牦牛卵巢卵母细胞体外培养成熟条件的建立

研究了不同采集方法和不同培养液对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟的培养效果。结果:在牦牛乏情期,每个卵巢平均回收卵数为(9.33±4.30),可用卵数为(5.63±4.19)。将牦牛卵丘卵母细胞复合体分别置于5种成熟培养液中培养,成熟率分别为75.56%、71.11%、81.33%、77.33%和77.78%,卵裂率分别为42.22%、33.33%、49.33%、46.67%和42.22%,其中C的成熟液效果最好。来自卵巢表面卵泡的COCs的成熟率(81.33(vs69.33(,P>0.05)高于来自卵巢内卵泡的COCs,卵裂率(49.33%vs34.67%,P<0.05)显著高于来自卵巢内卵泡的COCs。来自明亮卵泡的COCs的成熟率(81.33%vs33.33%,P<0.01)和卵裂率(49.33%vs3.33%,P<0.01)极显著高于来自混浊卵泡的COCs。     

卵丘细胞对辽宁绒山羊卵母细胞体外成熟与孤雌发育的影响

为了进一步探索辽宁绒山羊卵母细胞体外成熟的方法,本试验以屠宰场绒山羊卵巢为材料,采用抽吸法收集直径大于2 mm卵泡的卵母细胞,研究卵丘细胞对卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌发育的影响。试验1,将一部分COCs经机械吹打脱除卵丘细胞成为机械裸卵(DOs),然后以4种方式培养,即COCs单独培养、DOs与COCs共培养(DOs(COCs))、DOs与卵丘颗粒细胞共培养(DOs(CCs)),以及DOs单独培养。试验2,根据包裹卵母细胞的卵丘细胞的完整性分为3组,有3层卵丘细胞紧密包围的卵母细胞复合体COCs3,有1-3层卵丘细胞包围的卵母细胞COCs1-3,无卵丘细胞包围的裸露卵母细胞NOs,3组各自单独培养。结果表明:COCs组的成熟率、孤雌卵裂率和囊胚率最高,分别为83.25%、41.75%和29.25%,卵丘细胞的存在有利于卵母细胞体外成熟和随后的发育,COCs3组成熟率、孤雌卵裂率和囊胚率分别为83.25%、42.50%和29.75%,显著高于COCs1-3和NOs组,卵丘细胞的完整性也影响着卵母细胞的体外发育,自然裸卵已失去体外发育能力。     

卵丘细胞对猪卵母细胞成熟及发育的影响

本实验旨在研究有无卵丘细胞对卵母细胞成熟及其胚胎发育能力的影响。实验分别设裸卵组、卵丘细胞与卵母细胞共培养组、卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)组(对照组),检测猪成熟卵母细胞的存活率、极体率、孤雌激活后的卵裂率、囊胚率及各组卵母细胞的谷胱甘肽合成相关基因的表达。结果表明:COCs组卵母细胞经体外培养42 h后其存活率最高(95.76%),高于裸卵组(P<0.05)和共培养组(P>0.05);COCs组第一极体排出率为71.77%,高于共培养组和裸卵组(P<0.05);COCs组在后期发育中卵裂率与囊胚率高于共培养组和裸卵组(P<0.05),而共培养组的卵裂率及囊胚率高于裸卵组(P<0.05);与COCs组相比,裸卵组显著下调了GCLM、GCLC的表达(P<0.05),共培养组中GCLM的表达与COCs组无显著差异。研究结果显示,卵丘细胞对卵母细胞的成熟及发育均有显著影响,在卵母细胞成熟过程中,卵母细胞与卵丘细胞的缝隙连接受损会对卵母细胞的成熟效率产生影响,并且在卵母细胞后期发育中,缝隙连接的完整性与否会影响后期发育能力,并可推论出随着卵丘细胞的减少和缝隙连接的破坏,会造成谷胱甘肽合成基因表达降低,从而影响卵母细胞内的谷胱甘肽合成。     

