2种不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

为分析不同微生物菌剂添加对畜禽粪便高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响,以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料进行野外条垛式好氧堆制试验,监测堆肥过程中物料腐熟动态变化。结果表明:添加2种不同微生物菌剂在一定程度上加快了堆肥初期有机质降解速率和物料升温进程,对堆体升温有促进作用,并使堆肥35 d累积温度相对提高32.1%和21.7%,有机质降解率相对提高6.8%和5.0%;添加2种微生物菌剂对堆肥整体周期的缩短效果不明显,对堆肥腐熟规律未造成显著影响。     

不同处理方式对牛粪和蚕沙混合堆肥效果的影响

目的 探讨不同处理方式对牛粪和蚕沙混合堆肥效果的影响。方法 以牛粪和蚕沙按1:1均匀混合为堆肥原材料,设计2个处理。处理1为对照组,不加菌剂,自然堆肥;处理2为试验组,投加100 mL/m³发酵菌剂。每个处理3个重复,经过30 d堆肥处理,比较分析不同处理条件下,堆体物料物理指标(颜色、气味、堆温)、化学指标(pH值)和生物指标(种子发芽率)等指标变化。结果 试验组较对照组提前进入升温期,堆体最高温度可达到61℃,对照组最高为52℃;第30天对照组种子发芽指数(GI)为70%,试验组种子发芽指数达到98%。结论 添加发酵菌剂能够加快牛粪和蚕沙混合堆肥腐熟进程。     

鸡场鸡粪的资源化利用技术及效果

为了解决中小型养鸡场对鸡粪的处理问题，依据物料发酵的特点设计了一种对鸡粪进行高温和常温2步发酵腐熟的方法，利用过磷酸钙、秸秆粉和米糠组成的辅料混合鸡粪，加入专门配置的菌剂，极大地缩短了鸡粪完成腐熟时长，并将鸡粪腐熟成为生物有机肥，既保证了鸡粪资源的利用价值，又降低了鸡粪的处理成本，减少了污染。     

光合细菌菌剂和沼泽红假单胞菌对实验水体氮磷营养盐和微生物群落的影响

为比较光合细菌菌剂与沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)的生理生态特性,分析了不同初始菌量的菌剂PG和菌株PSB-1对实验水体氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝氮(NO_2~--N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)和活性磷(PO_4~(3-)-P)的降解效果,通过高通量测序分析了菌剂PG的优势菌组成及实验结束时水体细菌数量和微生物群落组成。结果显示,菌剂PG组对实验水体的PO_4~(3-)-P、NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N有一定的降解作用,其最大降解率分别为40.98%、28.28%和20.12%。菌株PSB-1组仅对实验水体的NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P有一定的降解效果,其最大降解率分别为14.19%和9.88%。菌剂PG的主要优势菌为红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas sp.)。实验7 d后实验组水体细菌数量和微生物群落结构发生变化,水体细菌数量增长,形成以异养细菌为优势菌的菌群结构。结果表明光合细菌菌剂PG对水质因子的降解效果优于沼泽红假单胞菌PSB-1,但与报道的高效光合细菌菌株的降解能力存在一定差距。     

