二氰蒽醌在几种典型土壤中的降解吸附和移动特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了二氰蒽醌在国内3种典型土壤江西红壤、东北黑土和太湖水稻土中的降解、吸附和移动特性。结果表明,25℃下二氰蒽醌在江西红壤、东北黑土与太湖水稻土中的降解半衰期分别为5.614、1.939、4.767d,其在土壤中化学稳定性较弱,易于降解,且pH越高,降解越快。二氰蒽醌在江西红壤的吸附等温线可以Freundlich方程很好地拟合,在东北黑土和太湖水稻土中的则可用线性方程拟合,吸附系数Kd值分别为36.4、114.6和51.9,Koc值分别为3 661.9、6 741.1、4 119.0,二氰蒽醌在土壤中具有中等或较强的吸附性能,在环境中迁移扩散的能力较弱。采用土壤薄层试验得到二氰蒽醌在这三种土壤中的移动分配系数Rf均<0.1,属于难于淋溶的农药,对地下水影响较小。二氰蒽醌在我国的几种典型土壤中均表现出了易降解性,难迁移以及难淋溶的特性,在目前的使用情况下,二氰蒽醌的环境风险较低。     

Measurement and simulation of the movement and degradation of atrazine and metribuzin in a fallow soil

The movement and persistence of atrazine and metribuzin, in a sandy loam soil following application in spring, was simulated using two models. The first model, based on the physical laws describing water and solute movement and using measured values of soil hydraulic properties, underestimated herbicide mobility in the soil and predicted too rapid drying of the deeper soil layers. The accuracy of the simulations was improved by empirically reducing the measured hydraulic conductivities by a factor of 4. This probably reflects the difficulties of obtaining reliable measurements of soil hydraulic properties. A second and simpler model, which simulated water and herbicide movement using mobile and immobile water categories, accurately predicted soil water contents. It tended to underestimate herbicide movement at short times after application, and to overestimate movement later in the experiments. A comparison of different methods of simulating herbicide degradation showed that prediction of degradation rates in the field from laboratory data can be unsatisfactory with some compounds.     

Spatial variability in the degradation rates of isoproturon and chlorotoluron in a clay soil

Thirty separate soil samples were taken from different locations at the Brimstone farm experimental site, Oxfordshire, UK. Incubations of isoproturon under standard conditions (15 °C; ?33 kPa soil water potential) indicated considerable variation in degradation rate in the soil, with the time to 50% loss (DT₅₀) varying from 6 to 30 days. These differences were confirmed in a second comparative experiment in which degradation rates were assessed in 11 samples of the same soil in two separate laboratories using an identical protocol. There was a significant negative linear relationship (r²= 0.746) between the DT₅₀ values and soil pH in this group of soils. In a third experiment, degradation rates of the related compound chlorotoluron were compared with those of isoproturon in 12 separate soil samples, six of which had been stored for several months, and six of which were freshly collected from the field. Degradation of both herbicides occurred more slowly in the stored samples than in the fresh samples but, in all of them, chlorotoluron degraded more slowly than isoproturon, and there was a highly significant linear relationship (r²=0.916) between the respective DT₅₀ values.     

Tebuconazole dissipation and metabolism in Tifton loamy sand during laboratory incubationt

The fungicide tebuconazole is widely used to control soil-borne and foliar diseases in peanuts and other crops. No published data are currently available on the extent and rate at which this compound degrades in soil. Unpublished data summarized in registration documents suggest that the compound is persistent, with 300-600 days half-life. We conducted a 63-day laboratory incubation to evaluate tebuconazole's dissipation kinetics and impact on soil microbial activity in Tifton loamy sand. Tifton soils support extensive peanut production in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of Georgia and Alabama. Products containing tebuconazole are applied to an estimated 50% of the peanut acreage in the region. At the end of the incubation, 43 (+/-42)% of the parent compound was recovered in soil extracts. The first-order kinetic model, which gave a good fit to the dissipation data (r2 = 0.857), yielded a soil half-life (t1/2) of 49 days. This is 6-12 times more rapid than t1/2 values described in unpublished tebuconazole registration documents. Four degradates were identified. Tentative structural assignments indicated that degradates were derived from hydroxylation of the parent compound and/or chlorophenyl ring cleavage. Cleavage products showed a steady increase during the incubation, and on a molar basis were equal to 63% of the time zero tebuconazole concentration. No significant effect on soil microbial biomass was observed, indicating that when the compound is applied at normal agronomic rate it does not impact soil metabolic activity. Use of the soil-half life data derived in this study should improve the accuracy oftebuconazole fate assessments for Coastal Plain peanut production. The study also indicated that environmental assessment of selected degradates may be needed to fully evaluate risks of tebuconazole use.     