屠宰牛卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精研究

对采集到的卵巢采取抽吸法、割破法回收卵母细胞,割破法得到的A级卵母细胞显著高于抽吸法。把有黄体和无黄体的卵巢卵母细胞进行培养比较,无黄体的卵巢卵母细胞的成熟率为84．33％,显著高于有黄体卵巢卵母细胞的74．32％。本试验中卵泡卵母细胞和深层卵母细胞体外成熟率均能达到75％以上．卵巢表面卵泡卵母细胞的卵裂率为54．76％,高于深层卵母细胞的卵裂率,但二者无显著差异。IVM时添加卵丘细胞、IVC时添加输卵管上皮细胞是比较理想的培养系统。     

不同采卵方法及卵巢所处性周期阶段对绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

本试验主要从采集方法和性周期阶段2方面对绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟的影响进行了探讨。结果表明：不同采卵方法的采卵效果存在差异，卵裂率切割法显著高于抽吸法(27.9%，49.5%；P<0.05)；A、B级卵母细胞成熟率极显著高于C级(75.3%，64.4%，29.1%，P<0.01)，卵裂率A、B级均显著高于C级(42.5%，35.8%，16.0%，P<0.05)；从卵泡期和黄体期卵巢采集到的卵母细胞的体外成熟率和卵裂率分别为66.7%、62.9%；38.2%、34.4%，没有显著差异 (P>0.05)。     

6月龄和成年牦牛卵巢及卵泡发育状况研究

为了研究6月龄牦牛和成年牦牛卵巢及表面卵泡发育状况,试验比较了6月龄和成年牦牛卵巢长度、宽度、厚度、重量、卵泡数量以及卵母细胞体外成熟培养效果。结果表明:成年牦牛卵巢长度(2.29±0.43)cm、宽度(1.91±1.31)cm和厚度(1.60±1.90)cm均显著大于6月龄牦牛[(1.65±0.30)cm、(1.14±0.25)cm、(0.79±0.26)cm](P<0.05),成年牦牛卵巢体积(6.92±7.00)cm3和重量(3.19±1.58)g极显著大于6月龄牦牛体积(1.63±0.93)cm3和重量(0.87±0.44)g(P<0.01)。6月龄牦牛Ⅰ级卵泡数(14.47±8.74)枚和平均总卵泡数(15.17±8.87)枚极显著高于成年牦牛Ⅰ级卵泡数(7.97±3.72)枚和平均总卵泡数(8.98±3.87)枚(P<0.01),Ⅱ级卵泡数差异不显著(P>0.05),成年牦牛平均每头含(0.02±0.15)枚Ⅲ级卵泡,而6月龄牦牛无Ⅲ级卵泡。成年牦牛有黄体卵巢重量显著大于无黄体卵巢重量(P<0.05),有黄体卵巢含(0.06±0.24)枚Ⅲ级卵泡,而无黄体卵巢不含Ⅲ级卵泡。6月龄和成年牦牛A、B级卵母细胞体外培养成熟率分别为(81.39±3.53)%、(80.44±4.50)%,差异不显著(P>0.05),而6月龄牦牛卵巢的平均卵母细胞数和平均A、B级卵母细胞数均显著高于成年牦牛(P<0.05)。     

卵泡大小和颗粒细胞对山羊卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精的影响

用切割法采集卵泡液,收集卵丘一卵母细胞复合体（Cumulus oocytes comlexs,COCs）和自然裸卵,将部分COCs去除卵丘细胞获得机械裸卵,COCs放入体外成熟培养液中培养为成熟卵母细胞,加入获能的精子液,进行体外受精。结果表明：卵母细胞的体外成熟率和卵裂率与卵泡直径密切相关,大卵泡（80．95％,P〈0．01）和中等卵泡（75．50％,P〈0．05）的卵母细胞成熟率高于小卵泡（50．27％）;犬卯泡（53．53％）和中等卵泡（47．13％）的卵裂率显著高于小卵泡的32．26％（P〈0．05）。COCs、机械裸卵和自然裸卵的体外成熟率分别为75．0％、54．2％和10．5％,差异极显著（P〈0．01）,卵裂率分别为53．8％、10．8％和0％,差异极显著（P〈0．01）。对照组和1×10^5、1×10^6个／mL颗粒细胞组卵母细胞体外成熟率分别为68．6％、69．6％和67．8％,无显著差异（P〉0．05）,但均显著高于1×10^7个／mL（51．5％,P〈0．05）和1×10^10个／mL（35．5％,P〈0．05）颗粒细胞组,但各组间的体外受精率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结果提示,大卵泡和中卵泡的卵母细胞的体外成熟率和卵裂率显著高于小卵泡,体外成熟培养液中添加高浓度的颗粒细胞能显著抑制卵母细胞的体外成熟。     

