100 mM of trehalose, was used as control for sperm vitrification. In experiment 1, different concentrations of LDL (L1 = 0.25, L2 = 0.5, L3 = 1%) and in experiment 2 of Pronexcell (P1 = 1, P2 = 5, P3 = 10%) were added to control extender. Vitrification was performed in 0.25‐ml straws directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. Total motility (TM, %) and progressive motility (PM, %) were analysed by CASA, and plasma membrane (IMS, %) and acrosome membrane integrity (AIS, %) were assessed under epifluorescence microscopy. Post‐warmed sperm parameters were compared between treatments by ANOVA. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. In both experiments, the minimum concentration of LDL and Pronexcell obtained significantly higher values (p < 0.01) than the control extender for TM (L1 = 52.95 ± 4.4; P1 = 58.99 ± 4.6; C = 30.88 ± 3.0), PM (L1 = 36.79 ± 5.5; P1 = 47.25 ± 4.3; C = 19.20 ± 2.4), IMS (L1 = 68.88 ± 3.6; P1 = 47.25 ± 4.3; C = 52.81 ± 2.6) and AIS (L1 = 45.88 ± 3.6; P1 = 47.25 ± 4.3; C = 26.00 ± 2.1). No differences in sperm parameters were found among different concentrations of LDL or Pronexcell. In conclusion, the addition of 0.25% LDL and 1% Pronexcell to the vitrification extender is recommended to improve the quality of stallion sperm after vitrification.     

Etude de la persistance d'une activite du virus grippal H1N1 (swine) dans les elevages porcins en dehors des phases epidemiquesStudy of the persistence of activity of the H1N1 influenza virus in swine intensive units out of epidemical phases

Une étude est mise en place dans un groupe de 16 élevages intensifs venant de connaitre une attaque grippale et pratiquant à la fois le naissage et l'engraissement dans la région de Bretagne (France). L'objet de cette étude est de mettre en évidence une activité du virus grippal au sein des élevages en dehors des vagues épidémiques. Dans chaque élevage, 2 lots de porcelets sont individuellement suivis depuis la phase d'allaitement jusqu'à l'abattage. Des contrôles sérologiques mensuels sont pratiqués en vue de suivre l'évolution des anticorps grippaux ainsi que ceux de la maladie d'Aujeszky. En outre des écouvillonnages nasaux et des prélèvements de poumons sont réalisés en vue de recherches virales. Ces travaux sont accompagnés par la collecte de renseignements épidémiologiques dans chacun des élevages. Les anticorps grippaux d'origine colostrale inhibant l'hémagglutination décroissent assez rapidement chez le porcelet. Par la suite une conversion sérologique est observée sur près de 10% des animaux suivis. Les animaux concernés appartiennent à 4 des 16 élevages. La séroconversion intervient généralement après 3 mois d'âge. Aucun isolement viral n'a pu être réalisé. Certaines conditions semblent associées à la persistance d'une activité virale comme la démographie déséquilibrée du troupeau de truies, la conduite en continu de la porcherie d'engraissement, la préexistence d'une pathologie respiratoire sévère. Une séroconversion Aujeszky est également observée dans 3 des 4 élevages concernés par l'activité du virus grippal.     

Effect of storage duration on egg quality,embryo mortality and hatchability in FUNAAB-ɑ chickens

Effect of extended storage on egg quality, embryo mortality and hatchability in FUNAAB-ɑ chickens was determined. Hatchable eggs (n = 288; weighing 53.2 ± 4.67 g) collected from a flock of FUNAAB-ɑ layer breeder hens aged 32 weeks were stored in egg tray with broad end up under 16 ± 1.5°C for either 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20 d. Before incubation, eight eggs from each group were evaluated for internal and external quality traits. Remaining eggs were set in an incubator and transferred into hatcher on embryonic day 18. Data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Egg weight loss (EWL; p < .001), surface area (p < .001), yolk diameter (p < .001), inner and outer blastoderm diameters (p < .05) and dead in germ (DIG; p < .001) increased with storage duration while yolk height (p < .001), yolk index (p < .001), albumen weight (p < .05), albumen height (p < .05), albumen index (p < .01), Haugh's unit (HU; p < .05), fertility (p < .001), hatchability of set (HATCHS; p < .001) and fertile eggs (p < .05) decreased. Weight losses of 0, 1.2, 2.2, 3.4, 4.6 and 6.1% were recorded in egg stored for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days respectively. Eggs stored beyond 8 days exhibited higher DIG and lower HATCHS. Shell percentage in 4 days storage (11.4%) was lower (p < .05) than in 16 days storage (13.4%). Shell thickness was similar in eggs stored for 0 to 12 days, but 8 days storage (0.60 mm) had thinner (p < .01) shell than day 16 (0.71 mm) and day 20 (0.73 mm) storage. Internal quality unit (IQU) was higher (p < .05) in fresh eggs (180.4) than in 12 days (167.8) and 20 days (167.8) stored eggs. Extended storage of FUNAAB-ɑ eggs caused EWL, surface area shrinkage, lowered HU and IQU, loss of yolk and albumen quality, increased blastoderm diameters and DIG, and decreased egg fertility and HATCHS from day 8 forward. Storing FUNAAB-ɑ eggs beyond 8 days reduced quality parameters; therefore, other mitigating factors are recommended when storing beyond 8 days.     

