氮素对高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片光合功能的影响

为探讨高大气CO₂浓度下植物光合作用适应现象的光合能量转化和分配的氮素响应及其对C₃植物光合功能的影响,本试验对盆栽小麦进行2个大气CO₂浓度和2个氮水平的组合处理,通过测定小麦光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量等指标,研究施氮对高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高后,低氮处理小麦叶片光合速率发生明显的适应性下调,光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)下降;但高氮叶片则无明显的光合作用适应现象发生。高大气CO₂浓度下低氮叶片光化学速率、PSII线性电子传递速率(J_F)、光合电子流的光化学传递速率(J_C)、Rubisco羧化速率(V_C)和TPU下降,并随生育时期推进其下降趋势更为明显,但高氮叶片的上述参数无显著变化;小麦叶片J_C/J_F、V_C/J_C和V₀ /V_C随氮素水平和大气CO₂浓度的变化无显著变化,表明施氮能提高光合机构对光合能量的传递速率,但对光合能量的分配方向无明显影响。施氮提高小麦叶片氮素和叶绿素含量,并且使高大气CO₂浓度下光合氮素利用效率(NUE)明显增加。大气CO₂浓度升高后,施氮增强光合机构的光合能量运转速率,同化力提高,无明显的光合作用适应现象;由于氮素水平与大气CO₂浓度对小麦叶片的光合能量利用存在明显的交互作用,而且高大气CO₂浓度下施氮使得小麦叶片NUE增加、正常大气CO₂浓度下降低,证明高大气CO₂浓度下施氮对光合作用具有直接的影响。     

CO2浓度升高条件下不同氮素水平对小叶章光合特性和生长的影响

为阐明大气CO₂浓度升高和不同氮素水平对湿地植物光合生理特性和生长的影响,本研究以三江平原湿地优势植物小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)为研究对象,通过野外原位控制试验,利用开顶式气室(OTC)模拟环境大气CO₂浓度变化,设置E₀(380 ±20 µmol/mol)、E₁(550 ±20 μmol/mol)和E₂(700 ± 20 μmol/mol)3个CO₂浓度;在每个OTC内设置 N₀(0 g N/m²)、N₁(4 g N/m²)和N₂(8 g N/m²)3个氮素水平。结果表明,N₀条件下,与E₀处理相比,E₁和E₂处理（72 天）后小叶章叶片净光合速率分别降低11%和12%(P<0.05),其叶片可溶性蛋白含量、氮素含量（CO₂熏蒸72 天）、小叶章株高（CO₂熏蒸86 天）均显著低于E₀处理(P<0.05);N₁条件下,与E₀处理相比,E₁和E₂处理（72 天）后小叶章叶片净光合速率降低5%(P>0.05)和10%(P<0.05),其叶片氮素含量(P<0.05)、小叶章株高均低于E₀处理;N₂条件下,E₁和E₂处理（72 天）小叶章净光合速率均呈稍增加的趋势(P>0.05),其叶片可溶性蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05),氮素含量和小叶章株高无显著变化(P>0.05)。N₀、N₁和N₂条件下,CO₂浓度升高均显著增加了小叶章叶片可溶性糖含量。本研究表明长期CO₂浓度升高可能通过降低小叶章叶片光合酶活性,进而降低了其净光合速率,而施加高浓度的氮肥可以缓解长期高CO₂浓度对湿地植物光合及生长的负面影响。     

施氮量对滴灌春小麦叶片光合生理性状的影响

在北疆气候条件下,为明确不同氮肥施用量对滴灌春小麦叶片光合特性与同化物累积的调控效应,以强筋小麦新春37号(XC37)、中筋小麦新春6号(XC6)为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,在CK1 (300 kg hm^–2)、A1 (255 kg hm^–2)、B1 (210 kg hm^–2)、CK2 (0 kg hm^–2)施氮水平下,研究施氮量对小麦叶片光合关键酶活性、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、干物质累积分配、产量及氮肥利用率(NUE)的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,光合关键酶活性、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、地上部干物质累积(SDM)、穗重(SPDM)及产量均呈先升后降的趋势。其中以A1处理表现出高的Ru BPC酶活性、PEPC酶活性、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、SDM、SPDM、产量和NUE,比其余处理高出10.51%～30.45%,7.05%～64...     