石油降解复合菌群构建及降解性能研究

为有效降解环境中的石油污染,在现有可降解石油的菌株中筛选出了高效石油降解菌:赤红球菌、GP3A、鞘氨醇杆菌以及无色杆菌,通过细菌相互组合构建出26个复合菌群,其中赤红球菌、鞘氨醇杆菌以及无色杆菌三株细菌组合对石油降解率最高,达到70.32%。通过正交实验法确定了三株细菌最优比例为,赤红球菌∶鞘氨醇杆菌∶无色杆菌=2∶1∶2。该石油降解菌群的最佳培养条件是培养基温度35℃,初始培养pH值7.0,石油浓度为5%,降解率达到77.12%。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌和胶红酵母复合菌对虹鳟生长性能及胃黏膜、肠黏膜菌群结构的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同水平的复合菌剂(解淀粉芽孢杆菌,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens V4和胶红酵母,Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼生长及消化道黏膜微生物菌群结构的影响,选用体重为(205.1±4.82)g的虹鳟幼鱼360尾,随机分为4组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别投喂基础饲料(C0)和3种添加水平为5×10~6/5×10~7 CFU/g(T1),1.5×10~7/1.5×10~8 CFU/g(T3),2.5×10~7/2.5×10~8 CFU/g(T5)的复合菌剂(B.amyloliquefaciens V4/R.mucilaginosa),实验周期42 d。研究结果发现饲料中添加复合益生菌对虹鳟的生长及存活有一定的促进和提高,T1比例的复合益生菌能够显著提高虹鳟的增重率和特定生长率、显著降低饲料系数(P0.05),同时T1和T3比例添加显著降低虹鳟的死亡率(P0.05);对其消化道黏膜细菌群落16S rDNA进行聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)指纹分析,结果表明:虹鳟胃黏膜和肠黏膜上微生物菌群种类存在差异;胃黏膜菌群DGGE图谱中分别检测到35.7±17.0(C0)、37.0±3.5(T1)、36.7±13.6(T3)、26.0±13.2(T5)条谱带,各处理组间谱带数目无显著差异(F=0.500,P=0.692),肠黏膜菌群DGGE图谱显示分别检测到23.3±5.8(C0)、22.3±3.2(T1)、16.7±8.0(T3)、24.7±7.4(T5)条谱带,各处理组间谱带数目也无显著差异(F=0.916,P=0.475);胃黏膜菌群多样性随着益生菌添加量增加,菌群多样性有升高趋势,但是在最高浓度组(T5)多样性降低,肠黏膜菌群多样性随着复合菌剂的添加,多样性指数持续降低,中浓度添加组(T3)多样性最低,但是随着添加浓度升高,呈现恢复和升高趋势(T5);基于所得PCR-DGGE指纹图谱中谱带丰度值数据的UPGMA聚类和PCA排序分析均显示胃黏膜微生物群落与肠黏膜微生物群落结构差异明显,大致分为两个不同的分支,胃黏膜和肠黏膜微生物菌群并没有按照不同处理组而有显著分化。以上结果表明解淀粉芽孢杆菌和胶红酵母复合添加能显著促进虹鳟的生长,提高存活率,外源益生菌添加对虹鳟消化道黏膜上优势菌群能产生一定影响,但并未对胃黏膜及肠黏膜菌群多样性产生显著影响,同时也未显著改变虹鳟肠黏膜微生物菌群结构,高比例添加降低消化道黏膜细菌数量及多样性风险。     

不同垫料堆肥对无害化处理病死鸡微生物多样性的影响

试验通过研究不同垫料堆肥对无害化处理病死鸡微生物多样性的影响，分析不同处理方法对病死鸡的处理效果。研究结果显示：各试验组OTU数目随着时间的增加有明显上升趋势，说明2种堆肥垫料均有助于提高微生物的数量和种类；厚壁菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门分类门代表了无害化处理过程中主要的微生物群，在各试验组中相对丰度没有较大差异。堆肥时使用碳氮比(C/N)均衡的堆肥垫料有利于分解病死鸡中的有机质，促进堆肥的腐熟。     

光合细菌液态浓缩制剂的保藏研究

对实验室选育保藏的具有高效降解养殖水体氨氮,亚硝基氮的耐盐红螺菌进行菌种扩大培养和研制成10倍浓缩制剂。用正交实验方法探讨菌剂保藏的光线、温度及pH对液态浓缩制剂保藏期的影响,以及在菌剂中添加化学物质后的保藏效果。正交试验结果表明,光合细菌浓缩菌剂在pH值5．5、室温及避光条件下保藏效果最好。而在菌剂中添加1％甘油、7％二甲亚砜和0．5-1．1ug/ml红霉素对延长菌剂的保藏均较为有效,其中以添加1％甘油的保藏效果更好。     

土壤中单宁和植酸降解菌的筛选、鉴定及液态发酵研究

为从土壤中筛选能够同时降解单宁和植酸的微生物,本实验利用富集培养技术,分离、筛选、鉴定土壤中的单宁和植酸降解菌,并研究其在液态发酵下的产酶能力。结果显示,从土壤中共获得109株纯菌落,包括39株细菌、46株酵母菌以及24株霉菌。分别用单宁筛选性培养基和植酸筛选性培养基筛选上述菌株,获得27株植酸降解菌和14株单宁降解菌,其中霉菌M-6、M-3和M-1可以同时分解单宁和植酸,且霉菌M-6的水解圈直径大于M-3和M-1。在液态发酵条件下,随着发酵温度的升高(20~35°C),霉菌M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的活力呈现先升高而后降低的趋势,在发酵温度为30°C时达到最高值(P0.05)。随着发酵p H的升高(p H 4~7),霉菌M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的活力呈先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05);其中单宁酶活力在发酵p H值为5时达到最高值,显著高于其他处理组(P0.05);而植酸酶活力在发酵p H值为5时达到最高值,显著高于发酵p H 4和7处理组(P0.05),但与发酵p H 6处理组差异不显著(P0.05)。通过菌落和菌株形态学以及分子测序方法,鉴定M-6为黑曲霉。因此,本研究从土壤中分离筛选出3株(M-6、M-3和M-1)能够同时水解单宁和植酸的降解菌,在液态发酵条件下,黑曲霉M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的最佳发酵温度为30°C,最佳发酵p H值为5。     