Simulation of atrazine persistence in Spanish soils

The persistence of atrazine was monitored in three fields at different sites in Spain during two consecutive years (1990 and 1991). Laboratory assays for determining the influence of temperature and soil moisture content on the rate of herbicide degradation were carried out on soil samples from the same fields. The degradation constants derived from these assays, together with weather records for the period of the field experiments, were used in a computer program which simulated herbicide persistence in the field. Some adjustments were made to adapt the model to Spanish conditions. The model predicted with reasonable accuracy the persistence of the herbicide in two soils, although there was a tendency to overestimate the residues at early dates. Discrepancies between predicted and measured residues were greater in the third soil, due to rapid initial losses that were not predicted by the program. In this case, the agreement was improved if the program was run taking time zero to be one month after herbicide application. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.     

Induction and Transfer of Enhanced Biodegradation of the Herbicide Napropamide in Soils

In laboratory incubations, the times to 50% loss (DT₅₀) of a first application of napropamide were approximately 25, 45 and 75 days in soil incubated at 25, 15 and 5°C respectively. When treated for a second time, the DT₅₀ values were 4, 7 and 15 days at the same temperatures, irrespective of the temperature of the first incubation. This indicates that enhanced degradation of napropamide in soil can be both induced and expressed at low temperature. A mixed microbial culture able to degrade the herbicide to a single degradation product, identified by HPLC retention time as naphthoxypropionic acid, was obtained from a soil capable of rapid degradation. Addition of a sub-sample of this mixed culture to a previously untreated soil introduced rapid degrading ability. When small amounts of soil capable of rapid degradation were added to previously untreated soil, in both the laboratory and the field, the degradation rate of napropamide increased compared with that in unamended soils.     

烟嘧磺隆的微生物降解研究进展

烟嘧磺隆属磺酰脲类除草剂,因其对玉米安全,对一年生和多年生禾本科杂草及部分阔叶杂草、莎草科杂草高效而在玉米田广泛应用,但其在土壤中的残留则易对后茬敏感作物产生药害。微生物对烟嘧磺隆的降解有望成为修复污染土壤的有效措施。文章从烟嘧磺隆的使用及危害,可降解烟嘧磺隆的微生物种类及降解特性、降解途径、降解酶及其编码基因等方面进行了综述。目前有关烟嘧磺隆微生物降解的研究多集中于其降解菌的筛选、降解特性及降解途径等方面,对于其微生物降解过程中起关键作用的酶和基因方面的研究仍较少,因此未来的研究趋势将主要体现在降解复合菌系的培养、降解微生物的环境生态学、降解基因以及降解酶制剂等方面。     

Adsorption of isoproturon,diuron and metsulfuron-methyl in two soils at high soil:solution ratios

Rates of degradation of isoproturon, diuron and metsulfuron-methyl were measured in two soils incubated at two temperatures (5 and 25 °C) with soil moisture at a matric potential of ?5 kPa. Rates of change in soil solution concentration were also measured after extraction of water from the soil using a centrifugation technique. The data, in general, indicated a more rapid rate of decline in aqueous-phase concentrations of herbicide than in total soil concentrations, and hence a progressive increase in partition coefficient in favour of the adsorbed phase^. In all of the incubations, however, adsorption of the herbicide was initially less than that measured using standard equilibration techniques that involved shaking with large volumes of solution relative to weights of soil. This may be explained by the ready availability of more adsorption sites in the shaken systems. With isoproturon and diuron, the changes in adsorption with time were similar at the two incubation temperatures. This indicates that the apparent changes in adsorption with these two compounds were not caused by preferential degradation in the soil solution, but by a slow equilibration with adsorption sites. The results with the weakly adsorbed compound metsulfuron-methyl, however, suggested the possibility of preferential degradation in the solution phase because, when degradation was slow, the absolute amounts adsorbed remained constant or increased slightly, even although solution concentrations declined. Implications of the results for pesticide behaviour in soils in the field are discussed.     