Effect of banding or burdizzo castration on plasma testosterone, acute-phase proteins, scrotal circumference, growth, and health of bulls

The objective was to assess the effect of banding or burdizzo castration performed on farms on plasma testosterone, acute-phase proteins, scrotal circumferences, growth, and well-being of bulls. 243 Continental bulls (12 months; 399.2 ± 5.72 kg) from three different farms were allocated at random, after stratification on weight within breed type, to one of three treatment groups: banding castration (BAND; n = 80), burdizzo castration (BURD; n = 83), or controls (CON; n = 80). The castration methods were conducted under local anaesthesia, and tetanus toxoid vaccine and antibiotic were also injected at castration. BAND and BURD castrates had lower (P < 0.001) plasma testosterone concentration than control bulls, with no difference between BAND and BURD castrates on 28 d post-castration. From days 0 to 14 post-castration, BAND (P = 0.0002) and BURD (P < 0.0001) castrates had lower average daily gain (ADG) than CON bulls, no difference (P = 0.46) was found between BAND and BURD castrates. From days 15 to 28, BAND castrates had lower ADG compared with BURD castrates (P = 0.03) and CON bulls (P = 0.01), while no difference (P = 0.76) was found between BURD and CON. From days 29 to 56, BAND (P = 0.01) and BURD (P = 0.002) castrates had lower ADG than CON bulls, no difference (P = 0.55) was found between BAND and BURD. From days 57 to 84, the ADG of BAND castrates was not different compared with BURD castrates (P = 0.12) and CON bulls (P = 0.38), while BURD had lower (P = 0.02) ADG compared with CON. The integrated ADG from day 0 to 112 of BAND (P = 0.0001) and BURD (P = 0.02) groups were lower compared with CON, while there was no difference (P = 0.09) between BAND and BURD castrates. On d 14 post-castration, BAND castrates had lower scrotal temperature than BURD (P < 0.0001) and CON (P < 0.0001), and BURD castrates had greater (P < 0.006) scrotal temperature than CON; BAND castrates had lower scrotal latitudinal and longitudinal circumferences than BURD castrates (P < 0.001) and CON bulls (P < 0.001), and BURD castrates had greater (P < 0.001) scrotal latitudinal and longitudinal circumferences than CON bulls. BAND (P < 0.0001) and BURD (P = 0.01) castrates had greater glucose concentration than CON bulls, and BAND castrates had greater (P = 0.04) glucose concentration than BURD. In conclusion, BAND or BURD castration significantly reduced plasma testosterone concentration; reduced average daily weight gain mainly during the first 2 weeks, which was not compensated during the subsequent 16 weeks; increased withdrawal of stored energy and increased plasma protein concentration. BURD showed an advantage over BAND in growth during days 15 to 28 following castration.     

Definition and clinical evaluation of a recruiting airway pressure based on the specific lung elastance in anesthetized dogs

ObjectiveTo determine the specific lung elastance (SE_L) in anesthetized dogs and to evaluate the efficacy of a SE_L-based recruiting airway pressure (RP_aw) at improving global and regional lung aeration.Study designRetrospective and prospective clinical study.AnimalsA total of 28 adult dogs were included in the retrospective study and six adult dogs in the prospective study.MethodsRetrospective study: SE_L and SE_L-based RP_aw were determined using previously published data. In mechanically ventilated dogs undergoing thoracic computed tomography (CT), SE_L was calculated as ΔP_L/(V_T/EELV), where ΔP_L is the driving transpulmonary pressure, V_T is the tidal volume and EELV is the end-expiratory lung volume. The ratio of lung to respiratory system elastance (E_L/E_rs) was determined. SE_L and E_L/E_rs were used to calculate the SE_L-based RP_aw. Prospective study: dogs underwent thoracic CT at end-expiration and at end-inspiration using the SE_L-based RP_aw, and global and regional aeration was determined. For analysis of regional aeration, lungs were divided into cranial, intermediate and caudal regions. Regional compliance was also calculated. A p value <0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe SE_L and E_L/E_rs were 12.7 ± 3.1 cmH₂O and 0.54 ± 0.07, respectively. The SE_L-based RP_aw was 29.1 ± 7.6 cmH₂O. In the prospective study, the RP_aw was 28.2 ± 1.3 cmH₂O. During RP_aw, hyperinflation increased (p = 0.0003) whereas poorly aerated (p < 0.0001) and nonaerated (p = 0.01) tissue decreased. Normally aerated tissue did not change (p = 0.265). Regional compliance was higher in the intermediate (p = 0.0003) and caudal (p = 0.034) regions compared with the cranial region. Aeration did not differ between regions (p > 0.05).Conclusions and clinical relevanceAn SE_L-based RP_aw reduces poorly and nonaerated lung tissue in anesthetized dogs. In nonsurgical anesthetized dogs, an RP_aw near 30 cmH₂O is effective at improving lung aeration.     

Disposition of marbofloxacin in vulture (Gyps fulvus) after intravenous administration of a single dose

The pharmacokinetics properties of marbofloxacin were studied in adult Eurassian Griffon vulture after single-dose intravenous (IV) administration of 2 mg/kg. Drug concentration in plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and the data obtained were subjected to compartmental and non-compartmental kinetic analysis. Marbofloxacin presented a volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) of 1.51 ± 0.22 L and total plasma clearance (Cl) of 0.109 ± 0.023 L/h kg. The permanence of this drug was long in vultures (T_1/2λ = 12.51 ± 2.52 h; MRT_∞ = 13.54 ± 2.29 h). The optimal dose of marbofloxacin estimated is 2.73 mg/kg per day for the treatment of infections in vultures with MIC₉₀ = 0.2 μg/mL.