糜子/绿豆间作模式下施氮量对绿豆叶片光合特性及产量的影响

探讨施氮量对间作条件下绿豆叶片光合特性、氮素特征及产量的影响,以期为西北旱区糜子//绿豆间作模式的合理施氮提供理论依据。试验于2018-2019年在陕西榆林采用裂区设计,主处理设糜子间作绿豆(PM)、绿豆单作(SM)2种种植模式,副处理设0(N0)、45(N1)、90(N2)和135 kg hm^-2(N3)4个氮肥水平。结果表明,施氮处理下间作绿豆叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(T_r)比不施氮平均增加10.5%~24.5%、15.2%~29.5%,提高了叶片光合特性;PSII最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSII实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)平均增加2.9%~7.8%、11.7%~28.4%,PSII非光化学淬灭系数(non-photochemical quenching coefficient,NPQ)降低10.3%~17.4%,叶片叶绿素荧光参数得到改善,对弱光的截获和利用能力提高,叶片PSII反应中心活性增强。单株叶面积、单位干质量叶片氮含量(N_mass)和单位面积氮含量(N_area)均随施氮量增加表现为先升高后降低的趋势;Chl a、Chl b含量增加,光合氮利用效率(photosynthetic N-use efficiency,PNUE)则比不施氮有所降低;不同施氮量均显著增加间作绿豆干物质积累量和荚数,百粒重2年平均分别比不施氮增加1.1%~6.9%,产量增加9.3%~19.7%。2年试验间作各处理土地当量比(land equivalent ratio,LER)为1.63~2.07,表现为间作产量优势。由此可知,施氮可改善间作绿豆叶片光合物质生产能力,延缓衰老,有效调节了光合系统对遮阴的适应性反应,且间作叶片光合性能对氮肥的响应要大于单作。糜子/绿豆间作模式LER大于1,可作为西北旱作农业区推广种植模式,在90 kg hm^?2施氮量下间作绿豆叶片光合特性表现最好,产量最高,LER最大,是其适宜施氮水平。     

局部根区灌溉对裸燕麦光合特征曲线及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨局部根区不同灌溉方式下裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)光合能力下降的生理机制,采用盆栽及渗水盘供水方法,比较了交替根区灌溉(APRI)、固定根区灌溉(FPRI)和常规灌溉(CTRI)下,裸燕麦旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、光合特征曲线及叶绿素荧光动力学特性的差异。与CTRI处理相比,局部根区灌溉(包括APRI和FPRI处理)降低了叶片SPAD值、净光合速率(P_n)和初始羧化速率(CE),但APRI处理未明显降低初始量子效率(α)、PSII最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSII实际光化学效率(Ф_PSII)、电子传递效率(ETR)和光化学效率 (q_P)。在2种局部根区灌溉模式中,APRI较FPRI显著提高了叶片SPAD值(P<0.05),而且APRI的叶片最大净光合速率(P_max)、α、光饱和点(LSP)、光能利用率(LUE)、C_i/C_a、CE、CO₂饱和点(C_i,sat)、初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光(F_m)、Ф_PSII、ETR、q_P和非光化学效率(NPQ)均高于FPRI。APRI和FPRI的光合速率降低与气孔因素有关,FPRI光合速率降低还与PSII结构损伤有关;局部根区灌溉提高了裸燕麦干旱胁迫逆境下的耐受能力,APRI有利于保持更高的光合速率。     