The degradation of methazole in soil. I. Effects of soil type,soil temperature and soil moisture content

[¹⁴C]-Labelled methazole was incubated in six soils at 25°C and with soil moisture at field capacity. Under these conditions, methazole was unstable, the concentration declined following first-order kinetics with half-life values in the soils ranging from 2.3 to 5.0 days. The main degradation product was 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU) which was more stable than the parent compound. After about 160 days, DCPMU accounted for 30 to 45% of the initial methazole concentration. Degradation of methazole and DCPMU was affected by soil temperature and moisture content. With methazole, half-lives in one soil at field capacity moisture content and temperatures of 25, 15 and 5°C were 3.5, 8.7 and 31.1 days respectively. The half-life at 25°C was increased to 5.0 days at 50% of field capacity and 9.6 days at 25% of field capacity. A proportion of the initial radioactivity added to the soil could not be extracted and this proportion increased with time. After 160 days this unextractable radioactivity accounted for up to 70% of the amount applied.     

基于MODIS数据的沙漠化地区地下水位遥感监测模型的建立——以毛乌素沙地为例

为了研究沙漠化地区地下水位的分布状况,利用MODIS卫星遥感数据,采用遥感一数学一模型学融合的研究方法,在实地考察沙漠化地区地下水位、土壤水分和其它辅助资料的基础上,通过土壤水分和地下水位的线性方程,提出了基于MODIS影像数据,在土壤中存在毛细管补给条件时,简便、有效地监测沙漠化地区地下水埋深的遥感模型,并在毛乌素沙漠化地区进行了实地验证。结果表明,该模型反演地下水位和实测地下水位之间的相关系数为0.868,误差较小,研究结果符合实际。认为在较大范围且地下水埋深不大于7 m的沙漠化地区,利用MODIS多波段遥感模型监测并评价地下水位分布是可行的。     

Application of the pesticide transport assessment model to a field study in a humic sandy soil in Vredepeel,The Netherlands

The Pesticide Transport Assessment model (PESTRAS) is a process-oriented model to simulate the fate and movement of water and pesticides in a cropped field soil. The model was evaluated using field data for bromide, ethoprophos and bentazone, collected from a field experiment in a humic sandy soil near Vredepeel, the Netherlands. Model predictions were generally within the 95% confidence intervals of the observations when site-specific model inputs were used. If generic parameter values were used, the model predictions sometimes deviated strongly from the observed data. This was especially true for pesticide degradation properties. The bromide simulations showed that preferential flow was not an important process for this field soil. A significant fraction of the applied ethoprophos disappeared by surface volatilization. The downward movement of this pesticide was slightly overestimated, due to not considering sorption kinetics. The depth-dependence of pesticide transformation was atypical: an important fraction of the applied bentazone was transformed under micro-aerobic to anaerobic conditions in the subsoil. © 1998 SCI     

内蒙古东北部大豆灌溉动态预报模型

为实现内蒙古东北部大豆农田灌溉动态预报,应用多项式拟合方法将大豆适宜土壤湿度下限值插值到全生育期的每一天,形成适宜土壤水分下限动态连续指标曲线,并从土壤-作物-大气连续体角度出发,依据农田土壤水分平衡理论,利用内蒙古突泉农业气象试验站2001—2007年土壤水分数据和气象资料,建立了适合内蒙古东北部旱作农区的大豆灌溉动态预报模型,实现了灌溉日期和灌溉量的时域滚动预报;利用2008—2011年实测数据验证该模型模拟结果,土壤相对湿度预测值与实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别为2.44%和3.42%,预报灌溉日期的误差在-3~3 d之间,表明模型准确性和实用性较强,可为东北大豆产区节水灌溉提供一定的科学依据。     

基于野外原位光谱的棉田耕层土壤全氮含量监测模型研究

针对可见光和近红外光穿透力不强、难以监测到耕层土壤全氮的问题,以石河子垦区播前棉田土壤为研究对象,获取3种不同土壤质地类型的原位光谱及不同耕层的土壤全氮含量信息,通过Savitzky-Golay平滑处理及最大归一化处理对土壤原位光谱进行预处理,并利用广义传播神经网络(GRNN)、随机森林回归(RFR)、支持向量机回归(SVR)、最小二乘回归等4种建模方法,建立和筛选出不同土壤质地类型的棉田耕层土壤含量的最佳监测模型。结果表明：(1)不同建模方法在各耕层监测精度不同,在浅、中、深耕层表现最佳的监测模型均为GRNN模型（R²分别为0.72、0.68、0.63）。(2)优化后的NGRO-GRANN模型监测精度高于GRNN模型,在浅、中、深三个耕层的预测精度提高16.2%~30.2%。(3)基于原位光谱建立不同耕层的土壤全氮监测模型具有较好的监测效果,且大量简化了室内光谱处理的繁琐步骤。该研究为野外原位光谱快速获取棉田播前土壤各耕层养分信息提供了理论基础与技术支撑,具有一定的可行性与鲁棒性。     

