塔里木河干流中游输水堤防对生态保育的影响

通过对塔里木河中游地区输水堤防修建后,有生态闸和无生态闸断面地下水位、水质和生态变化监测,结果发现:在有生态闸断面的地下水埋深、地下水矿化度都保持在理想范围内,而无生态闸断面的地下水埋深持续下降,地下水水质变化呈恶化趋势,由于生态对环境变化的迟滞性特点,有无生态闸断面的植被盖度尚未表现出明显的分化,但由于沙子河断面地下水埋深的增大,一些草本植物逐渐消亡,而乌斯满断面物种则无变化。因此,有必要采取措施防止堤防外的生态退化,促进全流域生态系统的健康发展。     

策勒西部荒漠-绿洲过渡带地下水特征及生态影响分析

荒漠-绿洲过渡带属于典型的干旱区生态环境脆弱带,在这交错带上植被的生长与分布受地下水环境状况(地下水埋深、水质)制约,显示出地下水重要的生态调控作用。通过对过渡带的观测井数据资料进行分析,结果表明:地下水埋深的年内变化趋势与地表径流变化联系紧密,埋深最高一般发生在1~3月,埋深最低一般发生7~9月,最大变幅在0.23~2.25m之间;地下水中对矿化度起主要作用的阳离子是(Na++K+),Mg2+次之,Ca2+最小,阴离子是C l-、SO42-,HCO3-次之,CO32-在其中的比重最小,几乎为零;矿化度小于5g/L,植被生长不会受到抑制,植被生长与分布主要取决地下水埋深。     

西北内陆盆地天然植被的地下水生态埋深

西北内陆盆地的天然植被对生态环境起到至关重要的作用,而天然植被的生长状态与地下水埋深息息相关。本文给出地下水生态埋深的定义,在分析了天然植物生长状态与土壤含水量关系、土壤含水量与地下水埋深关系,以及天然植物生长状态与地下水埋深关系的基础上,确定了天然植物的地下水生态埋深。所得结论对于西北地区水资源合理开发利用和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

基于GIS的塔里木河下游地下水定量回归模拟研究

对于干旱区内陆河流域来说,地下水埋深是指示当地生态变化的至关重要的因子。本文以新疆塔里木河下游为例,基于少量的监测井监测数据,尝试利用分类分段横向和纵向联合回归分析方法模拟地下水位空间分布变化,以1:1万DEM为基础数据运用GIS技术实现数字地下水埋深空间化。结合生态监测井实时监测数据以及地下水分布与植被的响应关系进行模拟精度分析,表明该模拟方法在地下水位监测数据较少和水文地质条件相对单一的干旱区内陆河具有一定的可行性。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲近10年地下水位及水质时空变化特征

利用渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲30个观测井近10a的统计资料,分析了该三角洲地下水位和水质的时空变化特征及其成因。结果显示:(1)地下水埋深的基本规律是西部灌区、渭干河古河带和冲积扇上部地下水位较深,东部灌区、农牧交错带和冲积扇下部地下水位较浅;研究区地下水海拔高程自南向北升高;地下水埋深受制于局部地形和土地利用方式,与区域地势关系不大。(2)近10 a来,研究区地下水位下降了1.00 m,西部灌区下降了1.34 m,农牧交错带下降了0.41 m;矿化度平均降低了0.54 g/L,农牧交错带降低了1.36 g/L,渭干河古河带矿化度升高了0.43 g/L。(3)研究区年内最高地下水位和最低水位平均相差0.84 m,冲积扇中部相差1.04 m,冲积扇上部相差0.73 m,2月出现最低水位,4月出现最高水位;地下水质年内最高和最低矿化度季节相差0.21 g/L,冲积扇下部0.51 g/L,中部为0.17 g/L。(4)人类农业生产活动和蒸发作用是地下水埋深及水质时空变化的主要原因;研究区骨干排水沟渠的开通运行,降低了相应地域的地下水位和矿化度。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘人工绿洲地下水动态研究