作物对大气CO2浓度升高生理响应研究进展

全球大气二氧化碳(CO₂)浓度不断升高对农业生产带来巨大影响。二氧化碳是作物光合作用的底物,其浓度的升高理论上有利于作物光合作用能力的提高,从而促进作物生物量和产量的形成。但已有研究表明,大气CO₂浓度升高对作物产量的促进作用小于预期,同时还存在使作物营养品质变劣的风险,相关机制尚不清楚。为此,本文从植物(作物)叶片对CO₂的吸收和固定生理基础入手,综述了不同类型作物关键光合生理指标如:净光合速率、叶片胞间CO₂浓度、Rubisco酶最大羧化速率及Rubp再生速率等对大气CO₂浓度的响应差异。以作物整株水平碳-氮代谢平衡为基础,总结了解释光合适应现象的2种主要假说,即"源-库"调节机制和N素抑制机制。综述了大气CO₂浓度升高对不同作物籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、矿质元素和维生素等关键营养指标浓度的影响。分析了未来大气CO₂浓度和温度升高的交互作用对作物生产所带来的潜在影响。展望了本领域未来需要关注的主要研究方向。该综述可以为准确评估未来气候条件...     

增施CO2对马铃薯植株光合特性及产量的影响

为检验增施CO₂对马铃薯组培苗植株光合特性及微型薯产量的影响,选用马铃薯品种夏坡蒂组培苗为试验材料,于2015年在温室条件下进行了两批次试验。结果表明,增加CO₂浓度可显著增加植株的叶面积、叶片净光合速率和胞间CO₂浓度,且CO₂ 750μmol/mol处理>550μmol/mol处理>CK（空气）,但增加CO₂浓度降低了马铃薯植株叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率。结果还表明,增施CO₂增加了马铃薯单株结薯数、单个薯重和单株产量,其增幅随CO₂量的增加而增加。上述结果充分证明在温室条件下增施CO₂对加速马铃薯微型薯的繁育有积极作用。     

不同氮素形态配比对饲料桑幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性和能量分配的影响

为研究饲料桑‘青龙’幼苗叶片光合电子传递和分配对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N不同形态氮配比的响应,以不同氮素形态配比为处理手段,通过测定饲料桑‘青龙’幼苗叶片的净光合速率响应曲线、以及荧光参数来测算光合电子传递速率和分配去向。结果表明,正常大气CO₂浓度[380 μmol/(m²·s)]处理下,饲料桑‘青龙’幼苗叶片较多的激发能以热量的形式耗散,n(NH₄⁺-N):n(NO₃^--N)为75:25至50:50时可使更多的激发能向光化学反应方向的分配,降低光合能量的热耗散速率,NO₃^--N浓度增加使激发能以热量的形式耗散增加;n(NH₄⁺-N):n(NO₃^--N)为100:0时饲料桑‘青龙’幼苗叶片参与光呼吸的非环式电子流速率(J₀)最高,随着n(NH₄⁺-N):n(NO₃^--N)为75:25时饲料桑‘青龙’幼苗叶片参与碳同化的非环式电子流速率J_c也升至最高。n(NH₄⁺-N):n(NO₃^--N)为50:50时激发能分配不平衡性系数(β/α-1)下降至最低,激发能分配系数达到平衡。荧光量子产额和热耗散的量子产额(Ф_f,D) n(NH₄⁺-N):n(NO₃^--N)为50:50至25:75范围时用于光化学反应的量子产额(Ф_PSⅡ)所占比例最高,依赖于类囊体膜两侧质子梯度和叶黄素循环的量子产额(Ф_NPQ)所占比例最低。该结果为探讨饲料桑‘青龙’幼苗光合作用电子流流向和激发能分配对不同氮素形态配比的响应规律,为饲料桑栽培中进行合理的苗期氮肥实施提供基础数据。     

施氮量和种植密度对稻茬晚播小麦干物质积累及光合特性的影响

旨在为稻茬晚播小麦高产高效栽培提供理论依据,在大田试验条件下,研究了施氮量(0,150,225 kg/hm²)和种植密度(150×10⁴,225×10⁴,300×10⁴株/hm²)对稻茬晚播小麦旗叶光合特性及干物质积累转运的影响。研究结果表明,全生育期干物质积累量和叶面积指数(LAI)均随施氮量和种植密度的增加而增加,但拔节后干物质积累比例则随种植密度增加而降低。花后干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量均随施氮量的增加而增加,随种植密度的增加呈先增后降的变化特点。不同处理干物质转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率(CDMRG)平均约为40%,干物质转运效率(DMRE)平均约为26%;CDMRG和DMRE均随施氮量的增加而下降,随种植密度的增加亦呈先升后降的变化趋势。旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)均随施氮量的增加而升高,随种植密度的增加而降低,胞间CO_...     