基于水渗流和热对流传导耦合模型的冻土热量传输

冻土作为气候系统的一部分,是气候变化的重要指示因子。冻土的冻融过程,对地-气间的能量-水分传输、植被的生长状况和碳循环等具有重要的影响。采用数值模拟方法,分析了冻土冻融过程中伴随的热量传输,直观地呈现了能量和渗水在土壤中的传输过程。通过冻土热传导模型和流体流动模型耦合,采用有限元素法Comsol Multiphysics多物理场耦合软件系统,实现了速度与温度协同响应及对冻土冻融过程影响的模拟。模拟结果直观反映了在理想条件下,冻土冻融过程中温度场与速度场的变化:一方面,在土壤冻融过程中,温度场和速度场是相互作用的,并且其变化对土壤冻融过程起着至关重要的作用;另一方面,比较冻土的冻结过程与融化过程,冻结过程更难于发生且需要更加苛刻的条件。为此,可以间接地认为,永久冻土一旦退化便很难恢复,并且也将进一步加速环境的改变,从而形成恶性循环。     

基于HYDRUS模型的盐碱地土壤水盐运移模拟

为了解陕西卤泊滩盐碱地的水盐运移情况,基于当地2009—2013年田间水盐监测资料,应用饱和-非饱和土壤水分及溶质运移理论,利用HYDRUS-1D数值模型对当地土壤水分、盐分运移规律进行数值模拟,分析了盐碱地的水盐变化状况,确定合理的田间灌水定额。结果表明:在玉米整个生育期内,不同灌溉处理的土壤含水量变化趋势基本一致,从节水控盐的综合标准衡量,农田灌水定额为500 m3·hm-2时有利于控制土壤盐分的累积。采用HYDRUS-1D模型对盐碱地农田土壤水盐运移的模拟结果与田间试验实测结果基本吻合,该研究结果可为类似盐碱化地区农田水盐管理提供科学依据。     

Global Assessment of Human-Induced Soil Degradation

Soil is a valuable natural resource that in the short - term is nonrenewable and is difficult to reclaim when degraded. The use of soils on a sustainable basis requires that their capability to withstand the demands upon them is not exceeded. Those people concerned with conservation should be aware of the vital importance of soil for maintaining food supplies for an increasing world population. Increasing demands place a greater strain upon the soil. If the demands become too great, the soil becomes degraded. As soil is the basis of all terrestrial ecosystems, a degraded soil means lower fertility, reduced biodiversity, and human poverty. To provide basic information on soil degradation worldwide, a survey of soil loss through erosion, physical deterioration, and chemical pollution was made. Digital databases are not available to hold information necessary to monitor and combat soil degrada tion at global and national scales. Soil degradation is recognized as a serious and widespread problem, so in September 1987 the International Soil Reference and Information Centre was commissioned to make a survey for a map at a scale of 1:10,000,000 entitled "Global Assessment of Human - Induced Soil Degradation" (GLASOD). Until it was published in 1990, there was no uniformly collected body of information on soil degradation worldwide. The GLASOD survey provides basic data on the world distribution and intensity of erosional, chemical, and physical types of degradation. The original purpose of GLASOD was to provide factual information, to replace sweeping statements about soil and land degradation, and to raise awareness of policy makers and governments for the continuing need for soil conservation. The GLASOD survey also enables comparisons to be drawn between degraded soils of different continents, and the methodology used can be a basis upon which plans for restoration of degraded lands can be based.     

Sorption-desorption of flucarbazone and propoxycarbazone and their benzenesulfonamide and triazolinone metabolites in two soils

Sorption-desorption interactions of pesticides with soil determine the availability of pesticides in soil for transport, plant uptake and microbial degradation. These interactions are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil and, for some pesticides, their residence time in the soil. While sorption-desorption of many herbicides has been characterised, very little work in this area has been done on herbicide metabolites. The objective of this study was to characterise sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides, flucarbazone and propoxycarbazone, and their benzenesulfonamide and triazolinone metabolites in two soils with different physical and chemical properties. K(f) values for all four chemicals were greater in clay loam soil, which had higher organic carbon and clay contents than loamy sand. K(f-oc) ranged from 29 to 119 for the herbicides and from 42 to 84 for the metabolites. Desorption was hysteretic in every case. Lower desorption in the more sorptive system might indicate that hysteresis can be attributed to irreversible binding of the molecules to soil surfaces. These data show the importance of characterisation of both sorption and desorption of herbicide residues in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide residue transport. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites would be overpredicted if parent chemical soil sorption values were used to predict transport.     

