中国主要省会城市水资源生态足迹与适宜承载人口规模

[目的]评估中国主要省会城市的水资源承载情况与适宜人口规模,为“以水定人”政策的落实和城市可持续发展战略的实施提供参考。[方法]基于水资源和人口数据,采用生态足迹方法分析了2010—2020年中国省会城市的水资源生态足迹及其水资源承载力,结合生活用水现状以定额法估算了各省会城市的适宜承载人口规模。[结果](1)超过半数省会城市年人均水资源占有量不足500 m³,多数城市生活用水占总用水量的两成,而北京市和郑州市的生活用水比例达到45%,高比例的生活用水使城市供水压力巨大;(2)人均水资源量较高的省会城市呈现水资源生态盈余状态,但约2/3的城市呈现水资源生态赤字状态;2010—2020年平均人均盈余最高者为南宁市(2.20 hm²/人),赤字最高者为银川市(-1.66 hm²/人);水资源生态盈亏分布呈现“南方盈余,北方亏损”的格局,但是长江中下游地区部分省会城市也呈现赤字状态;(3)以“粗放”与“节约”两种用水情形评估省会城市适宜承载人口数量。各地适宜承载人口数量与现状人口数量存在较大差异。[结论]为促进经济社会可持续发...     

Loggerhead sea turtle nesting in North Carolina: Applications of an aerial survey

Aerial surveys of the beaches of North Carolina were performed during two consecutive summers. From these surveys the first comprehensive picture of the relative density and distribution of loggerhead sea turtle nesting efforts in North Carolina was developed. The results of the 1981 survey were compared with those of concurrent ground surveys on several beaches in an attempt to obtain an accurate conversion factor for estimating total seasonal nesting activity from the aerial samples. It was concluded that an aerial survey is useful for determining relative density and distribution of nesting attempts. However, differential retention of crawl tracks on individual beaches precluded using aerial crawl surveys for total population estimates.     

温度影响下的稻纵卷叶螟实验种群动态的系统动力学模拟

温度是影响稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee）发育、存活和繁殖的关键生态因子之一。研究温度与稻纵卷叶螟种群数量变动的关系,可为害虫种群的控制提供科学依据。本文根据稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度处理下（19.0℃,22.0℃,25.0℃,28.0℃,31.0℃）的实验种群生命表,利用系统动力学的相关理论和方法构建仿真模型,对稻纵卷叶螟实验种群的数量动态进行了模拟,在此基础上预测成虫的产卵量,并通过敏感性分析确定了成虫产卵的最适温度。结果显示,在初始卵量均为100标准粒的情况下,温度过高（〉25.0℃）不利于稻纵卷叶螟实验种群低龄幼虫的生存和发育,温度过低或过高均不利于实验种群后期的发育和繁殖;随着温度的上升,稻纵卷叶螟的存活率和生殖力迅速提高,温度为25.0℃时世代存活率、次代产卵量达到最高值,分别为19.67%和1488.4头;稻纵卷叶螟成虫的最高产卵量出现在24.9℃。研究表明了系统动力学模型在害虫种群发育动态及预测方面有着良好的应用潜力。     

快速养鳖的环境控制工程

控制环境因子如温度、光照等,是快速养鳖最重要的条件,根据大量的试验研究结果,作者在论述鳖的增重和生理习性与环境因子相关性的基础上,讨论了鳖温水越冬生物净水封闭系统和数学模型的建立以及温室设计原则。     

5种提取方法对甲鱼油品质的影响

为探究酶解法、淡碱水解法、溶剂法、超声辅助溶剂法及蒸煮法这5种提取方法对甲鱼油品质的作用效果,以甲鱼脂肪为原料,采用气相色谱仪(GC)和顶空固相微萃取-气质联用仪(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对甲鱼油中脂肪酸组成及挥发性成分变化进行测定分析,并结合感官评价及理化指标分析。结果表明,5种提取方法对甲鱼油的感官与理化特性、脂肪酸组成及挥发性成分存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其中,超声辅助溶剂法的甲鱼油提取率最高,达78.51%,该方法提取的甲鱼油酸价(0.97 mg KOH·g^-1)、过氧化值(2.16 m Eq·kg^-1)均优于其他方法,并含有丰富的油酸、EPA和DHA。此外,超声辅助溶剂法的甲鱼油壬醛、己醛、2-壬酮、2-十一酮及1-戊烯-3-醇主体特征风味化合物的相对含量均较低,鱼腥味较淡,色泽透亮。综上表明,超声辅助溶剂法提取的甲鱼油品质优于其他提取方法。本研究可为今后优化甲鱼油提取方法提供理论依据。     