安全生态型生物配合饲料养殖南美白对虾试验

<正>一、试验的材料与方法1.试验池的条件试验在江苏省如东县大豫镇水产养殖场进行。试验池为六口规格大棚虾塘,每口虾塘面积为1亩,水深1.5米,底质为粘质砂土,放苗前15天用生石灰清塘,用量150千克/亩,5天后,施放腐熟鸡粪100千克/亩(鸡粪装袋法)以期培养适口轮虫及枝角     

Effect of substitution of maize bran with chicken manure in semi-intensive pond culture of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger)

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of substituting maize bran with chicken manure on the production of Tilapia rendalli semi‐intensive pond culture. The experiment was carried out at Bunda College of Agriculture's fish farm, University of Malawi, where twelve 20 m² concrete ponds of 1 m depth were used for 3 months from October 2005 to January 2006. A thin layer of soil was spread at the bottom of all ponds to allow growth of natural food. Each pond was stocked with 3 fish m⁻² of 10.71 g average weight. Chicken manure was used as the organic manure applied at 1.6 kg 20 m⁻² and substituted for maize bran by 25%. All treatments were replicated three times. It was observed that fish growth was higher in the 3/4 maize bran+1/4 chicken manure with a final weight of 25.1 g, followed by 1/4 maize bran+3/4 chicken manure with a final weight of 21.6 g. The lowest final weight was 19.3 g in the chicken manure only, but did not differ significantly (P<0.05) from the maize bran treatment, which had a final weight of 19.7 g. This suggests that the use of chicken manure would produce better results and may increase yield when combined with supplementary feed like maize bran evidenced by high survival rates of 80% and above in all treatments.     

The effect of probiotic bacteria in culture media using organic fertilizer for population density,biomass production and nutrient quality of Phronima sp. as natural feed

Phronima sp. is a natural feed with high nutrient content, and it can be an alternative substitute for Artemia. The existence of probiotic bacteria in culture media aims to improve water quality through biodegradation, maintain microbial balance and control pathogenic bacteria, so that nutrients in culture media can be utilized by Phronima sp. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermented organic fertilizer by probiotic bacteria in mass culture media on the population density, biomass production and nutrient content of Phronima sp. and to find the best culture media composition for mass culture of Phronima sp. The study was conducted with a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments were as follows: A: 0% chicken manure, 50% rice bran, 50% tofu waste; B: 25% chicken manure, 37.5% rice bran, 37.5% tofu waste; C: 50% chicken manure, 25% rice bran, 25% tofu waste; D: 75% chicken manure, 12.5% rice bran, 12.5% tofu waste and E: 100% chicken manure. The test animals were Phronima sp., and during cultivation, fertilization was carried out every 3 days. Population density and biomass were observed, and proximate analysis, amino acid profile analysis and fatty acid profile analysis were performed. The highest population density was at treatment B, with a peak population of 98 individuals/L that occurred on the 16th day of maintenance culture, and the highest biomass of 0.51 g was at the same treatment. The highest nutrient content was obtained at treatment B, for which the highest protein proximate analysis value was 58.90%, the proportion of the fatty acids comprised of eicosapentaenoic acid was 7.53%, and lysine amino acids were found at 44.16 ppm.     

Effect of using different types of organic animal manure on plankton abundance, and on growth and survival of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger) in ponds

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of using different types of organic manure on the plankton abundance, and growth and survival of Tilapia rendalli juveniles in ponds. Fish weighing 18.15±0.44 g were stocked into 12, 20 m² ponds at 2 fish m^?2 (40 fish pond^?1). There were three replicate ponds per treatment (chicken manure, cattle manure, pig manure, and no‐manure as a control). After 84 days the T. rendalli in the chicken manure treatment were significantly larger and had higher net annual yields than those in the cattle manure, pig manure and no‐manure treatments. The survival rates were not significantly different across the treatments. Significantly higher amounts of chlorophyll a and higher numbers of zooplankton were found in ponds fertilized with the chicken manure treatment. The overall results obtained in this study suggest that the use of chicken manure produces better results than cattle and pig manure treatments on unfertilized ponds.     

