冰川棘豆生物碱分析及苦马豆素的分离、鉴定

冰川棘豆干粉,经甲醇提取,盐酸酸化,酸水液用氯仿萃取数次,NaOH调pH至9～10,依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取.称重表明生物碱多集中在正丁醇组分,且以大极性生物碱为主.薄层层析检查结果显示,氯仿组分有10种生物碱,乙酸乙酯组分有7种生物碱,正丁醇组分有5种生物碱.将正丁醇组分经硅胶柱层析,乙酸乙酯一甲醇系统梯度洗脱,每30～50 mL收集1份,薄层层析监测,同类合并.Ehrlich＇s试剂显色明显段油浴升华,得到白色针状结晶,与苦马豆素标准样品进行薄层层析对照,其斑点形状、颜色相同,Rf值相近.通过熔点和IR、MS、^1HNMR、^13CNMR等鉴定其化学结构,为苦马豆素.     

冰川棘豆化学成分系统预试及生物碱成分薄层色谱分析

本试验采用植物化学成分系统预试法、生物碱系统提取法和薄层色谱技术对冰川棘豆地上部分全草的化学成分,特别是生物碱成分进行了薄层色谱分析。结果表明冰川棘豆含有生物碱、氨基酸和蛋白质、有机酸、酚类和鞣质、多糖及甙类、皂甙、甾体、香豆素、萜类以及蒽醌类。不含挥发油、黄酮体、氰甙和脂肪族硝基化合物;5 000 g冰川棘豆干草粉经醇类溶剂提取得总浸膏312.0 g,再经酸化、碱化处理,收集碱水液依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分段萃取,分别得氯仿部分0.5 g,乙酸乙酯部分5.4 g,正丁醇部分52.0 g,初步表明冰川棘豆生物碱主要集中在正丁醇提取部分,以强极性生物碱为主;各部分生物碱提取物经薄层层析分析,结果表明氯仿部分至少有9种生物碱,乙酸乙酯部分至少有11种,正丁醇部分至少有4种。经与苦马豆素标准样品对照,证明三部分提取物均含有苦马豆素。     

冰川棘豆生物碱分析及苦马豆素的提取

冰川棘豆干粉，经甲醇提取．1N盐酸酸化．酸水液甩氟仿萃取数次，NaOH调pH至9-10．依次用氟仿，乙酸乙酯，正丁醇萃取。称重表明生物碱多集中在正丁醇组分．且以大极性生物碱为主。薄层层析检查结果表明．氟仿组分有10种生物碱．乙酸乙酯组分有7种生物碱．正丁醇组分有5种生物碱。将正丁醇组分经硅胶柱层层析．乙酸乙酯-甲醇系统梯度洗脱．每30-50ml收集一份．薄层层析监测．同类合并。Ehrlich’s试剂显色明显段油浴升华。得到白色针状结晶．与苦马豆素标准样品进行薄层层析对照．其Rf值相近．点的形状、颜色相同。气相色谱检验．其出峰时间与苦马豆素标准样一致，初步确定所得白色针状结晶为苦马豆素。     

宽苞棘豆生物碱提取与毒性试验

采用醇类生物碱系统提取法,从宽苞棘豆中分离出A 、B、C、D四种组分,经薄层层析检测,并与苦马豆素标准品对照,结果表明B、C组分含有吲哚里西啶生物碱--苦马豆素,A、D组分不含有苦马豆素.将C组分按1 g/kg和2 g/kg分别家兔灌胃,结果家兔没有表现出明显的临床中毒症状和病理变化.     