Modeling the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Population of Fusarium oxysporum in Cucumber Continuously Cropped Soil

The influences of soil environmental parameters (water potential [W_p], pH, and temperature) on the indigenous population of Fusarium oxysporum (FO) over 5 years of continuously cropped cucumber (CCC) soil were studied. The use of response surface methodology to model the combined effects of environmental parameters on the soil log₁₀ FO internal transcribed spacer copies (ITSC) showed that high W_p of the soil, above –20 kPa, caused increased ITSC in the soil that was independent of the temperature and pH. Fusarium oxysporum was able to grow at all temperatures and pH values tested, and the greatest growth rate was observed at 23–24 °C and pH 5.3–5.4. The W_p is a crucial environmental factor that affects the growth of soil FO. This study should contribute to estimating the impact of environmental factors on the soil FO proliferation rate in CCC soil.     

Rodent control and food supplementation increase productivity of endangered San Clemente Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi)

Habitat loss and predation by exotic predators have contributed to the decline of many island populations of birds, including San Clemente Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi). This critically endangered subspecies has been the recipient of an extensive and expensive recovery effort, including a captive breeding and release program. We examined the effects of life-history characteristics, rainfall, and management, particularly food supplementation and rat (Rattus rattus) control, on the breeding productivity of 172 San Clemente Loggerhead Shrike pairs from 2000 to 2006. Annual fecundity and the number of fledglings reaching independence per pair varied with year and were closely correlated with prebreeding (November-March) precipitation levels. Annual fecundity increased as a result of management implemented between April and July each year. Shrike pairs receiving no management during this period produced a mean of 1.9 fledglings. Pairs receiving both food and rat control produced an average of 2.5 more fledglings than pairs receiving no management, while pairs receiving rat control alone produced an average of 1.1 more fledglings than pairs receiving no management during this period. Wild-origin females produced an average of 0.8 more fledglings per pair than captive-origin females, while older males produced an average of 0.9 more fledglings and independent young relative to inexperienced males. The effects of food supplementation and rat control on San Clemente Loggerhead Shrikes were most pronounced during dry years, suggesting such management should be emphasized when prebreeding precipitation levels are below historical averages. These techniques offer an effective means to increase breeding productivity of avian species in immediate threat of extinction.     

生态沟渠对中华鳖温室养殖排放水体的净化效果

研究采用生态沟渠技术体系——"水生植物(凤眼莲,Eichhornia crassipes)-微生物(枯草芽孢杆菌,Bacillus subtilis)-水生动物(螺蛳,Margarya)"共生系统联合净化处理中华鳖温室养殖排放水体,并连续数月采样分析处理污水中各项主要营养盐污染物指标的动态变化规律。结果表明:经过近5个月的生态沟渠技术体系处理,中华鳖温室养殖排放水体中总氮(TN)浓度减少75%,铵氮(NH4+-N)浓度减少91%,总磷(TP)浓度减少83%,化学需氧量(CODCr)减少62%,溶解氧(DO)增加近4倍,水体酸碱度(pH)维持在中性水平,处理污水由初始的黄色或棕色、浑浊逐渐转变为微黄色、微浑浊,且无异味。由此可知,利用生态沟渠技术体系——"水生植物-微生物-水生动物"共生系统联合修复中华鳖温室养殖排放水体效果显著,具有良好的推广和应用前景。     

激光粒度仪测量风成堆积物粒度的实验研究

中国北方第四纪风成堆积物的粒度是研究古气候与古环境的一个重要代用指标。粒度测量结果受到前处理方法的深刻影响。在黄土高原西部从北往南5个具有代表性的黄土剖面采集样品25块，对每个样品用不同的前处理方法处理后，用激光粒度仪进行测量。结果显示不同的前处理方法对黄土粒度测量结果会产生很大的影响。原始样品经过超声波振荡和加（NaPO3）6分散剂后，颗粒明显分散变细。在单独加入H2O2除去有机质和加入的HCl除去碳酸盐后，粒度也明显变细，而且南部的样品的差异比北部的要大。在黄土高原北部，石膏对粒度测量的影响较小。     

龟壳形全玻璃真空太阳集热器的设计与研究

阐述了一种新型全玻璃真空太阳集热器的设计依据及设计计算,采用求极值的数学方法得出了该太阳集热器的合理尺寸与形状,并研制出这种太阳集热器。采用DB41/016-1998标准对其检测结果,该太阳集热器具有热效率高、稳定性好、成本低、寿命长等特点,有较高的推广应用价值     