EWRS Herbicide-Soil Working Group: Collaborative experiment on simazine persistence in soil

The effects of soil temperature and soil moisture content on the rate of simazine degradation were measured in the laboratory in soils from sixteen sites located in several different countries. First-order half-lives under standard incubation conditions were significantly correlated with clay content, organic carbon content and soil pH in a multiple linear regression. The temperature dependence of degradation was similar in the different soils whereas the moisture dependence showed considerable variation between soils. Persistence of simazine was also measured in the same soils in the field and at live additional sites. Weather records from the different sites for the periods of the Held experiments were used in conjunction with constants derived from the laboratory data in a computer program to simulate persistence in the field. In general, the model overestimated residues in the field. About half of the calculated residues were within 25% of those observed, an accuracy sufficient for practical purposes, but on several occasions the discrepancies between calculated and observed residues were greater than 50%. Possible reasons for the discrepancies and requirements for further experiments are discussed.     

石羊河流域制种玉米咸淡水轮灌模式 的SWAP模型模拟

为了探究石羊河流域制种玉米的咸淡水轮灌模式,利用2014年田间试验观测资料对SWAP模型进行了参数率定和验证,模拟了不同咸淡水轮灌模式下的土壤水盐平衡,并筛选出了较优的咸淡水轮灌模式,预测了较长时期土壤盐分动态变化及制种玉米产量。结果表明：SWAP模型率定与验证过程中,土壤含水量的均方误差(RMSE)值在0.05 cm³·cm^-3以下,平均相对误差（MRE)值在15%以下;土壤含盐量的RMSE值在4.2 mg·cm^-3以下,MRE值在25%以下;制种玉米产量的RMSE值在380 kg·hm^-2以内,MRE值在10%以下,率定和验证后的SWAP模型可用于研究区咸水与淡水灌溉的模拟与预测。3.0 g·L^-1微咸水条件下采用2次淡水、1次咸水和1次淡水、2次咸水的轮灌方式以及6.0 g·L^-1咸水条件下采用2次淡水、1次咸水的轮灌方式为研究区制种玉米的较优轮灌模式,这3种较优咸淡水轮灌模式下的土壤盐分累积量较少,并且能够提高制种玉米的产量。3种较优轮灌模式模拟预测结果显示,在模拟期内土壤含盐量增幅不大,能够达到平稳,不会造成土壤盐渍化,制种玉米减产幅度较小,制种玉米产量能够保持平稳。     

Modeling hydrology, metribuzin degradation and metribuzin transport in macroporous tilled and no-till silt loam soil using RZWQM

Due to the complex nature of pesticide transport, process-based models can be difficult to use. For example, pesticide transport can be effected by macropore flow, and can be further complicated by sorption, desorption and degradation occurring at different rates in different soil compartments. We have used the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to investigate these phenomena with field data that included two management conditions (till and no-till) and metribuzin concentrations in percolate, runoff and soil. Metribuzin degradation and transport were simulated using three pesticide sorption models available in RZWQM: (a) instantaneous equilibrium-only (EO); (b) equilibrium-kinetic (EK, includes sites with slow desorption and no degradation); (c) equilibrium-bound (EB, includes irreversibly bound sites with relatively slow degradation). Site-specific RZWQM input included water retention curves from four soil depths, saturated hydraulic conductivity from four soil depths and the metribuzin partition coefficient. The calibrated parameters were macropore radius, surface crust saturated hydraulic conductivity, kinetic parameters, irreversible binding parameters and metribuzin half-life. The results indicate that (1) simulated metribuzin persistence was more accurate using the EK (root mean square error, RMSE = 0.03 kg ha(-1)) and EB (RMSE = 0.03 kg ha(-1)) sorption models compared to the EO (RMSE = 0.08 kg ha(-1)) model because of slowing metribuzin degradation rate with time and (2) simulating macropore flow resulted in prediction of metribuzin transport in percolate over the simulation period within a factor of two of that observed using all three pesticide sorption models. Moreover, little difference in simulated daily transport was observed between the three pesticide sorption models, except that the EB model substantially under-predicted metribuzin transport in runoff and percolate >30 days after application when transported concentrations were relatively low. This suggests that when macropore flow and hydrology are accurately simulated, metribuzin transport in the field may be adequately simulated using a relatively simple, equilibrium-only pesticide model.