酶联免疫法测定土壤中莠去津

用定量酶联免疫法对土壤中莠去津的残留进行初筛,然后对阳性样品用气相色谱-质谱法进行确证,并对两种方法的回收率、精密度及检测限进行评价.向土壤样品中分别添加0.3、1.0、3.0μg/kg浓度水平的莠去津标准品时,ELISA的平均回收率为92.20%～97.14%,变异系数为1.69%～4.11%,检测限为0.04μg/kg;GC-MS的平均回收率为85.46%～87.68%,变异系数为2.93%～4.05%.检测限为0.03μg/kg.对酶联免疫试荆盒筛选的3个阳性样品用GC-MS进行确证,测定结果基本一致,结果满意.研究表明酶联免疫法重复性好、准确度较高,是一种土壤中莠去津残留的快速筛选方法.     

UPLC-MS-MS法测定浓缩菠萝汁中的克百威及3-羟基克百威

建立快速测定动物组织中克百威及其代谢产物3-羟基克百威残留量的液相色谱串联质谱分析方法。浓缩菠萝汁样品中加入无水硫酸钠利用乙腈提取,提取后溶液过Florisil硅土柱和墨炭黑柱,净化后的提取液经氮吹后用0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(50:50,V/V)溶解,进行UPLC-MS-MS分析。采用Eclipse Plus C 18色谱柱分离,用0.1%甲酸+5mmol/L乙酸铵水-乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子模式电离,多反应监测模式检测。克百威和三羟基克百威分别在2~50.0μg/L和2~50.0μg/L质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.998;在浓缩菠萝汁中克百威和三羟基克百威的方法检测限分别为2μg/kg和2μg/kg。添加范围为2~50μg/kg时,平均回收率在87.2%~99.1%之间,RSD范围在0.367%~2.06%之间。该方法能满足浓缩菠萝汁中克百威及其代谢产物残留量快速分析的要求。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定柑橘中13种磺酰脲类除草剂残留

建立了基于QuEChERS(快速Quick、简单Easy、廉价Cheap、有效Effective、耐用Rugged、安全Safe)前处理技术和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定柑橘中13种磺酰脲类除草剂的分析方法。通过对提取溶剂、净化剂、色谱条件、质谱条件等进行优化,确定样品用乙腈提取,经QuEChERS方法净化后,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇作为流动相,用Hypersil GOLD C18色谱柱(1.9μm 2.1mm×100mm)进行梯度洗脱分离,在高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱仪正离子扫描多反应监测模式下测定,外标法定量。结果表明,13种目标物在1.0～100.0 ng/mL的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均不低于0.9960。在5.0、20.0、50.0μg/kg添加水平下的回收率为65.4%～110.0%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为3.7%～9.8%,检出限(以信噪比大于3计)为0.02～0.30μg/kg,定量限(以信噪比大于10计)为0.07～0.98μg/kg。该方法稳定可靠,灵敏度高,适用于柑橘中13种磺酰脲类除草剂残留的同时检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定大豆胚轴中单糖链大豆皂甙的含量

大豆皂甙具有多种药理作用,而对大豆制品中各类皂甙的定量分析是研究大豆皂甙药理作用的基础.采用高效液相色谱-差示折光(HPLC-dRI)检测法测定单糖链大豆皂甙的含量.色谱条件为:ODS-AM-303色谱柱(YMC,4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),柱温40℃,合0.1%三氟乙酸的乙腈-水(40:60)为流动相,流速1mL min-1.Ba、Bb、Bd、Be、αg和βg分别在2.24～11.2、2.35～11.8、1.58～7.92、2.01～10.1、1.38～6.88和1.62～8.12μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为92.5%、93.8%、94.1%、95.8%、93.4%和94.2%,RSD为3.22%、3.18%、4.01%、3.53%、4.07%和4.28%.该方法准确度高,重现性好,适用于大豆皂甙样品中各类皂甙的测定.     