黄花棘豆不同生长时期苦马豆素含量的分析

采用气相色谱法对黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)不同生育期的根、茎、叶、花、果实及地上部分全草中主要有毒成分苦马豆素的含量进行检测,分析苦马豆素的变化规律,调查并计算单位面积黄花棘豆地上全草中苦马豆素的产量。结果表明,黄花棘豆果实中苦马豆素含量最高,达到107.787 mg·kg-1;地上部分全草中苦马豆素含量在结果期最高,达到48.19 mg·kg-1。从4个生长时期黄花棘豆不同部位苦马豆素含量平均值来看,果实＞花＞叶＞茎＞根;从地上部分全草中苦马豆素含量来看,结实期＞盛花期＞枯萎期＞孕蕾期,样地中黄花棘豆地上部分全草苦马豆素产量也符合此规律。     

不同地区黄花棘豆营养成分与苦马豆素含量的比较

试验对青海湟中黄花棘豆和甘肃天祝黄花棘豆盛花期常规营养成分、主要矿物质元素含量进行测定;用气相色谱法测定苦马豆素含量,并进行显著性差异比较。结果表明:甘肃天祝黄花棘豆中水分为3.0%,粗蛋白为17.30%,粗脂肪为2.47%,粗纤维为239g/kg,灰分为10.4%,钙0.527%,磷0.23%,中性洗涤纤维为39.8%,酸性洗涤纤维为26.5%;青海湟中黄花棘豆中水分为3.3%,粗蛋白为14.30%,粗脂肪为1.60%,粗纤维为245g/kg,灰分为9.8%,钙0.552%,磷0.14%,中性洗涤纤维为40.3%,酸性洗涤纤维为28.1%。青海湟中黄花棘豆苦马豆素含量极显著高于甘肃天祝黄花棘豆(P0.01)。甘肃天祝黄花棘豆粗蛋白含量极显著高于青海湟中黄花棘豆(P0.01)、粗脂肪、总磷含量显著高于青海湟中黄花棘豆(P0.05),甘肃天祝黄花棘豆粗蛋白含量超过上等青干苜蓿,青海湟中黄花棘豆粗蛋白含量接近中等青干苜蓿,是潜在的高蛋白质牧草资源。     

棘豆属植物中产苦马豆素内生真菌的研究进展

苦马豆素(SW)是棘豆属(Oxytropis)植物引起家畜中毒的主要原因,而苦马豆素的产生与棘豆属植物的内生真菌有关。目前,棘豆属植物中能够产生苦马豆素的内生真菌不断被发现,所以文章对产苦马豆素内生真菌的寄主植物、形态、培养条件及其与苦马豆素的关系、对寄主植物的影响等进行了综述,为棘豆属植物的有效利用及家畜中毒的防治提供理论依据。     

变异黄芪中苦马豆素的分离与鉴定

目的：研究变异黄芪的生物碱成分。方法：变异黄芪经甲醇热回流提取，回收甲醇至浸膏。浸膏用1mol／l盐酸研溶至生物碱沉淀反应为阴性，过滤，所得滤液氯仿萃取除去色素等杂质，然后用氢氧化钠碱化调pH为9～11，依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取。采用薄层层析技术分析各部分生物碱成分。正丁醇部分经硅胶柱层析进行分离，纯化。所得化合物通过熔点和波谱技术(IR、MS、^1HNMR、^13CNMR)鉴定其化学结构。结果：从正丁醇部分分离、纯化得到一种白色针状晶体25．3mg，结构鉴定为苦马豆素。计算变异黄芪中苦马豆素的提取率为0．0013%。     

甘肃棘豆中苦马豆素的分离与鉴定

4.5kg甘肃棘豆用 2 0mL/L稀乙酸和氯仿的混合溶液 (5∶4)浸提 48h,过滤 ,分层。取酸水层用氯仿萃取 ,弃去氯仿层以除杂质 ,然后酸水层用氢氧化钠调pH为 9～1 1 ,依次用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取。正丁醇部分经硅胶柱层析 ,氯仿∶甲醇∶氨水∶水 (70∶2 6∶1 0∶1 0 )液洗脱分离、纯化得到一白色针状结晶体 ,TLC鉴定分析初步确定为苦马豆素 ,提取率为3 .2 0 μg/g。正丁醇部分苦马豆素含量气相色谱测定为 1 3 .1 4 8%± 0 .852 % ,折算全草苦马豆素含量为 0 .0 69%。     

