营养盐浓度对棕鞭藻叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度和总脂含量的影响

利用生物化学方法和叶绿素荧光动力学分析技术,研究了棕鞭藻在一次性培养过程中,不同营养盐浓度(f/4、f/2、f、2f、4f)对其叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、细胞密度、单位体积干质量、总脂含量和总脂收获量的影响。试验结果表明,营养盐浓度为2f时,该藻的最终细胞密度、叶绿素含量、单位体积干质量、总脂含量和总脂收获量均显著高于其他各处理组,由此可以看出,在本试验条件下,最适合棕鞭藻生长和油脂积累的营养盐浓度是2f。不同营养盐浓度对棕鞭藻的叶绿素荧光参数有显著影响,培养6～10d,f/4处理组的叶绿素荧光参数(光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转换效率;光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性;光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率;相对电子传递效率和光化学淬灭)最低,其次为f/2处理组(P0.05)。培养7～10d,2f处理组的光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率、相对电子传递效率和光化学淬灭显著高于其他处理组(P0.05)。培养结束时(第10d),各处理组细胞密度和总脂含量依次为:2f4fff/2f/4。相关性分析结果表明,营养盐浓度为f/4～2f时,棕鞭藻的细胞密度、叶绿素含量、单位体积干质量和总脂含量与营养盐浓度均呈显著的正相关;营养盐浓度为2f～4f时,上述各值与营养盐浓度则均呈显著的负相关。     

Influence of oral administration of estradiol-17β and testosterone on growth,digestion, food conversion and metabolism in the underyearling red sea bream,Chrysophrys major

Estradiol-17 (E2) administered in the diet to the red sea bream Chrysophrys major did not affect appetite, food conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate. Serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, vitellogenin, -amino acids, total lipid, free fatty acids, cholesterol and calcium were elevated. The hepatosomatic index was also increased. Activities of hepatic enzymes including lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase were higher than found in untreated control fish. Intestinal activity of leucine aminopeptidase was augmented. However, there were no changes in muscle water, protein, lipid and glycogen content. In contrast, testosterone (T) given by the same route increased appetite, food conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate. There were no alterations in serum protein and calcium concentrations but serum glucose, ammonia and triglyceride levels were elevated. Hepatic glycogen content was increased. The activities of hepatic fructose- 1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen synthetase and intestinal activities of alkaline phosphatase and -glutamyltransferase were higher than noted on control fish. The results reveal that estradiol-17 and testosterone exerted different metabolic effects in the red sea bream and they suggest that testosterone exerts its anabolic actions by increasing appetite, food conversion efficiency and activities of digestive enzymes.     

锰、铜、锌和铁离子对抑食金球藻生长的影响

研究了不同质量浓度锰离子、铜离子、锌离子和铁离子对抑食金球藻细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量的影响,试验结果表明,当锰离子、铜离子和铁离子质量浓度分别为0～25μg/L、0～5μg/L和0～12 500μg/L时,抑食金球藻的细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量均随质量浓度的升高而增加,随着3种重金属离子质量浓度的继续升高,抑食金球藻生长受到不同程度的抑制。不同质量浓度锌离子对抑食金球藻生长均产生抑制作用。选取锰离子、铜离子和铁离子进行正交试验,分析其综合效应。试验结果显示,3种重金属离子对抑食金球藻细胞密度影响程度为铁>铜>锰。对抑食金球藻细胞密度影响最大的组合为62 500μg/L铁离子、1μg/L铜离子和5μg/L锰离子,但铜离子和锰离子所对应的细胞密度的■值间差异不显著(P>0.05)。分析抑食金球藻细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量与3种重金属离子吸收量的相关性得出,铁离子与上述参数均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.745、0.577和0.870;铜离子和锰离子吸收量与上述3个参数相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。因此,铁离子是影响抑食金球藻生长最大的因素。     

温度对小新月菱形藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

以小新月菱形藻为试验材料,研究了其在一次性培养过程中,不同温度(5~30℃)对其叶绿素荧光参数[光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率(ΦPSⅡ)、相对光合电子传递效率(rETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)]、叶绿素相对含量以及细胞密度的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,温度对小新月菱形藻各叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。多重比较结果表明,接种后1~2 d,20℃处理组的主要荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、rETR、ΦPSⅡ)显著高于其他处理组。30℃的处理组的上述荧光参数从第1 d开始均显著低于其他处理组。20℃处理组的细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均显著高于其他处理组。在本试验条件下,适宜小新月菱形藻生长的温度为10~25℃,最适温度为20℃。相关性分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,小新月菱形藻的叶绿素相对含量和细胞密度之间存在显著的正相关。     