甘蓝型油菜在不同生态区的净光合速率随外界条件变化的比较

为研究冬油菜区和春油菜区2地甘蓝型油菜的光合作用差异,以甘蓝型油菜杂交种‘秦杂油3号’为材料,比较了不同光强、CO₂浓度和温度条件下2个生态区净光合速率的差别。结果显示：不同生态区甘蓝型油菜净光合速率随光强、CO₂浓度和温度变化规律基本相同;春油菜区叶片的光饱和点和光量子效率高于冬油菜区,而光补偿点、光呼吸速率和饱和光强下净光合速率比冬油菜区低;春油菜区叶片的羧化效率比冬油菜区高,而CO₂饱和点和饱和CO₂浓度下净光合速率则比冬油菜区低,两者的CO₂补偿点无显著差异;春油菜区进行光合反应的适合温度范围比冬油菜区宽,在最佳温度下春油菜区的净光合速率低于冬油菜区。结果表明春油菜区叶片的光合能力要强于冬油菜区,对环境的适应性较强。     

Assessing the impact of increasing carbon dioxide and temperature on crop-weed interactions for tomato and a C3 and C4 weed species

Based on the carboxylation kinetics of the C₃ and C₄ photosynthetic pathway, it is anticipated that C₃ crops may be favored over C₄ weeds as atmospheric CO₂ increases. In the current study, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), a C₃ crop species, was grown at ambient (~400 μmol mol⁻¹) and enhanced carbon dioxide (~800 μmol mol⁻¹) with and without two common weeds, lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), a C₃ weed, and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), a C₄ weed, from seedling emergence until mutual shading of crop-weed leaves. Because growth temperature is also likely to change in concert with rising CO₂, the experiment was repeated at day/night temperatures of 21/12 and 26/18 °C. For both day/night temperatures, elevated CO₂ exacerbated weed competition from both the C₃ and C₄ weed species. A model based on relative leaf area following emergence was used to calculate potential crop losses from weeds. This analysis indicated that potential crop losses increased from 33 to 55% and from 32 to 61% at the 21/12 and 26/18 °C day/night temperatures, for ambient and elevated CO₂, respectively. For the current study, reductions in biomass and projected yield of tomato appeared independent of the photosynthetic pathway of the competing weed species. This may be due to inherent variation and overlap in the growth response of C₃ and C₄ species, whether weeds or crops, to increasing CO₂ concentration. Overall, these results suggest that as atmospheric CO₂ and/or temperature increases, other biological interactions, in addition to photosynthetic pathway, deserve additional consideration in predicting competitive outcomes between weeds and crops.     

Effect of Phosphorus Nutrition on Growth and Physiology of Cotton Under Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide

Phosphorous deficiency in soil limits crop growth and productivity in the majority of arable lands worldwide and may moderate the growth enhancement effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. To evaluate the interactive effect of these two factors on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth and physiology, plants were grown in controlled environment growth chambers with three levels of phosphate (Pi) supply (0.20, 0.05 and 0.01 mm ) under ambient and elevated (400 and 800 μmol mol^?1, respectively) CO₂. Phosphate stress caused stunted growth and resulted in early leaf senescence with severely decreased leaf area and photosynthesis. Phosphate stress led to over 77 % reduction in total biomass across CO₂ levels. There was a below‐ground (roots) shift in biomass partitioning under Pi deficiency. While tissue phosphorus (P) decreased, tissue nitrogen (N) content tended to increase under Pi deficiency. The CO₂ × Pi interactions were significant on leaf area, photosynthesis and biomass accumulation. The stimulatory effect of elevated CO₂ on growth and photosynthesis was reduced or highly depressed suggesting an increased sensitivity of cotton to Pi deficiency under elevated CO₂. Although, tissue P and stomatal conductance were lower at elevated CO₂, these did not appear to be the main causes of cotton unresponsiveness to elevated CO₂ under severe Pi‐stress. The alteration in the uptake and utilization of N was suggested due to a consistent reduction (18–21 %) in the cotton plant tissue N content under elevated CO₂.     