通过对人工绿洲内及荒漠对照区不同时期地下水位、水质的监测分析,结果表明,绿洲因受灌溉水下渗的影响,与荒漠区相比,地下水位有较大的升高,１５年间地下水位上升了２．４ｍ,年平均升高１６ｃｍ;绿洲地下水位的升高在绿洲开发初期与后期变化较大,前期上升幅度较大（年升高２５ｃｍ）,后期上升幅度较小（年升高１０ｃｍ）;因受灌溉季节的影响,地下水埋深在一年中变化较大,丰水季与枯水季水位相差２ｍ左右,且某些地段超过潜水蒸发临界埋深;随绿洲开发年限的增加,绿洲内地下水质趋于变差,特别是在地势较低地域及灌渠两侧,地下水矿化度较高,某些地段出现卤水（矿化度高达９．２９ｇ／ｌ）;地下水水质变差及埋深变浅,均可引起土地次生盐渍化。     

新疆渭干河——库车河三角洲绿洲天然植被生态需水研究

新疆渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲深居内陆,属于典型的大陆性干旱气候区,水资源缺乏,生态与环境脆弱,平原非灌区天然植被主要依靠汲取浅层地下水来满足其对水分的需求。本文利用遥感技术、水文地质调查等手段查明了研究区内的浅层地下水埋深和天然植被分布面积,应用GIS技术划定计算单元,利用典型地下水均衡试验场潜水蒸发和蒸腾试验成果确定各计算单元的潜水蒸发系数和植被系数,进而计算出现状条件下研究区域天然植被生态需水量为5.37×108m3,其中林灌地生态需水量为0.95×108m3,占17.71%,草地生态需水量为4.42×108m3,占82.29%。     

太行山前平原地下水环境演化规律研究

本文依据河北省栾城县最新的浅层地下水水位埋深与水化学等资料 ,在综合分析研究区水文地质条件的基础上 ,系统分析了研究区内地下水水化学特征和地下水埋深分布情况。结果表明 :由于长期利用石家庄市的城市污水进行灌溉 ,区内地下水水化学场已发生明显的改变 ;长期的超采地下水 ,使得本区的地下水位埋深逐年增大。地下水的水化学特征和埋深特征表明 ,在解决本区的水资源短缺问题时 ,除考虑利用各种节水措施改变目前存在的传统灌溉制度外 ,还必须考虑区内污水灌溉对地下含水层污染的可能性 ,防止污染地下水。     

额济纳盆地地下水时空变化特征

依据1988-2006年地下水位长期观测资料和近年来在额济纳盆地开展的地下水位调查资料,结合地质统计学方法,分析额济纳盆地地下水位时空变化,探讨地下水埋深的地统计变化特征和异质性,并用地统计模型对地下水埋深变化的异质性进行拟合。结果表明：额济纳盆地地下水位自20世纪40年代开始整体上呈不断下降趋势,且河流下段区域的下降...     

内蒙古河套灌区典型耕、荒地水盐动态分析

为了探究河套灌区在实施节水灌溉下的水盐平衡机制,在河套灌区永济灌域选择1个典型研究区,通过观测耕地和盐荒地土壤含水率及含盐量、地下水位埋深及矿化度,分析耕、荒地水盐动态规律及其主要影响因素,探讨盐荒地对耕地的"旱排"作用。结果表明:在灌溉和降雨的影响下,耕地土壤含水率比盐荒地土壤含水率变化更剧烈,耕地土壤含水率的主要影响因素是灌溉及降雨、作物生长、地下水位埋深和土壤质地,盐荒地土壤含水率的主要影响因素是耕地灌溉和地下水位埋深;耕地土壤含盐量在3.5 g·kg^-1以下,为轻度盐碱化土壤,盐荒地土壤含盐量较高,其中心区域的土壤含盐量在4.0～10.0 g·kg^-1,为重度盐碱化土壤,耕地土壤含盐量的主要影响因素是灌溉和作物生长,盐荒地土壤含盐量的主要影响因素是地形地貌和地下水位埋深;盐荒地地下水位埋深低于耕地地下水位埋深,耕地地下水矿化度在3.0 g·L^-1以下,为微咸水,盐荒地中心区域地下水矿化度平均在8.5 g·L^-1左右,为重度咸水。在无地表排水措施条件下,分布于耕地之间的盐荒地是耕地水盐的排泄区...     

