番茄疫病的防治技术

番茄疫病是番茄常见的重要病害,如果防治不当,常造成疫病大流行,番茄严重减产甚至绝收.番茄疫病分早疫病和晚疫病,番茄早疫病又叫轮纹病;番茄晚疫病又叫番茄疫病.     

益阳市番茄早疫病的显微识别与综合防治

番茄是湖南省益阳市蔬菜生产上的大宗蔬菜，近年来，随着番茄种植面积的扩大，病害问题越来越突出，特别是番茄早疫病危害较重，通过对叶片、茎部、花萼、果实等不同发病部位的跟踪显微镜检，在准确识别的基础上了解其发生规律，并提出农业措施和药剂预防、治疗措施，对防治番茄早疫病起到了较好的作用。     

丝瓜伤流液对果蔬几种病菌的抑制活性

采用离体平板培养和活体接种试验,研究了丝瓜伤流液对辣椒灰霉、番茄早疫、苹果轮纹三种病菌的生物活性。结果表明,丝瓜伤流液对植物病原真菌具有较强的抑制作用。平板试验,体积分数为0.3的邯丝伤流液对三种植物病原真菌的抑菌率分别为 90.70%,36.97%,40.87% ;活体接种试验,体积分数为0.5的邯丝伤流液对辣椒灰霉病、番茄早疫病、苹果轮纹病的防治效果分别达到 73.60%、47.12%、42.84%。三种病原菌中,丝瓜伤流液对灰霉病菌的抑制效果最好。     

蔬菜疫病的防治

<正> 蔬菜疫病主要是茄科与葫芦科蔬菜的流行性病害,自80年代前后发生以来不断发展,目前还有加重趋势,危害严重的主要有黄瓜疫病、辣椒疫病、茄子疫病、韭菜疫病和番茄与茄子绵疫病等。本病由疫霉属真菌引起,分布广泛可致被感染体坏死、软腐和枯萎,造成植株成片枯死与毁种。黄瓜疫病主要由甜瓜疫霉侵染所致,病菌除黄瓜外还侵染冬瓜、西葫芦、瓠瓜、菜瓜、甜瓜和西瓜;辣椒与茄子疫病主要由辣椒病霉侵染所致,此外还侵染番茄与南瓜、西瓜、甜瓜、黄瓜和菜瓜;韭菜疫病由葱、洋葱、蒜、番茄和茄子,番茄与茄子绵疫病由寄生疫侵染所致,还侵染辣椒、马铃薯、黄瓜和南瓜。这些蔬菜     

新疆番茄病害的鉴别与防治

番茄的病害种类很多,有些病害的症状十分相似。只有正确地认识和鉴别病害,掌握发生规律,才能更好地做到有的放矢,及早发现、及早防治。番茄主要病害有:苗期猝倒病、立枯病、早疫病、晚疫病、病毒病、白粉病和炭疽病等。现将番茄主要病害的识别与防治技术介绍如下。1苗期猝倒病1     

土壤添加剂和土壤微生物与番茄早疫病的相互关系

在温室中用苜蓿汁、韭菜汁和木醋液三种不同物质以100倍、200倍和300倍按叶面处理+灌根处理、单纯灌根处理和单纯叶面处理三种方式处理番茄苗,测定番茄土壤根际微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量并调查番茄早疫病的病情指数和防治效果。实验结果表明：三种不同的土壤改良剂采用叶面处理+灌根处理和单纯灌根处理对于番茄早疫病的防治效果明显好于单纯叶面处理,相应地,土壤微生物(特别是是细菌和放线菌)数量呈现同样的变化,二者呈现同步增长的趋势。三种物质中以木醋液100倍采用叶面处理+灌根处理,土壤微生物数量最多,对番茄早疫病的防治效果最好,达到33.33%。     

啶菌噁唑等几种杀菌剂可同时用于防治番茄早疫病和晚疫病

<正>海南大学食品学院和浙江省农科院农产品质量标准研究所一项联合研究结果表明,啶菌噁唑等几种杀菌剂可同时用于防治番茄早疫病和晚疫病。为筛选能同时有效抑制番茄早疫病菌和番茄晚疫病菌生长的杀菌剂,研究人员采用生长速率法测定了几种杀菌剂对供试病原菌的EC50值,并通过EC50值比较病原菌对供试杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明:番茄早疫病菌对25%啶菌噁唑乳     