电子鼻结合HS-SPME-GC-MS分析辐照对甲鱼预制菜挥发性风味成分的影响

为了探究辐照对甲鱼预制菜挥发性风味成分的影响,采用0、4.7、7.1、9.9 kGy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照处理甲鱼预制菜,通过感官评定并利用电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析辐照前后挥发性风味成分的变化。结果表明,5 kGy以内剂量辐照对甲鱼预制菜的感官品质无明显影响,高于5 kGy会影响其气味和滋味,进而可能产生异味。辐照对甲鱼预制菜特征气味引起的差异主要表现在传感器响应值较高的芳香成分和有机硫化物、氮氧化合物、甲烷、醇类和醛酮类物质,利用主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)能够有效区分经不同剂量辐照处理的甲鱼预制菜。4.7 kGy组与对照组气味差异较小,7.1、9.9 kGy组与对照组差异相对较大。不同剂量辐照后甲鱼预制菜挥发性成分的种类增加,醛类、酸类相对含量降低,烃类、芳香族类、酮类、酯类相对含量升高,醇类、含氮含硫及杂环类相对含量先降低后升高。相对气味活度值(ROAV)分析结果表明,壬醛、癸醛、辛醛、己醛、庚醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和2-戊基呋喃是甲鱼预制菜的关键风味成分,苯甲醛、苯乙醛、(E,E)-2, 4-癸二烯醛对其风味具有重要修饰作用。辐照后辛醛、己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇对甲鱼预制菜总体风味的贡献率降低,庚醛、2-戊基呋喃的贡献率先降低后增加,苯乙醛的贡献率增加并成为关键风味成分。因此,建议采用不超过5 kGy剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照处理甲鱼预制菜,在杀菌的同时最大限度保持其原有风味。本研究结果为辐照技术在甲鱼预制菜杀菌保鲜中的应用提供了科学依据。     

甘肃中西部地区红砂种群结构及空间格局特征

为了揭示甘肃中西部生态脆弱区红砂种群的分布特点,结合冠幅结构、静态生命表和存活曲线,对甘肃中西部地区3种典型生境条件下红砂种群年龄结构和动态进行了研究,并应用理论分布模型和聚集强度指数进行了种群分布格局分析。结果显示:在不同生境条件下红砂种群结构差异明显,山前戈壁红砂种群Ⅰ(0cmd≤10cm),Ⅱ(10cmd≤20cm),Ⅲ(20cmd≤30cm)龄级储量丰富,其个体数占所有龄级个体总数的87.01%,大于Ⅴ(40cmd≤50cm)龄级个体缺失,种群处于增长阶段;荒漠绿洲过渡带和黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂种群Ⅱ—Ⅵ(10cmd≤60cm)龄级个体数分别占所有龄级个体总数的75.34%和85.09%,且存在一定数量的老龄级个体,种群处于稳定阶段;但不同生境条件下红砂种群幼苗个体少,Ⅰ龄级个体数目均明显少于Ⅱ,Ⅲ龄级的个体数目,种群更新可能存在问题。格局分析表明,各生境条件下红砂种群均呈聚集分布。时间序列分析表明,在未来第2,4,6,8龄级的个体会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势,幼龄株数则有所降低,各生境条件下红砂种群稳定性长期维持困难。加大以种子开始的幼苗人工辅助更新以及人工封育保护是实现甘肃中西部生态脆弱区红砂种群更新和种群恢复的关键。     

Estimation of a Finite Population Mean and Total Using Population Ranks of Sample Units

This paper introduces new estimators for population total and mean in a finite population setting, where ranks (or approximate ranks) of population units are available before selecting sample units. The proposed estimators require selecting a simple random sample and identifying the population ranks of sample units. Selection of the sample can be performed with- or without-replacement. The population ranks of the selected units of with-replacement samples are determined among all population units. On the other hand, the ranks of the sample units of without-replacement samples are identified in two different ways: (1) The rank of a sample unit is determined sequentially among the remaining population units after excluding all previously ranked sample units from the population; (2) The ranks are determined among all units in the population. By conditioning on these population ranks, we construct a set of weighted estimators, develop a bootstrap re-sampling procedure to estimate the variances of the estimators, and construct percentile confidence intervals for the population mean and total. We show that the new estimators provide a substantial amount of efficiency gain over their competitors. We apply the proposed estimators to estimate corn production in one of the counties in Ohio.     