Calcium currents and exocytosis in single isolated pars intermedia cells from tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

The role of calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium ion channels in the exocytotic response of single isolated pars intermedia cells from the teleost tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was investigated by means of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and high resolution electrical measurements. Calcium currents differed from barium currents in several ways: the peak I_Ca was smaller, the current-voltage relationship for calcium attained its maximum at +10 mV instead of 0 mV, and the inward calcium current inactivated more rapidly. Electron micrographs showed that pars intermedia cells possess dense, encored vesicles with an average diameter of 140 nm. Influx of calcium resulted in an increased cell membrane capacitance (C_m) after the depolarizing period, indicating a fast exocytotic response. Comparison with late recordings revealed the presence of a transient in C_m, presumably attributable to movement of ion channel gates. The average increase in C_m was 13.4 fF, suggesting the fusion of at least 23 vesicles with the plasma membrane during the depolarizing pulse. In contrast to calcium, barium did not support significant exocytosis. We conclude that calcium entry through voltage-dependent calcium channels rapidly leads to the exocytosis of secretory vesicles from tilapia pars intermedia cells.     

Ni^2+对钝顶螺旋藻生长及藻胆蛋白含量的影响

为研究Ni^2+对螺旋藻生长的影响,采用室内培养法,在培养液中添加不同质量浓度的Ni^2+,对螺旋藻的生长曲线、生物量、吸收光谱以及藻胆蛋白含量进行了测定和分析。试验结果显示,当Ni^2+质量浓度为0~0.5μg/mL时,随着质量浓度的增加,藻胆蛋白含量增加,螺旋藻生长加快,累积的螺旋藻生物量增加;0.5μg/mL的Ni^2+对螺旋藻生长、生物量累积和藻胆蛋白含量具有最大促进作用;0.5μg/mL的Ni^2+处理,导致螺旋藻叶绿素a在蓝紫光区的吸收光谱发生明显变化,440 nm的吸收峰消失,而在430 nm和450 nm处分别出现一个吸收峰;Ni^2+对藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白的吸收光谱没有显著影响。当Ni^2+质量浓度达到1.0μg/mL时,螺旋藻仍能正常生长。试验结果表明,0.5μg/mL的微量Ni^2+通过改变螺旋藻叶绿素a在蓝紫光区的吸收光谱,提高藻胆蛋白含量,从而促进螺旋藻的生长和生物量的累积,是促进螺旋藻生长的最佳Ni^2+质量浓度,为降低螺旋藻生产成本,以及利用螺旋藻治理水体镍污染提供科学依据。     

氮浓度对海绿球藻生长及总脂含量的影响

用叶绿素荧光分析技术和生物化学方法,研究了不同氮浓度[0.22、0.44、0.66、0.88mmol/L(对照组)]对海绿球藻叶绿素荧光特性、细胞密度、叶绿素含量、相对生长率、干质量、总脂含量及总脂产率的影响。试验结果表明,第4～7d,0.22mmol/L处理组的主要荧光参数(光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转换效率Fv/Fm,光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性Fv/Fo,相对电子传递效率rETR,光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ)显著低于其他处理组。该藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a、b含量、相对生长率及干质量随起始氮浓度的增加而增加,0.22mmol/L处理组上述各项值最低,0.88mmol/L对照组上述各项值最高,其细胞密度、相对生长率和干质量分别为16.37×106个/ml,0.56、0.48g/L。0.22mmol/L处理组总脂含量(占干质量的41.84%)显著高于其他处理组,而对照组总脂含量仅为35.16%。总脂产率与起始氮浓度成正相关,0.22mmol/L处理组最低,仅为0.0095g/(L.d),而0.88mmol/L对照组总脂产率最高,为0.0189g/(L.d)。研究结果表明,氮浓度为0.22mmol/L最适合海绿球藻油脂的积累;氮浓度为0.88mmol/L最适合海绿球藻的生长。     

The effects of epibionts and predators on the growth and mortality rates of Argopecten purpuratus cultures in southern Chile

Epibiont and predator effects on the growth and mortality of the northern scallop Argopecten purpuratus were evaluated in cultures in southern Chile.The most common epibionts were bryozoans, hydrozoans and algae in both study sites, Metri Bay (41°36; 72°43W) and Chidhuapi Channel (41°49S; 73°05W).After 12 months of culture in pearl nets and lantern nets, the scallops size did not show statistically significant differences in cultures with and without epibionts in both study sites nor were there differences in the growth either with or without the presence of predators (decapod crustaceans). The growth rate was higher in Chidhuapi Channel than in Metri Bay.Mortality was concentrated in the initial phase of culture in pearl nets. During the culture phase in lantern nets, the mortality rate was lower than 3%. The mortality rate in scallops with epibionts was higher than when these were removed in the culture phase in pearl nets. In Metri Bay the mortality rate with predators was higher than without predators. Epibionts and predators did not affect mortality in the culture phase in lantern nets.Epibionts and predation are important factors in the early mortality of scallops and therefore in the success of culture. Epibiosis, however, is not important in scallop growth in southern Chile. This is related to the composition of the epibionts and to the low temperatures which probably limit the growth of algae and invertebrates.     

Calcium content in pond sediment and its effect on neutralizing capacity of water and fish production

This paper deals with the assessment of the available insoluble calcium compounds in pond sediment and their conversion into soluble bicarbonate; its impact on the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) or alkalinity of water and the influence of bioturbation by fish stock. The objective of the study was the assessment of the influence of different Ca contents in pond sediments of two groups of ponds: LCa (with a low content of available Ca) and HCa (with a high content of available calcium) on acid neutralizing capacity of water, conductivity and pH. In our experiments, the turbidity of water, content of chlorophyll, nutrients and natural gain of fish in general have been observed as well. The results revealed that ponds with a higher content of calcium with a mean concentration of 27.45 ± 7.9 mmol Ca/kg in dry matter reported a higher ANC (alkalinity; mean value of 2.31 ± 0.33 mmol/l); pH with smaller fluctuations (7.69 ± 0.37; p < 0.05) and higher average values of turbidity (30.9 ± 17.4 NTU) and conductivity of water (291 ± 40.5 μS/cm^?1; p < 0.01). Tight relations of the content of Ca in sediments and acid neutralizing capacity, conductivity and water pH during the growing season have been proven. The natural gain of fish was higher in the ponds with a higher content of available Ca in the sediment and a higher value of acid neutralizing capacity of water. The natural gain of fish was positively influenced also by a higher content of nutrients and chlorophyll, which was observed particularly in HCa ponds.     

Changes in fatty acids profile,monosaccharide profile and protein content during batch growth of Isochrysis galbana (T.iso)

To investigate the nutritional value of the marine micro‐alga Isochrysis galbana Tahitian Isochrysis strain (T.iso) as an alternative feed for aquaculture during culture age, its biochemical composition was studied under autotrophic and controlled culture conditions at different growth stages: exponential phase, early and late stationary phases and decay phase. Analysis showed that C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:4 (n‐3) and C22:6 (n‐3) were the most abundant fatty acids in this alga at different growth stages. The highest values of monounsaturated fatty acids were recorded at the late stationary and the decay phases. However, the highest levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed at the early stationary phase. At all growth stages, I. galbana (T.iso) contained arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose. Glucose represented the main sugar, and its content per dry alga biomass weight increased with increasing age of the culture and reached about fourfold in the decay phase. The maximum protein content was also observed during this last phase.     

Effect of different light regimes on the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-ISO)

The culture of Isochrysis aff. galbana Green (T-ISO) in hatcheries is promoted for its high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content which favours the successful rearing of aquatic larvae. In this paper we identified the need for well-defined culture conditions of microalgae if sufficient DHA content is the final goal. Using photoperiods of 24:0 h, 12:12 h, and 16:8 h L/D combined with photon flux densities (PFDs) of 110, 220, and 460E m-2 s-1, batch cultures of T-ISO were sampled for DHA content in the exponential as well as the post-exponential (light limited) growth phase. The various light regimes resulted in differences of DHA content of T-ISO revealing influences and strong interactions among the three variables studied. For fast and economic production of T-ISO cells rich in DHA it is recommended to harvest batch cultures at the end of the exponential phase using high photon flux densities (PFDs) under 12:12 h L/D cycles. The same regime or lower PFD under 24:0 h L/D seem to be sufficient for a continuous culture optimization scheme. In any case a strict following of culture protocols is very important since there is evidence for coexistence of different clones within the parental cultures leading to different results depending on which one prevails.     

光照对纤细裸藻生长及光合色素含量影响的研究

为探讨光照对纤细裸藻的生长以及光合色素含量的影响,将纤细裸藻分别置于不同光照度(0、1500、3000、4500、6000 lx)、光照周期(16L:8D、14L:10D、12L:12D、10L:14D、8L:16D)、光质(绿光495～530 nm、蓝光450～480 nm、红光615～650 nm、白光450～46...     

Use of Chlorella vulgaris as a carotenoid source for rainbow trout: effect of dietary lipid content on pigmentation, digestibility and retention in the muscle tissue

Apparent digestibility, deposition and retention of carotenoids in the muscle of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were investigated comparing the feeding of pigments from Chlorella vulgaris against commercially available pigments at two different total lipid contents (15% and 20% lipid). Algal biomass (ALG) was included in rainbow trout diets and muscle pigmentation was compared to that obtained in trout fed diets containing a 5:3 mixture of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin (MIX) (reflecting the relative concentrations of these carotenoids in the dry alga) or those fed a diet containing astaxanthin only (AST). Apparent digestibilities of pigments and nutrients were determined by the indirect method, using Cr2 O3 as indicator, and the colour intensity and pigment concentration were assessed in the muscle, using the Roche colour card for salmonids and UV-vis spectrophotometry. After 6 weeks feeding, colour intensity was similar for the various pigment sources, achieving levels 12 to 13, yet significantly higher in fish fed the diet with the higher lipid content ( 20%) (p<0.05). Pigment concentration in the muscle was also higher in the fish fed the high-fat diet. Muscle pigment concentrations were similar for fish fed diets ALG and MIX, and over 1.5 times higher than for diet AST (p<0.05) after 6 weeks. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, total energy and specific carotenoid concentrations were also measured. Increased dietary fat content was shown to increase the deposition and the retention of carotenoids in muscle, and the difference increased with time (deposition increase of 10–20% at week 3 and 30–40% at week 6 and retention increase of 10–15% at week 3 and 30% at week 6). Pigment digestibility also apparently increases (10–20%) under those conditions despite the fact that no significant effects in terms of apparent digestibility increase were found for dry matter, protein, lipids or energy. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Contribution of microorganisms to the biofilm nutritional quality: protein and lipid contents

The nutritional quality of biofilm, a microbial community associated to an organic matrix, was evaluated in artificial substrate (polyethylene screen) in net cages during 30 days in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Southern Brazil. During this period, samples of biofilm were collected each 5 days for analysis of chlorophyll a, microorganisms abundance, dry weight, protein and lipid contents. During the study, chlorophyll a varied from 0.38 to 2.75 μg cm^?2; dry weight between 7.16 and 17.63 mg cm^?2; protein content from 0.43 to 1.76 mg cm^?2 and lipid concentration between 1.21 and 4.23 mg cm^?2. The variation of lipid in the biofilm was closely related to the abundance of free heterotrophic bacteria (34.25–56.54 × 10⁶ cells cm^?2), filamentous cyanobacteria (7.5–15.9 × 10⁶ filaments cm^?2), flagellates (6.92–12.89 × 10⁶ cells cm^?2) and mainly nematodes (29–1,414 organisms cm^?2), while protein content varied similarly to the abundance of unicellular centric diatoms (52.10–179.81 × 10³ cells cm^?2), and nematodes. This information will allow a better management of food supply to raised aquatic organism with the utilization of natural productivity in the culture systems, with considerable decrease in production costs.     

Thyroid hormones down-regulate thyrotropin β mRNA level in vivo in the turbot (Psetta maxima)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a vertebrate pituitary heterodimeric hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4. We report here the cloning, by PCR on reverse-transcribed pituitary RNAs, of a 180 bp fragment of the cDNA encoding TSH subunit in the turbot (Psetta maxima). The deduced amino acid sequence displayed 66 and 75% identity with the corresponding sequence from the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the rainbow trout (Oncorchyncus mykiss), respectively. This cDNA was then used as a probe for densitometric analysis of individual pituitary Northern blots. TSH mRNA levels were quantified in turbot where circulating thyroid hormones were modified by dietary treatments or hormone supplementation. Recombinant rainbow trout growth hormone had no effect on circulating thyroid hormone levels or on pituitary TSH mRNA level. In turbot fed heat-treated rapeseed meal, plasma T4 levels were lowered and TSH mRNA increased more than two fold. In contrast, when turbot were fed a standard fish-meal supplemented with T3, circulating T3 levels were elevated and there was a dramatic decrease in TSH mRNA level. It is concluded that both thyroid hormones are able to down-regulate TSH mRNA level in vivo in the turbot. These results are discussed in the context of the evolution of the TH feed-back on TSH production.     