Temporal and spatial variations of net primary productivity and its response to groundwater of a typical oasis in the Tarim Basin,China

Net primary productivity (NPP) of the vegetation in an oasis can reflect the productivity capacity of a plant community under natural environmental conditions. Owing to the extreme arid climate conditions and scarce precipitation in the arid oasis regions, groundwater plays a key role in restricting the development of the vegetation. The Qira Oasis is located on the southern margin of the Taklimakan Desert (Tarim Basin, China) that is one of the most vulnerable regions regarding vegetation growth and water scarcity in the world. Based on remote sensing images of the Qira Oasis and daily meteorological data measured by the ground stations during the period 2006-2019, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial patterns of NPP in the oasis as well as its relation with the variation of groundwater depth using a modified Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. At the spatial scale, NPP of the vegetation decreased from the interior of the Qira Oasis to the margin; at the temporal scale, NPP of the vegetation in the oasis fluctuated significantly (ranging from 29.80 to 50.07 g C/(m²•month)) but generally showed an increasing trend, with the average increase rate of 0.07 g C/(m²•month). The regions with decreasing NPP occupied 64% of the total area of the oasis. During the study period, NPP of both farmland and grassland showed an increasing trend, while that of forest showed a decreasing trend. The depth of groundwater was deep in the south of the oasis and shallow in the north, showing a gradual increasing trend from south to north. Groundwater, as one of the key factors in the surface change and evolution of the arid oasis, determines the succession direction of the vegetation in the Qira Oasis. With the increase of groundwater depth, grassland coverage and vegetation NPP decreased. During the period 2008-2015, with the recovery of groundwater level, NPP values of all types of vegetation with different coverages increased. This study will provide a scientific basis for the rational utilization and sustainable management of groundwater resources in the oasis.     

Groundwater evapotranspiration under psammophilous vegetation covers in the Mu Us Sandy Land,northern China

Groundwater is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in arid and semi-arid areas. Its evapotranspiration is an important part of the water budget because many plants are groundwater-dependent. To restore the degraded ecosystems, the need is pressing to further our understanding of the groundwater evapotranspiration(ET_g) in arid and semi-arid areas. This study employed the White method to estimate ET_g at four sites in the Mu Us Sandy Land in northern China, and the four sites are covered by Salix psammophila(SP site), Artemisia ordosica(AO site), Poplar alba(PA site), and Carex enervis(CE site), respectively. The depth of groundwater table and the duration of drainage were taken into account in calculating the specific yield(S_y) to improve the accuracy of the ET_g estimats. Our results showed that from late May to early November 2013 the ET_g were 361.87(SP site), 372.53(AO site), 597.86(PA site) and 700.76 mm(CE site), respectively. The estimated ET_g rate was also species-dependent and the descending order of the ET_g rate for the four vegetation was: C. enervis, P. alba, A. ordosica, and S. psammophila. In addition, the depth of groundwater table has an obvious effect on the ET_g rate and the effect varied with the vegetation types. Furthermore, the evapotranspiration for the vegetation solely relying on the water supply from unsaturated layers above the groundwater table was much less than that for the vegetation heavily relying on the water supply from shallow aquifers.     