利用微生物和植物提取物防治番茄灰霉病研究进展

番茄灰霉病是一种全球性植物病害,本文从生防真菌、生防细菌、生防放线菌、生防微生物组合、花青素、植物精油、植物提取物等方面系统地总结了国内外关于番茄灰霉病微生物防治和植物提取物防治的研究进展,提出了番茄灰霉病生防实际生产措施,并展望了该领域未来研究的方向。     

应重视低等杀菌剂的复配剂研发及使用

<正>低等真菌(简称:低等菌)病害是农作物常见的一大类病害。低等菌病害多发于草本经济作物,有些作物上,低等菌病害是常发性病害,如辣椒、瓜类疫病;有些作物上,低等菌病害造成的危害居首,如马铃薯晚疫病、番茄晚疫病、黄瓜霜霉病、葡萄霜霉病、芋头疫病和荔枝霜疫霉病等。因此了解和掌握低等菌杀菌剂各品种的特性,厂家按照目标市场靶标病害的种类、发生特点进行复     

棘孢木霉发酵液对番茄早疫病抗氧化系统和脂质过氧化作用的影响

为初步探究棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)发酵液对番茄早疫病菌的抗氧化系统及细胞膜脂质过氧化作用的影响,以番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)为靶标菌,棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)发酵液为材料,测定了6~30 h内番茄早疫病菌防御酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、过氧化物酶POD)的活力、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及电导率的变化规律,初步分析棘孢木霉发酵液对番茄早疫病菌抗氧化和菌体脂质过氧化作用的影响。结果表明,棘孢木霉发酵液处理和对照组的番茄早疫病菌MDA含量均呈上升趋势,且处理组高于对照组,为对照的3.10~4.03倍。与对照相比,棘孢木霉发酵液处理组番茄早疫病菌的CAT、SOD、POD活力及GSH含量均呈不同程度的下降,CAT、SOD、POD的活力降低率范围分别为38.99%~55.51%、9.00%~37.11%、34.70%~55.84%;GSH的含量降低率范围为5.33%~81.36%。棘孢木霉发酵液处理组导致番茄早疫病菌电导率随处理时间的延长而升高,30 h电导率高于对照的92.41%。棘孢木霉发酵液降低了番茄早疫病菌抗氧化防御酶的活力和GSH含量,增加了MDA的含量,同时其电导率显著升高,从而抑制番茄早疫病菌的生长发育。     

黄龙疫苗(HB-1)对番茄苗期生理特性和病害防治效果的初步研究

为明确黄龙疫苗(HB-1)对番茄生长生理特性及番茄病毒病、早疫病的防治效果,通过室内生物活性测定试验,测定不同浓度HB-1对番茄表观性状及叶片氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响;通过田间试验,测定HB-1对番茄病毒病及早疫病的防治效果。结果表明,室内生测试验中,HB-1稀释1000、2000、3000倍液均可显著提高POD活性,降低MDA含量,其中2000倍处理条件下,POD活性比对照提高7倍以上,诱抗效果极为显著;HB-1在稀释1000~3000倍条件下,可明显提升番茄幼苗株高、茎粗和叶片数,促进番茄幼苗生长。田间试验中,HB-1稀释800倍液对番茄病毒病和早疫病防治效果分别达96.40%和70.30%。表明HB-1在试验剂量范围内对番茄病毒病及早疫病有很好的防治作用,且可明显促进番茄幼苗生长,诱导提高POD活性,适用于番茄病毒病及早疫病的防治,具有一定的开发推广价值。     

多酚、黄酮及甾醇与番茄抗晚疫病关系

以对番茄晚疫病抗性较强的番茄品种‘25-1’和易感染番茄晚疫病的品种‘京乐502’为试材,通过人工接种病原的方法,研究多酚、黄酮及甾醇与番茄品种晚疫病抗性之间的关系。结果表明：（1）健康叶多酚类和甾醇类含量在2 个品种间无显著差异;黄酮类含量抗病品种‘25-1’显著高于感病品种‘京乐502’。（2）接种后,多酚类和黄酮类含量在2 个品种中均呈先增后减的趋势。峰值出现时间‘京乐502’晚于‘25-1’。总甾醇含量与番茄晚疫病抗性密切相关。接种晚疫病病原后,2 个品种中总甾醇含量均都呈下降趋势。随着病情的发展,感病品种‘京乐502’的总甾醇含量迅速下降,抗病品种‘25-1’下降较为缓慢。     

番茄NP24基因的遗传转化

本研究旨在通过将类甜蛋白基因NP24 导入番茄,提高番茄品种的抗病能力。通过对‘京乐502’、‘耐运2000’以及‘Bolgogragsky’3 个番茄品种进行抗病性的鉴定及防御酶活性测定,选取抗病性最弱的番茄品种‘Bolgogragsky’,采用农杆菌介导法将类甜蛋白基因NP24 导入番茄。接种晚疫病7 天后测得‘Bolgogragsky’、‘耐运2000’和‘京乐502’病情指数分别为81.7、48.7、16.0。‘Bolgogragsky’POD酶活性在第1 天达到高峰,‘京乐502’、‘耐运2000’在第5 天到达最高峰,但‘京乐502’的酶活性一直较其他2 组高。PAL酶活性先升高后降低,‘京乐502’升得最快降得最慢,‘Bolgogragsky’升得最慢降得最快。‘京乐502’SOD酶活性在0~5 天升高而后降低,‘耐运2000’、‘Bolgogragsky’接种后第1 天SOD酶活性明显降低,后续第3、5、7 天在波动中上升。实验结果表明接种晚疫病菌后3 个品种番茄的POD、PAL酶活性均高于对照,且酶活性与病情指数呈负相关;而处理组SOD酶活性均较对照组有所降低。此外,经PCR验证NP24基因已经整合到番茄‘Bolgogragsky’基因组中。     

杨梅白梅类品种在浙江临海的引种表现初探

为优化和调整杨梅品种结构,筛选出适宜在临海地区种植的优良白梅类杨梅品种,对引进的杨梅白梅类品种和本地白梅类品种进行比较试验调查,综合评价物候期、果实性状、贮藏性、凋萎病抗性等指标。结果表明,9个白梅品种在临海的引种表现存在较大差异;综合来看,‘水晶头’在临海表现为成熟期早、相对抗凋萎病,果实综合性状表现较优,可作为优良的白梅早熟品种适量引种栽培推广。     

Late blight resistance in a diploid full-sib potato family

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is the most destructive disease of potato worldwide. As this pathogen can rapidly overcome major race‐specific resistance genes, identifying the basis for enhanced quantitative resistance has become a crucial element for implementing advanced breeding strategies. A population of 230 full‐sib progeny derived from a cross between two diploid hybrid Solanum phureja × S. stenotomum clones was evaluated for foliage resistance against late blight in replicated trials at multiple locations in Pennsylvania between 1999 and 2002. In field experiments, plants were evaluated visually for per cent defoliation, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was determined. The two parents and three control cultivars (‘Atlantic’, ‘Kennebec’ and ‘Katahdin’) were included in all trials. In all three experiments, the presence of a significant number of clones exhibiting transgressive segregation were observed. There were significant differences among environments as well as among clones, and the clone × environment interaction was also significant. Stability analysis revealed that 37 clones made a significant contribution to the overall environment × clone interaction. Broad‐sense heritability for resistance, measured as AUDPC, was estimated as 0.67. The overall results indicate the presence in this potato family of a high level of field resistance against late blight. This segregating diploid family appears to be a good candidate for quantitative trait loci mapping to identify and characterize the genetic components of partial late blight resistance.     

新疆加工番茄早疫病发生因素的初步分析

在田间条件下研究加工番茄不同品种、不同播种时间、不同栽培管理方式以及气象因子对早疫病发生的影响。结果表明：新疆种植的加工番茄品种多不抗病,是加工番茄早疫病发生的主要因素;4月25日播种和5月10日育苗移栽,加工番茄早疫病发生最为严重,病情指数分别达到88.33和76.66;在5月9日同期栽培条件下,育苗移栽加工番茄早疫病发生严重度均高于直接播种的栽培方式,其中覆膜栽培膜上覆盖麦草的栽培模式早疫病发生最为严重,病情指数达到45;5月份日平均温度越高,6月份降雨量越多,早疫病发生越严重。     

Heritability of early blight resistance in a Lycopersicon esculentum×Lycopersicon hirsutum cross estimated by correlation between parent and progeny

Sixteen‐hundred BC₁ plants of a cross between an early blight (EB) susceptible tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) breeding line (‘NC84173’ maternal and recurrent parent) and a resistant accession (‘PI126445’) of the tomato wild species Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. were grown in a field in 1998. This population was segregating (among other traits) for growth habit, self‐incompatibility and earliness in maturity. To eliminate confounding effects of these factors on disease evaluation and h² estimation, plants that were self‐incompatible, indeterminate and/or late‐maturing were eliminated. The remaining plants (146), which were self‐compatible and determinate (sp./sp.) in growth habit, with early‐ to mid‐season maturity, were evaluated for EB resistance and self‐pollinated to produce BC₁S₁ seed. The 146 BC₁S₁ progeny families, consisting of 30 plants per family, were grown in a replicated field trial in 1999 and evaluated for EB resistance and plant maturity. For each of the 146 BC₁ plants and corresponding BC₁ families, the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final disease severity (final percentage defoliation) were determined and used to measure disease resistance. The distributions of the AUDPC and final percentage defoliation values in the BC₁ and BC₁S₁ generations indicated that resistance from ‘PI126445’ was quantitative in nature. Estimates of h² for EB resistance, computed by correlation between BC₁S₁ progeny family means and BC₁ individual plant values, ranged from 0.69 to 0.70, indicating that EB resistance of ‘P1126445’ was heritable. Across BC₁S₁ families, a small, but significant, negative correlation (r = ‐0.26, P < 0.01) was observed between disease resistance and earliness in maturity. However, several BC₁S₁ families were identified with considerable EB resistance and reasonably early maturity. These families should be useful for the development of commercially acceptable EB‐resistant tomato lines.     

水稻强分蘖两系不育系‘明S’农艺性状研究

为深入研究水稻两系核不育系‘明S’特性,以期配制高产组合,在生产上得到广泛应用。以‘培矮64S’为对照,相同栽培管理条件下,对‘明S’与‘培矮64S’的植物学特征和生物学特性进行分析。结果表明‘明S’具有株叶形态好、分蘖力强、成穗率高、稻瘟病抗性好等特点。单株有效穗数17个,花粉育性镜检,为无花粉型和少数典败单株,不育率100%,不育度100%,自交结实率为0。柱头外露率高,为84.7%,异交结实率70%以上。稻米品质较好,糙米率、整精米率、胶稠度、碱消值达到一级标准;抗稻瘟病、白叶枯病,纹枯病发病较轻。可见两系不育系‘明S’是一个具有强分蘖特性并且抗稻瘟病的温敏核不育系。     

Breeding for resistance to begomovirus in tropic-adapted tomato genotypes

Four tomato lines introgressed from Lycopersicon chilense were compared with the commercial F₁ hybrids ‘ARO 8479’ and ‘HA 3108’, which are tolerant to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and the cv. ‘Campbell 28’ as a susceptible control. Resistance was evaluated by the use of grafted diseased scions as well as in a field trial where plants infected by viruliferous whiteflies and disease‐free plants were transplanted in paired rows. The new lines LD 3, LD 4, LD 5 and LD 6 showed no disease symptoms after grafting or in the field trial. Virus accumulation at 60 days after transplanting was low in the infected plants: 0.09, 0.60, 1.00 and 0.50 ng, respectively. No fruit‐set or yield losses were registered under the high temperature conditions prevalent in the trial, in which lines LD 5 and LD 6 were better adapted to tropical conditions. Viral DNA concentrations were over 1000 ng in the cvs.‘Campbell 28′,‘ARO 8479’ and ‘HA 3108’. The last two are considered tolerant as they were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms, respectively, but achieved acceptable yields in the trial. By contrast, virus had a negative effect on fruit‐set, number of fruit per plant and total yield in the cv.‘Campbell 28’.