液相色谱测定甘蓝中的吡虫啉

用高效液相色谱测定吡虫啉在甘蓝中的残留动态及最终残留量。样品用乙腈提取,V甲醇∶V二氯甲烷=5∶95,经氨基柱净化,过0.45μm膜,经液相测定。结果表明,吡虫啉在甘蓝中的半衰期T(1/2)∶海南4.14d、4.86d;北京T(1/2)3.03 d、4.48 d。该方法的添加回收率为87.9%、88.6%、107.9%,在样品中的最小检出浓度为0.005 mg/kg。     

HPLC和GC分析人参中腐酶利残留含量

目的建立人参样品中农药腐酶利残留含量测定方法。方法高效液相色谱法：SYMMETRYC18150mm×4．6mm（i．d）色谱柱,以乙腈一水（60：40）为流动相,检测波长为220nm;气相色谱法：30m×0．32mm（内径）×0．25μm（膜厚）,AB—1石英毛细管柱,外标法,ECD检测器进行定量分析。结果,HPLC、GC法测得的人参样品中腐酶利含量分别为6201μg／kg、636μg／kg。结论简便、快速,适合人参中农药腐霉利残留含量检测。     

高效液相色谱柱后光化学反应-荧光检测茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1

建立了高效液相色谱/光化学反应器/荧光检测器测定茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法。用乙腈水溶液(V∶V=86∶14)提取黄曲霉毒素B1,提取液经净化柱和黄曲霉毒素B1免疫亲和柱净化,高效液相色谱测定。在黄曲霉毒素B1标准溶液质量浓度为0.591~5.91μg/L时,峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,黄曲霉毒素B1的回收率为85.4%~98.9%(添加量分别为0.510μg/kg、7.090μg/kg和14.180μg/kg),相对标准偏差为0.2%~1.8%,方法检出限为0.1μg/kg。运用所建立方法对市售的8个茶样及加标样品中的黄曲霉毒素B1进行检测,结果显示该方法选择性强、灵敏度高,适合茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的测定。     

高效液相色谱柱后光化学反应-荧光检测茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1

建立了高效液相色谱/光化学反应器/荧光检测器测定茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法。用乙腈水溶液(V∶V=86∶14)提取黄曲霉毒素B1,提取液经净化柱和黄曲霉毒素B1免疫亲和柱净化,高效液相色谱测定。在黄曲霉毒素B1标准溶液质量浓度为0.591~5.91μg/L时,峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,黄曲霉毒素B1的回收率为85.4%~98.9%(添加量分别为0.510μg/kg、7.090μg/kg和14.180μg/kg),相对标准偏差为0.2%~1.8%,方法检出限为0.1μg/kg。运用所建立方法对市售的8个茶样及加标样品中的黄曲霉毒素B1进行检测,结果显示该方法选择性强、灵敏度高,适合茶叶中黄曲霉毒素B1的测定。     

淡豆豉中多指标成分的含量测定方法研究

建立淡豆豉中多指标成分含量测定方法,采用HPLC法同时测定淡豆豉中大豆苷元和染料木素含量,UV法测定总异黄酮含量。色谱条件:Agilent HC-C18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5.0μm);甲醇-0.1%冰醋酸(50∶50)为流动相;流速1 mL.min-1;检测波长261 nm;柱温30℃;进样量10μL。紫外分光光度计采用261 nm波长测定淡豆豉提取液的吸光度值。结果表明:大豆苷元和染料木素色谱峰的分离度良好,淡豆豉中大豆苷元、染料木素的保留时间分别为9.79和14.87 min,峰面积积分值与进样量呈良好的线性(r>0.9999),平均回收率分别为98.90%和100.53%。总异黄酮含量测定线性范围为1.44～7.20μg.mL-1,平均回收率为102.26%。该法简便易行,能够用于评价淡豆豉质量。     

福州蔬菜基地土壤中有机氯农药污染特征及其风险评价

采用气相色谱检测法和尼梅罗综合污染指数法,对福州市蔬菜基地69个土壤样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留量、组成特征进行分析和风险评价。结果表明,OCPs检出率为100%,质量分数范围为4.63～375μg/kg,平均值为92.6μg/kg;滴滴涕(DDTs)检出率和残留量最高,检出率达100%,质量分数范围为4.63～298μg/kg,平均值为55.7μg/kg。土壤中OCPs主要污染物为DDTs、六六六(HCHs),且以代谢产物为主,无新污染源进入。土壤中OCPs综合污染指数为0.100～0.432,为最低1级,符合无公害蔬菜生产环境质量标准,对哺乳动物的风险较低,但个别蔬菜基地土壤中DDTs残留量对该区域鸟类和土壤微生物可能有潜在风险。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).