1,2,4-三氯苯对2个不同耐性水稻品种光合特性与产量的影响

为明确不同类型水稻品种的响应规律,为水稻高产稳产、安全生产提供依据。在盆栽土培条件下,研究了5种1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)浓度(0、10、20、40、80 mg kg^-1土)对2个水稻品种(宁粳1号,敏感;扬辐粳8号,耐性)灌浆期剑叶光合特性与产量的影响。结果表明,TCB的影响品种间差异显著。低浓度TCB (10 mg kg^-1)下,扬辐粳8号的株高、鲜重和产量显著增加,叶绿素含量、净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率和q_N略有升高,但与对照的差异不显著,而F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o略有下降;宁粳1号的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、q_p和产量略有下降,气孔导度显著降低。在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下,宁粳1号的光合参数、产量、株高、地上部和地下部鲜重均显著降低,而扬辐粳8号略有降低,表现出较强耐性;在中高浓度TCB (40 mg kg^-1,80 mg kg^-1)处理下,2个水稻品种的光合特性、株高、鲜重和产量均受显著抑制,且以宁粳1号的降幅较大。TCB对水稻光合特性与产量的影响不仅与其浓度有关,且存在显著品种差异,耐性水稻品种表现出低浓度TCB处理对其株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量、光合特性及其产量有一定的促进作用,在中高浓度TCB处理时表现出较强的耐性,受胁迫程度小     

CO2浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦花前贮存碳氮转运的影响

为探讨大气CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦花前贮存碳氮转运的影响及氮素营养的调节作用,以小偃22和小偃6号为材料,于2007—2009连续2个生长季,利用开顶式气室进行盆栽试验,对背景CO₂浓度(375 μL L^-1)和高CO₂浓度(2007—2008年度680 μL L^-1, 2008—2009年度750 μL L^-1)条件下不同施氮处理的干物质和氮素在籽粒、花前地上部中的累积以及花后营养器官的转运进行了评价。2007—2008年度设4个施氮水平,分别是0、0.1、0.2和0.3 g kg^-1土; 2008—2009年度设3个施氮水平,分别是0、0.15和0.30 g kg^-1土。结果表明,施氮和CO₂浓度升高促进了干物质和氮素在籽粒和花前营养器官的积累,增加了花前营养器官和地上部贮存干物质和氮素向籽粒的转运量,适量施氮提高了CO₂浓度升高对花前营养器官干物质和氮素累积以及花后向籽粒转运的正向效应。与背景CO₂浓度相比,高CO₂浓度提高了花前营养器官和地上部干物质对籽粒产量的贡献率和转运率,但CO₂浓度升高对花前氮素的贡献率和转运率的影响因年份和品种而异。CO₂浓度升高后,2007—2008年度各营养器官和地上部,以及2008—2009年度茎鞘和穗的氮素贡献率和转运率均增加,但2008—2009年度2个品种叶片和地上部氮素贡献率在施氮时均显著降低,小偃22叶片和地上部氮素转运率在各施氮水平下以及小偃6号地上部氮素转运率在0.13 g kg^-1土施氮水平下均明显增加。适量施氮也在大多数情况下增强了CO₂浓度升高对营养器官干物质和氮素的贡献率和转运率的正向效应。说明CO₂浓度升高后小麦产量和氮素积累增加与其促进花前干物质和氮素积累及花后向籽粒的转运密切相关。     