牦牛、黄牛卵巢卵泡发育及卵母细胞体外成熟培养的比较研究

对53头成年黄牛和44头成年牦牛卵巢形态、表面卵泡数量、黄体状况以及卵母细胞体外成熟培养等进行了比对研究,探讨牦牛和黄牛卵巢的形态学差异和卵泡卵母细胞发育变化规律。结果表明,成年黄牛卵巢的体积(11.12±5.77vs.6.92±7.0)和重量(5.85±2.98vs.3.19±1.58)显著大于成年牦牛卵巢(P0.05);成年黄牛Ⅰ级卵泡数(13.04±8.12vs.7.97±3.72)、Ⅲ级卵泡数(0.42±0.52vs.0.02±0.15)、总卵泡数(14.46±8.92vs.8.98±3.87)和卵巢黄体直径(1.54±0.44vs.1.2±0.51)显著大于牦牛(P0.05);采集卵巢卵母细胞,黄牛卵母细胞数量显著多于牦牛,经体外成熟培养A级卵母细胞培养24h第一极体的排除率显著高于B级和C级卵母细胞,同一体外成熟时间和相同分级的黄牛和牦牛卵母细胞第一极体的排除率差异不显著。     

卵丘细胞对猪卵母细胞体外成熟发育及GPX3、GPX4基因表达的影响

为了深入探讨卵丘细胞对猪卵母细胞成熟和胚胎发育的影响机制,试验设置裸卵(卵母细胞)组、共培养(卵丘细胞和裸卵母细胞)组和卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)组,将3组的猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养后,检测3组猪卵母细胞的存活率、第一极体排出率、卵裂率、囊胚率等指标,及每组卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,并利用RT-qPCR技术测定了每组卵母细胞内与谷胱甘肽合成代谢相关的关键基因GPX3、GPX4的表达水平,最终从生化和分子水平揭示卵丘细胞影响猪卵母细胞成熟和胚胎发育的机制。结果表明:COCs组的存活率、第一极体排出率、卵裂率及囊胚率均显著高于裸卵组(P0.05);共培养组第一极体排出率、卵裂率和囊胚率显著低于COCs组(P0.05),但卵裂率、囊胚率显著高于裸卵组(P0.05),存活率和第一极体排出率与裸卵组差异不显著(P0.05);共培养组卵母细胞谷胱甘肽含量显著低于COCs组(P0.05),但GPX3、GPX4基因的表达量与COCs组差异不显著(P0.05);裸卵组谷胱甘肽含量和GPX3、GPX4基因表达量均显著低于COCs组(P0.05)。说明在猪卵母细胞成熟过程中,卵丘细胞不仅影响卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽的含量,而且对谷胱甘肽合成代谢相关基因GPX3、GPX4的表达也有显著影响,进而影响卵母细胞成熟质量和胚胎发育效果。     

用淘汰奶牛卵巢生产体外受精奶牛胚胎的研究

本文研究了淘汰奶牛卵巢采集方法、卵丘细胞和颗粒细胞对卵母细胞体外受精后发育的影响.结果表明奶牛屠宰后取其卵巢,用剖解法可比抽吸法得到更多的可用卵母细胞(8.5:6.2枚/卵巢,P＜0.05).经成熟培养和体外受精后,无卵丘细胞包围的裸露卵母细胞卵裂率为40.2%,但仅28.2%停留在8～16细胞期,最高发育阶段为16细胞期;而有3层以上卵丘细胞紧密包围的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体,其卵裂率(60.2%:53.2%,P＜0.05)和囊胚发育率(31.5%:19.6%,P＜0.05)均高于卵丘细胞包被不全的卵母细胞.在培养液中添加颗粒细胞,提高囊胚细胞数(96.2±5.2:70.4±4.6,P＜0.05),但没有促进牛受精卵的卵裂率.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein