两种化合物联合诱导黄瓜对炭疽病的抗病性研究初报

通过用草酸钾和硫酸亚铁2种化合物的8种组合方式,诱导黄瓜对炭疽病的抗病性,证明用两种化合物分别独立诱导和联合诱导均有一定的诱导效应,但联合诱导比独立诱导所获得的诱导效应明显增强.其中,首次用草酸钾诱导,间隔3 d后再用硫酸亚铁进行第2次诱导,所获得的诱导效应最高.田间试验达较好的防治效果.     

7种进口杀菌剂对“紫秋”刺葡萄霜霉病的田间防治效果初探

选用25%吡唑醚菌酯EC、250 g/L嘧菌酯SC、52.5 g/L噁酮·霜脲氰WG、68.75 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC、66.8%丙森·缬霉威WP、50%烯酰吗啉WP和50%醚菌酯WG等7种杀菌剂,进行了"紫秋"刺葡萄霜霉病的田间药效防控试验。试验结果表明,7种药剂对"紫秋"刺葡萄霜霉病都有稳定的防治效果,其中25%吡唑醚菌酯EC 1 500倍液、250g/L嘧菌酯SC 1 000倍液、52.5 g/L噁酮·霜脲氰WG 2 000倍液、68.75 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC 800倍液、66.8%丙森·缬霉威WP 500倍液、50%烯酰吗啉WP 3 000倍液,平均防效都在80%以上。建议生产上应用25%吡唑醚菌酯EC 1 500倍液、250 g/L嘧菌酯SC 1 000倍液、52.5 g/L噁酮·霜脲氰WG 2 000倍液、68.75 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC 800倍液、66.8%丙森·缬霉威WP 500倍液或50%烯酰吗啉WP 3 000倍液等6种药剂防治葡萄霜霉病,在发病初期开始用药,间隔10 d喷施1次,连喷3～4次,即可控制葡萄霜霉病的蔓延。     

0.5%大黄素甲醚AS防治黄瓜霜霉病试验

用0.5%大黄素甲醚AS 300倍、500倍和800倍对黄瓜霜霉病进行防治,以常规农药72%霜脲锰锌WP 800倍和20%噻菌铜SC 500倍作对照,结果表明,0.5%大黄素甲醚AS的3种浓度对黄瓜霜霉病有良好的防治效果,且药效持续期长,可推广用于防治黄瓜霜霉病.     

5种农药可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜霜霉病的田间试验

试验结果表明,72％锰锌·霜脲WP、64％曙霜·锰锌WP对黄瓜霜霉病有较好的防治效果,3次用药后10d防治效果分别达84．95％和84．03％,是防治黄瓜霜霉病的较理想替代药剂。     

草酸和BTH对黄瓜幼苗霜霉病抗性和胞间隙病程相关蛋白的诱导

 本文研究了草酸和BTH(苯并噻二唑)溶液对黄瓜幼苗霜霉病的抗性诱导及病程相关蛋白的积累。结果表明:10mmol/L草酸或0.5mmol/LBTH均能诱导黄瓜对霜霉病产生局部和系统抗性,且抗性的持久期均在15d以上。BTH处理或接种霜霉菌都可系统诱导黄瓜叶片胞间隙液产生分子量分别为33、27和22kD的蛋白,而草酸没有诱导这3种蛋白的表达。BTH或草酸处理均可引起POD活性的升高,但和对照相比并没有新的POD同工酶表达,POD活性升高与黄瓜对霜霉病的抗性有关。     

化学诱抗剂诱导金银花抗白粉病效果研究

用壳聚糖、草酸、水杨酸、葡聚糖、硅酸钠、硫酸亚铁、氟乐灵、磷酸氢二钾等8种药剂在不同株龄金银花上进行了对白粉病的诱导抗性试验。结果表明壳聚糖、草酸对金银花白粉病有良好的诱导抗性,在1年生、2年生和4年生金银花上对白粉病的平均防治效果分别达82.3%、59.9%和72.1%,54.9%、58.4%和74.1%。水杨酸、硅酸钠、硫酸亚铁有一定的诱导效果,但不稳定。葡聚糖和磷酸氢二钾无明显诱导抗病作用,氟乐灵则有促进发病的作用。     

不同杀菌剂防治烟草赤星病的田间药效评价

试验比较25%嘧菌酯SC、687.5 g/L氟菌霜霉威SC、40%菌核净WP和10%多抗霉素WP 4种杀菌剂对烟草赤星病的田间防治效果。结果表明:25%嘧菌酯SC 600倍液和40%菌核净WP 800倍液防治效果较好,其防效依次为77.33%和70.85%;687.5 g/L氟菌霜霉威SC 600倍液次之,防效为56.96%;10%多抗霉素WP 700倍防效为51.12%。     

番茄灰霉病田间药效试验

田间药效试验表明,用40%嘧霉胺(施灰乐)SC 1500倍液、30%福美双·嘧霉胺(创灰)WP 800倍液、50%异菌脲WP 800倍液、50%异菌脲(秀安)WP 800倍液、70%基托布津WP 600倍液防治番茄灰霉病,以40%嘧霉胺(施灰乐)SC 1 500倍液防效最好.3次药后10 d,对叶片、果实的防效达85.60%和86.46%,药效明显优于同剂量的其他药剂.     

高脂膜在蔬菜上的应用

1、防治黄瓜霜霉病,南瓜白粉病：在发病初期,每667m^2用27％高脂膜乳剂150倍液喷雾,间隔7～14d,共喷2-3次。     

50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治葡萄霜霉病效果

用50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂800倍液、1 000倍液和1 500倍液防治葡萄霜霉病,药后14 d,对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果分别是79.24%、90.89%和91.75%,对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 000倍液对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果是64.79%。试验结果表明,50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂可有效防治葡萄霜霉病,药效明显高于对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂,建议在葡萄霜霉病发生初期用1 000倍液对叶面均匀喷雾。     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。