玉米和高粱用于碳同化和光呼吸的电子效率估算

为了探讨C₄植物碳同化和光呼吸的电子效率,运用Li-6400光合仪同时测定玉米和高粱在30℃和380 μmol CO₂ mol^-1下叶片的气体交换和叶绿素荧光,结果表明,直角双曲线修正模型可较好地拟合所测的光响应曲线和快速光曲线,其拟合值与实测值较为一致。在此基础上算得玉米和高粱在光呼吸条件下参与碳同化的电子流分别为198.60 μmol m^-2 s^-1和178.00 μmol m^-2 s^-1,所占比率分别为75.34%和74.81%;参与光呼吸的电子流分别为7.04 μmol m^-2 s^-1和7.84 μmol m^-2 s^-1,所占比率分别为2.67%和3.29%。而根据Valentini和Epron的方法算得玉米和高粱碳同化的电子流分别为210.45 μmol m^-2 s^-1和188.54 μmol m^-2 s^-1,所占比例分别为82.68%和79.24%;参与光呼吸的电子流则分别为45.67 μmol m^-2 s^-1和49.40 μmol m^-2 s^-1,所占比率分别为17.32%和20.76%。以前法研究表明,玉米和高粱在光呼吸条件下,来自PSII的电子除流向光呼吸和碳还原外,还存在其他消耗电子的途径,证明其他消耗电子的途径并不能被忽略或其他途径所消耗电子的量并不是常数。后法过高地估算了玉米和高粱叶片中来自PSII的电子用于光呼吸的消耗量。两法的结果相差6倍左右。这对重新评估光呼吸在植物的光保护中所起的作用提供了理论依据。     

Apical Development and Growth of Barley under Different CO2 and Nitrogen Regimes

Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration have stimulated interest in the response of agricultural crops to elevated levels of CO₂. Several studies have addressed the response of C₃ cereals to CO₂, but the interactive effect of nutrient supply and CO₂ on apical development and spikelet set and survival has not been investigated thoroughly. Hence, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the effect of high (700 μmol CO₂mol^?1 air) and low (400 μmol mol^?1) levels of atmospheric CO₂ on apical development, spikelet set and abortion, and pre- and post-anthesis growth in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under high N (0.3 g N pot^?1 before sowing ?1–0.11 g N pot^?1 week^?1) and low N (0.3 g N pot^?1) regimes. The plants were grown in 5 L pots. Development of spike was hastened due to CO₂ enrichment, and the C+ plants pollinated few days earlier than the C— plants. Carbon dioxide enrichment had no effect on date of ripening. Development of spike slowed following application of extra N, and plants pollinated 10 days later and matured 2 weeks later when compared with plants under low N. Carbon dioxide enrichment did not affect the number of spikelets at anthesis. Excess N decreased spikelet abortion and the increased maximum number of spikelets under both [CO₂]. Barley plants did not tiller when grown in low [CO₂] and low N. Increased endogenous IAA concentration in those plants, recorded three days before tillers appeared in other treatments, may have contributed to this. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the C concentration of plants, but decreased the N concentration under high N regime. Both the C and N concentration of plants were increased under high N regime. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the total dry matter of mature plants by 9 % under high N regime and by 21 % under low N regime. Under high [CO₂] increased kernel number on tiller spikes, and increased kernel weight both on main stem and on tiller spikes resulted in a 23 % increase in kernel yield under low N regime and 76 % increase in kernel yield under high N regime. The rate of N application influenced growth and yield components to a greater extent than CO₂ enrichment. At maturity, plant dry matter, kernel weight, the number of kernels per spike, and the number of spikes per plant were higher under high N regime than under low N regime. Long days (16 h), low light intensity (280 μmol m^?2s^?1), and at constant temperature of 20 °C high [CO₂] increased kernel weight and the number of kernels on tiller spikes under high and low N application rate, but did not increase the number of kernels on main stem spike, or the number of tillers or tiller spikes per plant.     