Groundwater evapotranspiration under psammophilous vegetation covers in the Mu Us northern China

Groundwater is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in arid and semi-arid areas. Its evapotranspiration is an important part of the water budget because many plants are groundwater-dependent. To restore the degraded ecosystems, the need is pressing to further our understanding of the groundwater evapotranspiration (ET_g) in arid and semi-arid areas. This study employed the White method to estimate ET_gat four sites in the Mu Us Sandy Land in northern China, and the four sites are covered by Salix psammophila(SP site), Artemisia ordosica(AO site), Poplar alba (PA site), and Carexenervis(CE site), respectively. The depth of groundwater table and the duration of drainage were taken into account in calculating the specific yield (S_y) to improve the accuracy of the ET_gestimats. Our results showed that from late May to early November 2013 the ET_g were 361.87 (SP site), 372.53 (AO site), 597.86 (PA site) and 700.76 mm (CE site), respectively. The estimated ET_g rate was also species-dependent and the descending order of the ET_g rate for the four vegetation was: C. enervis, P. alba, A. ordosica, and S. psammophila. In addition, the depth of groundwater table has an obvious effect on the ET_g rate and the effect varied with the vegetation types. Furthermore, the evapotranspiration for the vegetation solely relying on the water supply from unsaturated layers above the groundwater table was much less than that for the vegetation heavily relying on the water supply from shallow aquifers.     

干旱区地下水埋深空间分布对天然植被覆盖度影响研究—以塔里木河下游为例

以塔里木河下游输水河畔的植被覆盖度和地下水埋深为研究对象,建立遥感反演模型获取研究区植被覆盖度的空间分布,建立地下水数值模型模拟与覆盖度同时段的埋深空间分布,采用空间分析方法对覆盖度和埋深的空间分布数据进行分析,获取不同埋深区间所对应的植被覆盖度,并得出以下结论：研究区植被覆盖度在地下水0～20m的埋深区间上呈阶梯状分...     

Evaluation of groundwater sustainability based on groundwater age simulation in the Zhangye Basin of Heihe River watershed,northwestern China

Water resources, as the primary limiting factor, constrain the economic and social development in arid inland areas. The Zhangye Basin is a representative area of inland river basins, which is located in the middle parts of the Heihe River watershed, northwestern China. Facing with the huge water shortage, people exploited ground- water at a large scale in recent years. The reducing recharge from surface water and over-exploitation of ground- water led to the decline of groundwater levels and threatened the sustainability of water resources. This study con- structed a conceptual and numerical groundwater flow model and calibrated the model based on the observed wells. A solute transport model was built using MT3DMS to calculate the groundwater age distribution in the Zhangye Basin. The simulated result shows that the youngest groundwater is distributed near the most upstream areas in the model domain, which is less than 1,000 a, older groundwater is distributed in deeper parts of the aquifer and near the discharge outlets, ranging from 6,000 a to over 20,000 a. Spatial variation of groundwater ages in the middle area indicates the recharge diversity between unconfined and confined aquifer. Groundwater age can serve as an indicator to evaluate groundwater’s renewal capacity and sustainability. The formation of groundwater resources in the lower stream area would spend 10,000 a or even more than 20,000 a, so exploitation of groundwater in these areas should be restrained.     

Development of a large-scale remote sensing ecological index in arid areas and its application in the Aral Sea Basin

The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia is an important geographical environment unit in the center of Eurasia.It is of great significance to the ecological protection and sustainable development of Central Asia to carry out dynamic monitoring and effective evaluation of the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.In this study,the arid remote sensing ecological index(ARSEI)for large-scale arid areas was developed,which coupled the information of the greenness index,the salinity index,the humidity index,the heat index,and the land degradation index of arid areas.The ARSEI was used to monitor and evaluate the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin from 2000 to 2019.The results show that the greenness index,the humidity index and the land degradation index had a positive impact on the quality of the ecological environment in the Aral Sea Basin,while the salinity index and the heat index exerted a negative impact on the quality of the ecological environment.The eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin demonstrated a trend of initial improvement,followed by deterioration,and finally further improvement.The spatial variation of these changes was significant.From 2000 to 2019,grassland and wasteland(saline alkali land and sandy land)in the central and western parts of the basin had the worst ecological environment quality.The areas with poor ecological environment quality are mainly distributed in rivers,wetlands,and cultivated land around lakes.During the period from 2000 to 2019,except for the surrounding areas of the Aral Sea,the ecological environment quality in other areas of the Aral Sea Basin has been improved in general.The correlation coefficients between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the heat index and between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the humidity index were–0.593 and 0.524,respectively.Climate conditions and human activities have led to different combinations of heat and humidity changes in the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.However,human activities had a greater impact.The ARSEI can quantitatively and intuitively reflect the scale and causes of large-scale and long-time period changes of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas;it is very suitable for the study of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas.     