宁夏苦马豆内生真菌的分离与鉴定

为研究苦马豆（Swainsona salsula）中内生真菌的种属分类,对采自宁夏的苦马豆内生真菌进行分离培养和形态观察,对分离菌株的ITS序列进行扩增、测序和系统发育分析。从宁夏苦马豆植株的叶和茎中共分离出4个真菌菌株,编号分别为SS_NXB1、SS_NXF1、SS_NXG2、SS_NXA1,因植株未表现出任何病害症状,故确定其为内生真菌。根据形态特征和ITS序列,确定前3株真菌为枝顶孢属（Acremonium）真菌。因菌株SS_NXA1未产生分生孢子及GenBank数据库中缺少同源菌株的分类信息而未确定其分类地位。     

Effects of dietary Crotalaria pallida seeds on the health and performance of laying hens and evaluation of residues in eggs

The effect of three dietary concentrations of Crotalaria pallida (C. pallida) seeds (0, 1, 2, and 3% w/w) of their normal diet were investigated in commercial laying hens during a 35 day feeding trial. All concentrations of C. pallida decreased body weight and feed intake (P < 0.05). Egg mass production and average egg weight were decreased by feeding of ≥2% C. pallida seeds (P < 0.05). All concentrations of C. pallida increased relative lung weight and serum activity of ALT, AST and LDH (P < 0.05); 3% C. pallida seeds decreased liver weight (P < 0.05). Analysis of the C. pallida seeds for dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid content detected usaramine and its N-oxide at a total alkaloid concentration of 0.18% (dry weight). Usaramine was also detected in the eggs of all hens fed C. pallida seeds.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其对嗜水气单胞菌抑制作用研究

本试验从鲫鱼肠道中分离到1株芽孢杆菌,经生物学特性测定及16S rRNA测序分析,鉴定该分离菌株为高产蛋白酶的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(命名为JX001).对该分离菌进行嗜水气单胞菌体外抑菌试验,结果发现有明显的抑菌圈和抑菌带,说明该分离菌对嗜水气单胞菌具有较强的抑制作用,在养殖水中加入分离菌JX001可防止嗜水气单胞菌的暴发;同时分离菌JX001在生长代谢过程中产生大量的蛋白酶,可有效地促进蛋白质水解,用于蛋白质饲料的降解.     

In vitro effects of four tropical plants on three life-cycle stages of the parasitic nematode, Haemonchus contortus

Alcoholic extracts of four tropical plants (Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Newbouldia laevis, Morinda lucida and Carica papaya) were screened in vitro for potential anti-parasitic effects against eggs, infective larvae and adult Haemonchus contortus. Significant effects were obtained with all four plants but differences were observed depending on the parasitic stage. The effects of the four plant extracts were similar on egg hatching and were dose dependent. In contrast, no dose-response relationship was found for infective larvae and adult worms, although more potent effects were usually observed with the highest concentrations. Using a larval inhibition migration test, extracts of fagara (Z. zanthoxyloides) were found to be less active against Haemonchus infective larvae than were the other plants. N. laevis was found to be highly and rapidly effective against adult worms. Overall, these in vitro results suggest that these four plants, traditionally used by small farmers in Western Africa, do possess anti-parasitic properties. These effects remain to be confirmed through in vivo studies.     

一株鸡源地衣芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其益生作用的初步研究

试验从健康AA肉鸡肠道分离出一株芽孢杆菌,对该菌株进行了培养特性观察、生化鉴定、16S rRNA序列分析,并研究了该菌株的安全性及其对鸡免疫器官的影响。结果表明,该菌株为地衣芽孢杆菌,命名为BL-C;该菌株对AA肉鸡不具有致病性,可显著加快雏鸡的生长、促进免疫器官的发育,为其进一步应用于畜禽养殖提供理论依据。     

Molecular survey of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens by direct PCR for wild caught mosquitoes in the Republic of Korea

Adult mosquito collections using New Jersey light traps and Black-hole light traps were conducted to determine the potential vectors and the relative mosquito infection rates of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea, 2005. Dirofilaria spp. were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species-specific primers for D. immitis and D. repens. Minimum field infection rates (MFIR) [MFIR = (number infected pools/total number of mosquitoes) x 1000] of 12 pools/2059 total number mosquitoes (5.8) and 21 pools (10.1) of the wild caught mosquitoes were positive by PCR for D. immitis and D. repens, respectively. Dual infections of both D. immitis and D. repens were detected by PCR in eight pools (3.9). Anopheles sinensis sensu lato (includes An. sinensis s.s., An. pullus, An. kleini, An. belenrae, and An. lesteri), An. sineroides, Aedes vexans nipponi, Culex pipiens and Armigeres subalbatus were found to be infected and are potential vectors of D. immitis and D. repens in Korea. Infections observed in mosquitoes represent potential health risks for domestic animal and human populations.     