Elevated CO2 increases wheat cer, leaf and tiller development, and shoot and root growth

Whole-plant responses to elevated CO₂ throughout the life cycle are needed to understand future impacts of elevated atmospheric CO₂. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. leaf carbon exchange rates (CER) and carbohydrates, growth, and development were examined at the tillering, booting, and grain-filling stages in growth chambers with CO₂ concentrations of 350 (ambient) or 700 (high) μmol mol^?1. Single-leaf CER values measured on plants grown at high CO₂ were 50% greater than those measured on plants grown at ambient CO₂ for all growth stages, with no photosynthetic acclimation observed at high CO₂. Leaves grown in high CO₂ had more starch and simple sugars at tillering and booting, and more starch at grain-filling, than those grown in ambient CO₂. CER and carbohydrate levels were positively correlated with leaf appearance rates and tillering (especially third-, fourth- and fifth-order tillers). Elevated CO₂ slightly delayed tiller appearance, but accelerated tiller development after appearance. Although high CO₂ increased leaf appearance rates, final leaf number/culm was not effected because growth stages were reached slightly sooner. Greater plant biomass was related to greater tillering. Doubling CO₂ significantly increased both shoot and root dry weight, but decreased the shoot to root ratio. High CO₂ plants had more spikes plant^?1 and spikelets spike^?1, but a similar number of fertile spikelets spike^?1. Elevated CO₂ resulted in greater shoot, root and spike production and quicker canopy development by increasing leaf and tiller appearance rates and phenology.     

甘蓝型油菜黄化突变体的光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数分析

调查油菜自发黄化突变体(NY)、野生型(NG)及其正反交后代材料(F₁和rF₁)的光合色素含量、光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及农艺性状,分析五叶期各参数的变化规律。表明,突变体叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素均大幅减少,其中叶绿素b减幅最大;净光合速率显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度升高,但气孔导度与野生型等相当,表明光合速率不受气孔限制;光补偿点和光饱和点升高,暗呼吸速率与野生型等相当,表观量子效率和光补偿点处量子效率显著降低;CO₂补偿点、光呼吸速率和羧化效率均显著降低,CO₂饱和点则显著升高;突变体的荧光参数,包括F_o、F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v'/F_m'、Φ_PSII、q_p、NPQ和ETR均显著降低,说明光合色素含量降低导致PSII反应中心捕光能力弱和光化学转化效率低,使叶片光合速率降低。突变体的黄化持续时间较长,对生长发育产生影响较大,单株籽粒产量只有野生型的57.09%,但与正常材料组配F₁的光合特性和农艺性状均能恢复到正常水平。     

Effect of free air carbon dioxide enrichment combined with two nitrogen levels on growth,yield and yield quality of sugar beet: Evidence for a sink limitation of beet growth under elevated CO2

The increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration [CO₂] has been demonstrated to stimulate the growth of C₃ crops. However, little information exists about the effect of elevated [CO₂] on biomass production of sugar beet, and data from field experiments are lacking. In this study, sugar beet was grown within a crop rotation over two rotation cycles (2001, 2004) at present and elevated [CO₂] (375 μl l^?1 and 550 μl l^?1) in a free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) system and at two levels of nitrogen supply [high (N2), and 50% of high (N1)], in Braunschweig, Germany. The objective of the present study was to determine the CO₂ effect on seasonal changes of leaf growth and on final biomass and sugar yield. Shading treatment was included to test whether sugar beet growth is sink limited under elevated [CO₂]. CO₂ elevation did not affect leaf number but increased individual leaf size in early summer resulting in a faster row closure under both N levels. In late summer CO₂ enrichment increased the fraction of senescent leaves under high but not low N supply, which contributed to a negative CO₂ effect on leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll content under high N at final harvest. Petioles contained up to 40% water-soluble carbohydrates, which were hardly affected by CO₂ but increased by N supply. More N increased biomass production by 21% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, while beet and sugar yield was not influenced. Concentration of α-amino N in the beet fresh weight was increased under low N and decreased under high N by CO₂ enrichment. The CO₂ response of total biomass, beet yield and white sugar yield was unaffected by N supply. Averaged over both N levels elevated [CO₂] increased total biomass by 7% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, and white sugar yield by 12% and 13%. The shading treatment in 2004 prevented the decrease in leaf area index under elevated [CO₂] and high N in September. Moreover, the CO₂ effect on total biomass (24%) and white sugar yield (28%) was doubled as compared to the unshaded conditions. It is concluded that the growth of the storage root of sugar beet is not source but sink limited under elevated [CO₂], which minimizes the potential CO₂ effect on photosynthesis and beet yield.