Using the concept of ecological groundwater level to evaluate shallow groundwater resources in hyperarid desert regions

This paper,based on the analysis and calculation of the groundwater resources in an arid region from 1980 to 2001,put forward the concept of ecological groundwater level threshold for either salinity c...     

Groundwater hydrochemistry and isotope geochemistry in the Turpan Basin,northwestern China

The Turpan Basin is located in the arid zone of northwestern China and is a typical closed inland basin surrounded by high mountains. It is one of the most arid regions in the world and, as a result, the groundwater in this area is very important for both domestic and agricultural uses. In the present study, the relationships of major elements（K＋, Na＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋, HCO3-, SO42- and Cl-） and environmental isotopes（δ18O, δ2H and T） in groundwater were analyzed to investigate the evolution of the regional hydrochemistry within the Turpan Basin. The hydrochemistry results demonstrate that groundwater with high total dissolved solids（TDS） concentration is dominated by sodium chloride（Na-Cl） and sodium sulfate（Na-SO4） type water, whereas that with low TDS concentration（typically from near mountain areas） is dominated by calcium bicarbonate（Ca-HCO3） type water. The evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry within the Turpan Basin is a result of calcium carbonate precipitation, evaporation concentration, cation exchange and dissolution of evaporites（i.e. halite, mirabilite and gypsum）. Furthermore, evaporite dissolution associated with irrigation practice plays a key role in the groundwater salinization, especially in the central part of the basin. Environmental isotopes reveal that the groundwater is recharged by precipitation in the mountain areas and fast vertical infiltration of irrigation return flow. In the southern sub-basin the shallow groundwater and the deep groundwater is separated at a depth of about 40 m, with substantial differences in terms of hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics. The results are useful for decision making related to sustainable water resource utilization in the Turpan Basin and other regions in northwestern China.     

中国西北干旱区生态地下水埋深适宜深度的确定

干旱区影响天然植被生长的土壤水分和盐分,都和地下水埋深密切相关。地下水埋藏浅,在强烈的蒸发作用下,溶解于地下水中的盐分沿毛管上升水流于地表聚集,使土壤发生盐渍化,产生盐胁迫。地下水埋深过低,毛管上升水流不能到达植物根系层,植物生长受到水分胁迫,发生荒漠化。因此,确定既不会使土壤发生盐渍化和荒漠化的地下水埋深十分重要。本文根据地下水、土壤水及植物生长状况综合研究,把适宜的地下水埋深界定为在温带荒漠区1.5—4m,暖温带荒漠区2.0~4.0(4.5)m,即在潜水的强烈蒸发深度以下和蒸发极限深度之上的区间,为防治土地盐渍化、荒漠化和估算生态用水提供了科学依据。     

干旱区荒漠景观植被自然更新机制初探

根据实地调查和参阅资料,依山前洪积扇、河流沿岸阶地、沙丘及丘间低地、戈壁、盐沼的景观斑块,探讨干旱区荒漠植被的自然更新机制。干旱区的高温干燥、温差强烈、风蚀沙埋已变为植物繁衍后代的动力;萌孽、劈裂、地下茎萌生等多种繁殖方式,使荒漠植物在严酷的条件下实现自然更新,形成以母株为中心的母系居群。地貌形态和种子传播动力决定了群落外形。在干旱区,繁殖植物的种子成熟期与年内的丰水期相吻合,有利于植被更新：只有在连续2a降水较大时（超过多年平均降水量）,沙丘和丘间地、戈壁植被的自然更新才有可能发生。河流沿岸植被的自然更新受地下水影响最明显。湖盆盐碱地植被带有水生植被的痕迹,自然更新相对较难。景观斑块镶嵌分布,形成微环境均一的廊道,有利于植被的自然更新。