猪大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

对湘西北地区某猪场患病的仔猪的粪便及病变的脾脏、肝脏、淋巴结、肺脏、肾水肿液进行病原菌分离鉴定,并用Kirby-Bauer法测定分离菌株对15种抗菌药的敏感性。结果表明,患病仔猪分离到大肠杆菌和猪葡萄球菌两种细菌。其中大肠杆菌对庆大霉素、头孢呋肟、丁胺卡那霉素、四环素、先锋必素敏感,对氯霉素、氧哌嗪青霉素、先锋五号、头孢曲松钠、新霉素中介,对羧苄青霉素、强力霉素、青霉素、氨苄青霉素、红霉素有较高的耐药性。葡萄球菌对先锋霉素Ⅴ、丁胺卡那霉素敏感,对头孢曲松钠中介,对其他抗生素耐药。其中大肠杆菌对药物敏感率、中介率、耐药率均为33.33%;葡萄球菌的敏感率为13.33%,中介率为6.67%,耐药率为80.00%。     

苦参碱对多重耐药表皮葡萄球菌整合子intⅠ和dfrA的影响

为探索苦参碱对多重耐药表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis,SE)整合子整合酶(intⅠ)和二氢叶酸还原酶(dfrA)的影响,试验通过纸片扩散法筛选多重耐药菌株、以肉汤稀释法测定苦参碱对SE的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最佳逆转条件;通过普通PCR法测定苦参碱对SE整合子intⅠ和dfrA基因碱基序列的影响;通过荧光定量PCR法测定苦参碱对SE整合子intⅠ和dfrA mRNA表达量的影响,结果显示苦参碱亚浓度作用表皮葡萄球菌后对intⅠ、dfrA基因序列无影响;苦参碱对intⅠ mRNA表达量具有抑制作用,而对dfrA mRNA表达量影响不大,结果表明在SE体内苦参碱可从mRNA水平上抑制SE intⅠ的表达量.     

Perspectives on canine and feline hepatozoonosis

Two species of Hepatozoon are currently known to infect dogs and cause distinct diseases. Hepatozoon canis prevalent in Africa, Asia, southern Europe, South America and recently shown to be present also in the USA causes infection mainly of hemolymphoid organs, whereas Hepatozoon americanum prevalent in the southeastern USA causes myositis and severe lameness. H. americanum is transmitted by ingestion of the Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum and also by predation on infected prey. H. canis is transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in South America also by Amblyomma ovale, and has also been shown to be transmitted transplacentally. Hepatozoonosis of domestic cats has been described mostly from the same areas where canine infection is present and the exact identity of the species which infect cats, their pathogenicity and vectors have not been elucidated. The diagnosis of hepatozoonosis is made by observation of gamonts in blood smears, histopathology, PCR or serology. The main treatment for H. canis is with imidocarb dipropionate whereas H. americanum infection is treated with an initial combination of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine and clindamycin followed by maintenance with decoquinate. Treatment for both diseases has not been reported to facilitate complete parasite elimination and new effective drugs are needed for the management of these infections. Prevention of hepatozoonosis should be based on avoidance of oral ingestion of infected tick vectors and infected prey.     

一株猪源屎肠球菌的分离、鉴定及益生功能初步研究

从健康仔猪粪便中分离到一株乳酸菌ZW002,并从形态、生理生化指标,16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌株为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium),将其16S rRNA基因提交GenBank,登录号为JN542513。从耐酸、耐胆盐及抑菌性能等方面对菌株进行益生功能初步研究,结果表明,菌株ZW002表现出良好的耐受性及益菌性能,为猪用微生态制剂的研究开发奠定了基础。