Effects of culture conditions on larval growth and survival of stalked barnacles (Pollicipes pollicipes)

Pollicipes pollicipes (Crustacea: Scalpelliformes) is a highly prized food in Portugal and Spain and consequently a species of considerable interest to aquaculture. Surprisingly, however, larval culture conditions for this barnacle have not been optimized. This study investigated the effects of temperature, diet, photoperiod and salinity on the growth and survival of P. pollicipes larvae. Temperature had a significant effect on specific growth rate (2.6–5.9% total width per day, from 11 to 24°C), reducing mean development time to the cyprid from 25 days at 11 °C to 10 days at 24°C, although this was accompanied by a significant increase in mortality to over 90% above 22°C. Mid‐range temperatures (15–20°C) maximized total survival (19–31% respectively). Algal diets of Tetraselmis suecica, T. suecica/Skeletonema marinoi and S. marinoi/Isochrysis galbana did not affect specific growth rate significantly, but survival (on average 39% in 15 days) and the proportion of high‐quality healthy cyprids was significantly higher on the latter two diets (11–15% of initial number of larvae). Photoperiod did not significantly affect the survival, although specific growth rate was significantly higher at 24:0 and 16:8 L:D. Salinity (20–40 g L^?1 range) did not affect growth and survival significantly. The best growth and survival were accomplished using rearing temperatures of 15–20°C, daily feeding with T. suecica/S. marinoi or I. galbana/S. marinoi and a photoperiod of 24:0 L:D.     

Protein, carbohydrate, lipid and chlorophyll a content in Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) cultured with a low cost alternative to the f/2 medium

Growth, proximate composition and chlorophyll a content was estimated in static cultures of Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) to compare the quality and quantity of the biomass produced with an agricultural fertilizer medium versus f/2 medium. Culture of microalgae was done with controlled temperature, air flux of 4.5 l min⁻¹, salinity of 33‰ and an irradiance of 110±3 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Daily samples from the cultures were taken to estimate cellular density, proximate composition and chlorophyll a content during 7 days. Mean cellular density from samples with f/2 medium and with agricultural fertilizer were similar (no significance at P≤0.05), and mean growth rates of 0.62 and 0.61 doubling per day, respectively. Maximum similar values of protein content of 7.3 and 7.6 pg per cell were estimated on the 5th day in f/2 and agricultural fertilizer medium, respectively. Carbohydrate and lipid content decreased during the first 5 days corresponding to the exponential growth in both experiments. Higher content of carbohydrate (no significance at P≤0.05) was found in both media during the first 2 days, after 4 days the carbohydrates reduced three times theirs concentrations. Generally lipid contents in the cultures with agricultural fertilizer were significantly higher (P≤0.05) than f/2 medium. The chlorophyll a content increased exponentially during the culture, and its concentration was similar in both experiments. In conclusion, the cellular density and the biochemical constituents were similar when using either media. This fertilizer can be used in the production of I. galbana (T-Iso) employed in aquaculture.     

Biomass production and biochemical composition in mass cultures of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana Parke at varying nutrient concentrations

Mass cultures of Isochrysis galbana were carried out with four nutrient concentrations ranging from 2 to 16 mM of NaNO₃ and salinity 35‰. An air flow of 15 l/min maintained a CO₂ transference rate sufficient to keep the pH below 8.4. Using these conditions, equations were calculated by a multiple non-linear least squares regression of order four, enabling predictions to be made of growth kinetics and chemical composition.Maximum cellular density of 65.5 × 10⁶ cells/ml was obtained with 4 mM NaNO₃. Cellular volume was constant in the different nutrient concentrations.Protein content reached a maximum value of 374 μg/ml at 4 mM of NaNO₃, and this concentration also presented the maximum efficiency of transformation from nitrate to protein, i.e. 114%. As a result, lowest costs for harvesting are obtained at a nutrient concentration of 4 mM NaNO₃. Efficiencies decreased to 15% as nutrient concentration increased.Maximum values of chlorophyll a (21.9 μg/ml) and carbohydrates (213 μg/ml) were also obtained with 4 mM NaNO₃. In the logarithmic phase, the contents of protein, chlorophyll a, carbohydrates, RNA and DNA per cell were constant. Chlorophyll a reached values between 0.15 and 0.33 pg/cell in the stationary phase. Carbohydrate levels reached the maximum value of 3.16 pg/cell with 4 mM NaNO₃ in the stationary phase. The levels of RNA/cell and DNA/cell were constant in all the nutrient concentrations tested and in both growth phases, and ranged from 1.15 to 1.71 pg/cell for RNA and from 0.006 to 0.014 pg/cell for DNA.Growth in mass cultures is closely coupled to changes in nutrient concentrations and variations occur in protein, chlorophyll a and carbohydrate contents, showing differences of 177%, 220% and 136%, respectively, in the stationary phase. This biochemical variability, mainly in protein content, must have a marked effect on the nutritive value of this microalga as a feed in mariculture.