Effects of compost manure on the body burden of cadmium and growth of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.)

One-hundred-and-eighty-day bioassays were made in outdoor cement tanks (volume 300 L) with common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.), exposed to eight different treatments, each with three replicates. Four treatments contained 2.5 mg L^?1 cadmium (Cd): Cd alone; Cd with 6.7 g L^?1 of compost manure made from the freshwater macrophyte Pistia stratiotes (L.); Cd with 1.0 g L^?1 of the same manure; and Cd with a cumulative treatment of the manure (1.0 g L^?1 month^?1). Four treatments contained no Cd: the control (without manure); and treatments with only manure (6.7 g L^?1,1.0 g L^?1 and 1.0 g L^?1 month^?1). The concentration of dissolved (filterable) Cd in water ranged from 0.74 to 0.89 mg L^?1 after 24 h (one day) of treatment. The addition of compost manure significantly reduced the Cd concentration of the water and induced a quicker removal of Cd from the water. The quickest removal of Cd from water (60 days) was found when a high dose of compost manure (6.7 g L^?1) was added. The cumulative (monthly) treatment and the one-time treatment of the manure at a low dose (1.0 g L^?1) required 75 and 90 days, respectively, for removal of Cd, while the metal persisted for up to 120 days in water when no manure was added. All doses of compost manure significantly reduced the bioaccumulation of Cd in plankton, but maximum reduction was found under cumulative treatment at a low dose of the manure. A single treatment at a high dose or cumulative treatment at a low dose of the manure helped in reducing the total body burden of Cd. A dose of 2.5 mg L^?1 Cd did not show any adverse effect on the growth of fish, but compost manure, irrespective of its dose and combination with Cd, markedly increased the growth of fish and primary productivity of water. On the other hand, a high dose of manure resulted in much higher levels of NH₃-N, N0₂-N and P0₄-P in the water in comparison with other treatments     

The role of chicken manure in the production of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Abstract. Two grow-out experiments were conducted to evaluate the functional role of chicken manure for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). production in central Thailand. Experiment 1 examined the relationship between chicken manure input and net fish yield (NFY). Experiment 2 determined the value of chicken manure in providing tilapia particulate organic carbon, and/or dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for stimulating algal productivity. In both experiments supplemental urea and triple superphosphate (TSP) gave all treatments total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs of 28·0kg/ha/week and 7·0kg/ha/week, respectively.
Addition of chicken manure to inorganic fertilization did not enhance production of Nile tilapia. NFY in experiment 1 increased with decreasing manure loading, which corresponded to increasing TSP input. Regression analysis suggested that chicken manure-P was about 10% effective as TSP-P at increasing NFY. NFY was linearly correlated to net primary productivity (r²= 0·62, P < 0·001), which was linearly correlated to total alkalinity (r²= 0·77. P < 0·001).Treatment differences in alkalinity, community respiration or dissolved oxygen concentrations at dawn were not related to manure input. Simple economic comparisons discourage the purchase of chicken manure as a source of soluble N and P for increasing algal productivity in Thailand.     

The fate of chlortetracycline residues in a simulated chicken–fish integrated farming systems

Two experiments were conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand to investigate the fate of chlortetracycline (CTC) residue in chicken manure and its effect on integrated chicken–fish farming system. During the first experiment, broiler chickens were raised and CTC residues in their manure were analysed. Chicken fed diets containing 0, 50, 200 and 800 CTC mg kg^?1 had CTC residue levels of 0, 0.9, 3.8 and 6.5 CTC ng g^?1. Once the diet containing CTC was withdrawn, CTC in the manure dropped to negligible amounts (0, 0, 0.2 and 0.5 CTC ng g^?1) within 1 day. Integrated chicken–fish farming systems were simulated during the second experiment to determine the fate of antibiotic residues in chicken manure in aquaculture environment. Chickens were fed a CTC‐free diet and a feed containing CTC at 200 mg kg^?1. Ten 4 m³ square concrete tanks (2 × 2 × 1 m) were used for the experiment. Five tanks were fertilized with CTC‐contaminated manure and the remaining five tanks were fertilized with CTC‐free manure at a rate of 100 kg dry matter ha^?1 day^?1. Sex‐reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was stocked at 12 fish tank^?1 on the 14th day after chicken manure application. The immuno‐radio microbial receptor assay (Charm II test) revealed that edible fish muscle, fish intestinal tract and sediment were contaminated by CTC at rates of 7.21, 22.104 and 1.788 ng g^?1, respectively, after 45 days. Chlortetracycline was detected on day 20 in the water column and gradually increased from 0.26 to 12.13 ng g^?1. Chlortetracycline residues were not detected in fish or the aquatic environment of the CTC‐free treatment. The results demonstrate the potential for antibiotic residue accumulation in fish and aquatic environment when CTC‐contaminated chicken manure is used for pond fertilization.     