激光粒度仪与沉降一吸管法测定褐土颗粒组成的比较

土壤颗粒组成是土壤的基本物理属性之一,沉降—吸管法是传统土壤颗粒分析的主要方法,激光粒度仪法是近年来新兴的粒度分析方法。为了研究二者的差异,选取了23个黏粒含量差异较大的褐土样品,采用上述两种方法对土样进行了分析。结果表明:激光粒度仪检测<0.002mm颗粒含量低于吸管法,但二者有较好的相关性,决定系数为0.97;在检测<0.02mm颗粒含量时两者比较接近,并且相关性很好,决定系数为0.99;检测<0.05mm颗粒含量时两者也比较接近,决定系数为0.91。激光粒度仪检测结果通过转换模型修正后,可以较好地反映褐土土壤颗粒组成情况。     

Sources of Variation in Oat Kernel Size

Oat kernel size uniformity is important to the oat milling industry because of the size fractionations that occur in the milling process. We measured frequency of single, double, and triple kernel spikelets and kernel mass of primary, secondary, and tertiary kernels from each spikelet type (for a total of six kernel types) to determine relative influence of kernel type, panicle position, genotype, and environment on oat kernel size for 10 oat cultivars grown at four locations. Kernel type was the most important factor affecting kernel size. Primary kernels from triple kernel spikelets were larger than primary kernels from double kernel spikelets. Tertiary kernels were the smallest. Environments that produced larger kernels also produced higher frequencies of triple kernel spikelets. Some genotypes produced no triple kernel spikelets in any environment, whereas others produced varying proportions, depending on the environment. Kernels closer to the top of the panicle were larger than those near the base. The presence of tertiary kernels was neither associated with lower groat percentages nor with increased proportions of undersized kernels. Most undersized kernels were kernel types other than tertiary.     

Multi-Site Integrated Population Modelling

We examine the performance of a method of integrated population modelling for the joint analysis of different types of demographic data on individuals that exist in, and move between, different sites. The value of the approach is demonstrated by a simulation study which shows substantial improvement in parameter estimation when site-specific census data are combined with demographic data. The multivariate normal approximation to a multi-state mark-recapture likelihood is evaluated, and the performance of a diagonal variance-covariance matrix for the approximation is also examined. The work is motivated by a study of great cormorants. Analysis of the cormorant data suggests that breeders survive better than non-breeders, and also that probabilities of recruitment to breeding have been declining over time for all the colonies of the study. Supplementary material, including notes on the computation of standard errors and extended simulation results, are available online.     

Size Guide Number and Rosin–Rammler Approaches to describe Particle Size Distribution of Granular Organic-based Fertilisers

The physical properties of organic-based fertilisers are not well known. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the range of granule size distributions of organic-based fertilisers and compare five approaches used to describe their size distribution: (1) the size guide number N_SG and uniformity index; (2) the size range variation coefficient; (3) the uniformity coefficient; (4) the geometric standard deviation of the particle size diameter; and (5) the Rosin–Rammler function. Six mineral (MF), four bulk-blended organic-based (BOF), and ten compound organic-based fertilisers (COF) were studied. Standard N_SG boxes and Tyler sieves were used to measure their granule size distribution. The size guide number ranged from 200 to 246 for MF, from 204 to 216 for BOF and from 99 to 255 for COF. The uniformity index was higher for slow release MF and for COF with N_SG>210. All five distribution parameters separated the fertilisers into similar groups. The coefficient of uniformity was the least discriminating approach in grouping the fertilisers, while the geometric standard deviation and size range variation provided similar results and the Rosin–Rammler approach was the most discriminating. The N_SG and uniformity index were estimated with the Rosin–Rammler function. Comparisons between estimated and measured size guide numbers indicated that the Rosin–Rammler function performs better for MF and for spherical granule shapes. Differences between the uniformity index values were greater for BOF, COF, and for cylindrical-shaped granules. The Rosin–Rammler function was not accurate for homogeneous and binomial particle size distributions, or for cylindrical granule shapes. However, in all other cases, this function was more precise and presented many advantages over the other methods, including the fact that it covers the entire range of particle sizes and can be used to estimate other parameters.     

中国土壤微生物量的大小

The microbial biomass C, N and P of soils all over China were determined in this study to study their affecting factors. The results, about 100-417 mg C kg^-1 soil, 18-51 mg N kg^-1 soil and 4.4-27.3 mg P kg^-1 soil, showed the biomass C, N and P in linear relationship with the soil total organic C, toal N and soil organic P. The ratios of C: N and C:P, ranging from 5.6 to 9.6 and from 11.2 to 48.4 respectively, were affected by soil pH, texture, crop rotation, macroclimate, etc. The ratio of C:N in soil biomass increases gradually from the north to the south in China.