Effect of Using Low-Protein Diets in Semi-Intensive Pond Cage Culture of Tilapia,Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger)

ABSTRACT

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of using low-protein diets on production of Tilapia rendalli in semi-intensive pond cage culture. This was carried out at Bunda College of Agriculture's fish farm, University of Malawi, where two 200-m² earthen ponds of 1-m depth were used for two months from February 2003 to early April 2003. Each pond had 6 cages of 1 m³ in size stocked with 15 fish, each 4.8 ± 1.2 g average weight and 6.7 ± 0.6 cm average length. Chicken manure was used as the organic manure applied at 500 kg/ha/wk and also acted as a control. All treatments were replicated three times. It was observed that fish growth was higher in the soybean meal-based diet, with final weight of 34.4 g, followed by sunflower cake, with final weight of 23.3 g. The lowest was 14.4 g in the chicken manure only, and cottonseed-based diet had final weight of 19.5 g. These results also agree with the specific growth rate (SGR) that ranged from 2.1%/day in the cages only fertilized with chicken manure to 3.6%/day in the soybean-based dietary treatment. The lowest feed conversion ratio of 1.2 was also observed in the soybean-based dietary treatment. This suggests that the use of lower protein diets that contain soybean would produce better results and may increase yield when combined with fertilization, as evidenced by high fish survival rates of more than 93% in all treatments.     

Chironomid farming — A means of recycling farm manure and potentially reducing water pollution in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, chironomid larvae are grown on chicken manure. The larvae are used in large quantities as live food for aquarium fish and carnivorous fish fry in fish culture. In this survey, the culture technique and yield of chironomid farming were studied. The technique is simple: at temperatures of 15–30°C the yield is about 140 kg in a 675 m² field per cycle of 50 days. Since a large quantity of chicken manure, about 1440 kg, is consumed in each cycle, and there is also the possibility of using other farm wastes to grow chironomid larvae, this highly profitable chironomid farming may be developed to reduce the problem of stream pollution due to the farm wastes.     

Effect of organic fertilizer and formulated feed in pond culture of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man): pond productivity

Abstract. The application of different combinations and levels of pellet formulated feed and chicken manure to ponds stocked with Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) did not result in any significant differences in water quality, sediment chemistry, or benthic macroinvertebrate populations. Water chemistry data indicated that all ponds were eutrophic. Chlorophyll was strongly correlated with total nitrogen, but not with total phosphorus, suggesting that nitrogen limited algal biomass. There was evidence that added organic matter was rapidly decomposed and mineralized. The sediments appeared to act alternately as sources and sinks of nutrients, although there was least variation in sediment nutrient levels in the treatment which received manure only. Applied pelleted feed was directly consumed by the prawns. In the absence of pelleted feeds, macrobenthos appeared to limit prawn growth after 1 month of culture. Simple nutrient mass-balance equations indicated that the losses of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon from the treatments receiving feed were not dissimilar to previously reported values in finfish culture.     

Effects of Moina micrura (Kurz) from two different culture sources as a replacement of Artemia spp. in production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) post-larvae

Abstract. The effects of Artemia spp. and of Moina micrura from two culture sources, poultry manure and Chlorella supplemented with baker's yeast, on production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) post-larvae (PL) were evaluated. Significantly higher production of 18·13 ± 1·45 PL/I was obtained for the larvae fed with 50:50 mixture of Artemia and Moina cultured on poultry manure compared to that for larvae fed Artemia alone (14·27 ± 1·64PL/I). Regardless of the culture source, the post-larval production was the lowest (9·23 ± 1·22 and 11·26 ± 1·33 PL/I for the larvae fed Moina. The higher dietary value of Moina cultured on poultry manure was related to the high content of n–3 HUFA particularly 20:5n-3 compared to Artemia and Moina cultured on Chlorella and yeast.